Final Flashcards
o What is a group?
o A gathering of people who interact with one another for a common purpose
o Group Interdependence
o Everything that one member does influences the whole group
o Groupthink
o Occurs when members of a group are more concerned with getting a task done than getting it done right
o Advantages and disadvantages of working in a group
o Advantages: sharing of work load, pooling of resources, bouncing ideas off one another, and the enjoyment and motivation of working with others
o Disadvantages: work distribution, scheduling around people’s schedules, hard to reach decisions and conflict can result
o Group Synergy
o Positive end result of working with a group
o Norms – explicit vs. implicit
o Expectations of behavior for how each member participates in a group
Implicit: they are not directly stated but indirectly observed
Explicit: when the expectations are communicated to the group
o Task roles:
o Task roles: help the group to accomplish its goal or purpose
Initiator: helps the group by proposing ideas right away
Information Seeker/ Giver: asks for ideas from others/shares opinion
Organizer: keeps the group on task, organizes meetings and agendas
Clarifier: asks questions to make sure everyone understands
Elaborator: expands on ideas of others
Evaluator: positively, yet critically, reflects on and offers value judgments on suggestions.
o Relationship roles:
o Relationship roles: provide for the social needs of the group and serve to foster teamwork and collaboration
Gatekeeper: sees that everyone is involved in an open discussion, encourages participation among all members, and helps to control the flow of conversation
Harmonizer: helps to settle conflicts between members by maintaining peace within the group
Tension Reliever: uses humor to relieve tension when conflict or deadlines loom
Supporter: encourages positive feelings, consoles, and counsels other members.
o Disruptive roles
o Disruptive roles: occur when individual group members put their needs above the group needs.
Blocker: opposes ideas but offers no solutions
Avoider: refuses to participate
Credit Seeker: tries to take credit for other group member ideas or the work load of the whole group
Distractor: tries to get the group off track by acting silly or talking off subject
Dominator: monopolizes the discussion and prevents others from expressing their ideas, wants to do all of the work to make sure it is done “right”
o List the six parts of the HURIER Mode
o Hearing: involves the physiological process of accurately receiving sounds, must focus attention and concentrate
o Understanding: involves thought process within us that requires reflection
o Remembering: requires a conscious effort on the part of the listener
o Interpreting: involves the ability to see a situation from another’s perspective
o Evaluating: we evaluate messages through our past experiences, attitudes and values
o Responding: what you do after you receive the message
o Describe some barriers to listening
o Physical Distractions: external sources of interference (environment)
o Mental Distractions: when your mind wanders from the subject at hand (internal source of interference)
o Factual Distractions: occurs when we concentrate so hard on speaker’s message that we miss the main point (internal)
o Semantic Distractions: occur when we have an emotional response to particular words or concepts the speaker is presenting (internal)
o What is Culture / Co-culture?
o Culture: made up of the values and beliefs learned by a group of people who share the same social heritage and traditions- a way of life that is learned over time
o Co-culture: cultures within a larger culture
o What is Ethnocentrism?
o Placing value judgments on people because they are different from us
o We evaluate other cultures based on what we know about our own (values and beliefs)
o Unable to appreciate diversity
Thinking your culture is better than others.
o What is Cultural Relativism?
o Judging another person’s culture by its own values and beliefs based
o Judging a culture by a higher standard
o Causes of conflict?
o Occurs when individuals experience competing goals or ideas
o Way of avoiding groupthink
o People have different ideas and come from different perspectives
o Differences in information, beliefs, values, interests, and ideas
o Not enough resources to go around
o Result of a misunderstanding
o Advantages of conflict?
o Desirable in the early stages of decision-making
o List and define the five conflict styles?
o Avoidance: where the participant takes a “hands-off” approach and has a low concern for both people and results.
o Accommodation: highly person oriented but the participant gives in to the other person in the conflict—“have-it-your-way” approach
o Compromise: willingness to negotiate a solution that is acceptable for one party now, but will benefit the other party later—“have-it-your-way-for-now” approach, but “next time I get to choose” solution (middle for both people and results)
o Competing: has a “winner-take-all” approach.
o Collaboration: holds the highest concern for both people and results –“win-win” result as both parties are satisfied with the process
o What is persuasion?
o A message that is intended to shape, reinforce, or change the responses of another or others
o Claims of Fact
o Concerned with what is or is not true, what does or does not exist, what did or did not happen
o May focus on whether something did or did not happen in the past(past fact), whether something is true or not currently(present fact), or whether something will be true or not in the future(projection)
o Claims of Value
o Concerns what you might consider to be right or wrong, moral or immoral, just or unjust, or good or bad.
o “capital punishment is justified”, “product testing on animals is inhumane”
o Claims of Policy
o Concern what should be done, what law should be changed, or what policy should be followed
o Easily identified by the word should
o Logos, Ethos, Pathos
o Logos: rational proofs you use to support the arguments
o Ethos: refers to credibility
o Pathos: refers to appeals to emotion
o The fallacies – can you identify them?
o Ad hominem: argument against speaker instead of the argument presented (he’s an alcoholic so don’t listen to him)
o Bandwagon: “everyone’s doing it”
o Slippery slope: starts off factual but rushes to a dramatic chain of events
o False dilemma: saying there are only 2 options/solutions
o Appeal to authority: assumption that if an authority figure says something, it must be true
o Red herring: speaker introduces irrelevant information to mask the real issue (boyfriend wants to pick movie, but you bring up not getting a b-day present)
• Why is communication important in a democracy?
o Voting, social movements, jury duty, civic duties
• How can you be civically engaged at ISU?
o Civic engagement: doing more little things for the greater good (recycling)
o At ISU: Clubs, games, greeklife
• Why do we communicate? (goal-directed)
o We create messages to accomplish personal, professional, or social goals
o Must be truthful, accurate, honest, and reasonable
6 elements of the Toulmin Model!
- claims: represents the assertion or point that a speaker advocates
- evidence: (supporting material) is employed to substantiate a speaker’s claim and may take several forms including statistics, analogies, facts, examples, and testimony
- evidence credibility statements: brief statements that establish the quality of the information you are using to support your ideas
- warrants: provides the justification and reasoning to connect the evidence with your claim
- qualifiers: admit exceptions and demonstrate that argumentation is not an exact science
- rebuttals: not only states the other sides or counterarguments to your position, but also attacks them head on.
