Final

Question 1

List 6 classes of plant hormones, describe their functions &; note where they are produced in the plant.

Answer 1

Auxin,Cytokinis,Gibberelins,Brassinosteroids, Abscisic Acid,Ethylene.

Question 2

Altricial

Answer 2

Small, helpless offspring.

Question 3

Precocial

Answer 3

“Mature” offspring

Question 4

sequential hermaphrodites… example

Answer 4

start life as one sex than develop into the other sex. Ex: Blueheaded wrasse(Thalassoma bifasciatum)

Question 5

What is parent-offspring conflict?

Answer 5

Natural selection will optimize the trade-off between current and future reproduction.

Question 6

Polyphenism. Example

Answer 6

a single genotype produces several distinct morphs. Ex: Spadefoot toad tadpole in Arizona ponds have both omnivore morphs and larger carvivore morphs.

Question 7

Phenotypic plasticity. Example

Answer 7

One genotype may produce different phenotypes under different enviornmental conditions. Ex: gorth and development may be faster in higher temperatures.

Question 8

parental fitness

Answer 8

many small offspring: small time between broods, minimal time to marutiry and minimal parental care.

Question 9

offspring fitness

Answer 9

few, large offspring, long time between brookd, maximal time and resources to maturity.

Ex: Meadow grass(Poa annua)

Question 10

semelparity. Example

Answer 10

“big-bang” reproduction. Tthe produce once and die.

ex: an AGAVE AMERICANA plant. The leaves of the plant are visible @ base of stalk, which is produced only @ the end of the agave’s life.

Question 11

iteroparity.

Example

Answer 11

“repeat reproducer” They produce offspring repeatedly.

Ex:humans. (tend to have fewer, larger offspring and take btter care of them.

Question 12

Trade-offs.

Example

Answer 12

organisms allocate limited energy or resources to one structure or function ate the expense of another.

Question 13

Trade offs between size and number of offspring…

Answer 13

the larger an oprganisms investment in each individual offspring, the fewer offspring it can produce.

Question 14

“Latch clutch size”

Answer 14

maximum number of offspring a parent can successfully raise to maturity.

NAMED FOR STUDIES BY DAVID LACK-

“CLUTCH SIZE IS LIMITED BY THE MAXIMUM NUMBER OF OFFSPRING THE PARENTS CAN RAISE AT ONE TIME.

Question 15

allocation

Answer 15

if an organism allocates energy to one function, such as growth of reproduction, it reduces the amount of energy available to other function, such as defense

Question 16

life history traits

Answer 16

the traits that affect an organisms schedule of reporduction and survival

Question 17

What two factors may favor the evolution of semelparity vs. iteroparity?

Answer 17

The survival rate of the offspring and the likelyhood that the adult will survive to reproduce to reproduce again.

Question 18

When in semelparity favored?

Answer 18

When the survival rate of offspring is low, Adults are less likely to survive in such enviornments, so producing a large amount of offspring, increases the chance that at least one of those offspring will survive,

Question 19

When is iteroparity favored in the enviornment?

Answer 19

In more dependable enviorments, where adult are more likely to survive to breed again and where competition for resources may be intense.

Question 20

Name 8 life history traits.

Answer 20

• When to begin reproducing
• # of offspring and what size
• How fast to grow and develop
• How large to grow
• How fast to grow
• How often to breed
• Whether to care for offspring
• When to metamorphose

Question 21

kin selection vs. reciprocal altruism.

DISTINGUISH BETWEEN THE TWO

Answer 21

• Kin selection, favors altruism by enhancing the reproductive success of relatives.
• altruistic behavior between unrelated individuals where the altruistic individual benefits in the future and the beneficiary reciprocates.

Question 22

altruism

Answer 22

behavior that reduces an animal’s individual fitness of other individuals in the population.

Question 23

ethology

Answer 23

the study of animal behavior

Question 24

kinesis. Example

Answer 24

change in activity or turning rate in response to a stimulus.

Example: sow bugs become more active in dry areas and less active in humid areas.

Question 25

fixed action pattern

Answer 25

sequence of unlearned, innate behaviors that is unchangeable.

Question 26

Taxis

Answer 26

is a more or less automatic, oriented movement toward or away from a stimulus

Question 27

signal

Answer 27

is a behavior that causes a change in another animal’s behavior

Question 28

pheromones

Answer 28

chemical substance that transmits communication in the same species. "checmical communication" Example: when a minnow or catfish is injured, chemicals in the fishes skin go out into the water and give off a fright response to other fish in the area.

Question 29

monogamous

Answer 29

one male mates with one female(they have similar external mophologies. Example: western gulls (Larus occidentalis)

Question 30

polygamous

Answer 30

one sex mating with several of the other sex. Example:Elk ( Cervus canadensis)

Question 31

polyandry

Answer 31

single female and multiple males. Example: red-necked phalaropes (Phalaropus lobatus)

Question 32

polygyny

Answer 32

single male and many females

Question 33

intersexual selection

Answer 33

natural selection in which individuals of one sex (usually females), are very picky in selecting their mates.

Question 34

intrasexual selection

Answer 34

natural selection in which there is direct competition among individuals of one sex for mates of the opposite sex.

Question 35

classical conditioning

Answer 35

type of associative learning in which an arbitrary stimulus is associated with a **reward or punishment** Example: dog that repeatedly hears abell before being fed will salivate in anticipation at the bell’s sound

Question 36

Operant conditioning

Answer 36

type of associative learning in which an animal learns to associate one of its behaviors with a reward or punishment. Example: a rat that is fed after pushing a lever will learn to push the lever in order to get food

Question 37

Define 7 types of learning

Answer 37

* Habituation * imprinting * spatial learning * associative learning * classical conditioning * operant conditioning.

Question 38

habituation

Answer 38

is a simple form of learning thatinvolves loss of responsiveness to stimuli thatconvey little or no information Example: birds will stop responding toalarm calls from their species if these are not followed by an actual attack

Question 39

imprinting

Answer 39

behavior that includes learning and innate components and is generally irreversible Example: young geese following their mother. An experiment was done and they found that after the geese spent a few hours with him, they imprinted him as their parent.

Question 40

spatial learning

Answer 40

behavior based on experience with the spatial structure of the environment Example:Digger wasps use landmarks to find their nest.

Question 41

cognitive map

Answer 41

internal representation of spatial relationships between objects in an animal’s surroundings Example: Clark’s nutcrackers can find food hidden in caches located halfway between particular landmarks

Question 42

regulator

Answer 42

uses internal control mechanisms to moderate internal change in the face of external, environmental fluctuation

Question 43

conformer

Answer 43

allows its internal condition to vary with certain external changes

Question 44

thermoregulation

Answer 44

s the process by which animals maintain an internal temperature within a tolerable range

Question 45

endothermic

Answer 45

animals generate heat by metabolism; birds and mammals are endotherms Example:Walrus

Question 46

ectothermic

Answer 46

animals gain heat from external sources; ectotherms include most invertebrates, fishes, amphibians, and non-avian reptiles Example: lizard

Question 47

Name 4 physical processes by which animals exchange heat with their environment.

Answer 47

* conduction * convection * radiation * evaporation