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General Biology > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

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1
Q

List 6 classes of plant hormones, describe their functions &; note where they are produced in the plant.

A

Auxin,Cytokinis,Gibberelins,Brassinosteroids, Abscisic Acid,Ethylene.

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2
Q

Altricial

A

Small, helpless offspring.

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3
Q

Precocial

A

“Mature” offspring

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4
Q

sequential hermaphrodites… example

A

start life as one sex than develop into the other sex. Ex: Blueheaded wrasse(Thalassoma bifasciatum)

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5
Q

What is parent-offspring conflict?

A

Natural selection will optimize the trade-off between current and future reproduction.

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6
Q

Polyphenism. Example

A

a single genotype produces several distinct morphs. Ex: Spadefoot toad tadpole in Arizona ponds have both omnivore morphs and larger carvivore morphs.

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7
Q

Phenotypic plasticity. Example

A

One genotype may produce different phenotypes under different enviornmental conditions. Ex: gorth and development may be faster in higher temperatures.

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8
Q

parental fitness

A

many small offspring: small time between broods, minimal time to marutiry and minimal parental care.

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9
Q

offspring fitness

A

few, large offspring, long time between brookd, maximal time and resources to maturity.

Ex: Meadow grass(Poa annua)

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10
Q

semelparity. Example

A

“big-bang” reproduction. Tthe produce once and die.

ex: an AGAVE AMERICANA plant. The leaves of the plant are visible @ base of stalk, which is produced only @ the end of the agave’s life.

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11
Q

iteroparity.

Example

A

“repeat reproducer” They produce offspring repeatedly.

Ex:humans. (tend to have fewer, larger offspring and take btter care of them.

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12
Q

Trade-offs.

Example

A

organisms allocate limited energy or resources to one structure or function ate the expense of another.

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13
Q

Trade offs between size and number of offspring…

A

the larger an oprganisms investment in each individual offspring, the fewer offspring it can produce.

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14
Q

“Latch clutch size”

A

maximum number of offspring a parent can successfully raise to maturity.

NAMED FOR STUDIES BY DAVID LACK-

“CLUTCH SIZE IS LIMITED BY THE MAXIMUM NUMBER OF OFFSPRING THE PARENTS CAN RAISE AT ONE TIME.

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15
Q

allocation

A

if an organism allocates energy to one function, such as growth of reproduction, it reduces the amount of energy available to other function, such as defense

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16
Q

life history traits

A

the traits that affect an organisms schedule of reporduction and survival

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17
Q

What two factors may favor the evolution of semelparity vs. iteroparity?

A

The survival rate of the offspring and the likelyhood that the adult will survive to reproduce to reproduce again.

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18
Q

When in semelparity favored?

A

When the survival rate of offspring is low, Adults are less likely to survive in such enviornments, so producing a large amount of offspring, increases the chance that at least one of those offspring will survive,

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19
Q

When is iteroparity favored in the enviornment?

A

In more dependable enviorments, where adult are more likely to survive to breed again and where competition for resources may be intense.

20
Q

Name 8 life history traits.

A
  • When to begin reproducing
  • # of offspring and what size
  • How fast to grow and develop
  • How large to grow
  • How fast to grow
  • How often to breed
  • Whether to care for offspring
  • When to metamorphose
21
Q

kin selection vs. reciprocal altruism.

DISTINGUISH BETWEEN THE TWO

A
  • Kin selection, favors altruism by enhancing the reproductive success of relatives.
  • altruistic behavior between unrelated individuals where the altruistic individual benefits in the future and the beneficiary reciprocates.
22
Q

altruism

A

behavior that reduces an animal’s individual fitness of other individuals in the population.

23
Q

ethology

A

the study of animal behavior

24
Q

kinesis. Example

A

change in activity or turning rate in response to a stimulus.

Example: sow bugs become more active in dry areas and less active in humid areas.

25
Q

fixed action pattern

A

sequence of unlearned, innate behaviors that is unchangeable.

26
Q

Taxis

A

is a more or less automatic, oriented movement toward or away from a stimulus

27
Q

signal

A

is a behavior
that causes a change in another animal’s
behavior

28
Q

pheromones

A

chemical substance that transmits communication in the same species.

“checmical communication”

Example: when a minnow or catfish is injured, chemicals in the fishes skin go out into the water and give off a fright response to other fish in the area.

29
Q

monogamous

A

one male mates with one female(they have similar external mophologies.

Example: western gulls

(Larus occidentalis)

30
Q

polygamous

A

one sex mating with several of the other sex.

Example:Elk

( Cervus canadensis)

31
Q

polyandry

A

single female and multiple males.

Example: red-necked phalaropes

(Phalaropus lobatus)

32
Q

polygyny

A

single male and many females

33
Q

intersexual selection

A

natural selection in which individuals of one sex (usually females), are very picky in selecting their mates.

34
Q

intrasexual selection

A

natural selection in which there is direct competition among individuals of one sex for mates of the opposite sex.

35
Q

classical conditioning

A

type of associative learning in which an arbitrary stimulus is associated with a reward or punishment
Example:
dog that repeatedly hears abell before being fed will salivate in anticipation
at the bell’s sound

36
Q

Operant conditioning

A

type of associative learning in which an animal learns to associate one of its behaviors with a reward or punishment.

Example:
a rat that is fed after pushing a lever will learn to push the lever in order to get food

37
Q

Define 7 types of learning

A
  • Habituation
  • imprinting
  • spatial learning
  • associative learning
  • classical conditioning
  • operant conditioning.
38
Q

habituation

A

is a simple form of learning thatinvolves loss of responsiveness to stimuli thatconvey little or no information

Example:
birds will stop responding toalarm calls from their species if these are not
followed by an actual attack

39
Q

imprinting

A

behavior that includes learning and innate components and is generally irreversible

Example:

young geese following their mother. An experiment was done and they found that after the geese spent a few hours with him, they imprinted him as their parent.

40
Q

spatial learning

A

behavior based on experience with the spatial structure of the environment

Example:Digger wasps use landmarks to find their nest.

41
Q

cognitive map

A

internal representation of spatial relationships between objects in an
animal’s surroundings

Example:
Clark’s nutcrackers can find food
hidden in caches located halfway between
particular landmarks

42
Q

regulator

A

uses internal control mechanisms to moderate internal change in the face of external, environmental fluctuation

43
Q

conformer

A

allows its internal condition to vary with certain external changes

44
Q

thermoregulation

A

s the process by which animals maintain an internal temperature within a tolerable range

45
Q

endothermic

A

animals generate heat by metabolism; birds and mammals are endotherms

Example:Walrus

46
Q

ectothermic

A

animals gain heat from external sources; ectotherms include most invertebrates, fishes, amphibians, and non-avian reptiles

Example: lizard

47
Q

Name 4 physical processes by which animals exchange heat with their environment.

A
  • conduction
  • convection
  • radiation
  • evaporation

General Biology (1 decks)

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