Final Flashcards
planning, budgeting, organizing, controlling, resource use, coordinating, decision making, problem solving and time management all describe….
management
vision, motivation, inspiration, persuasion, team work, building relationships, listening, counseling/coaching, teaching & mentoring all describe
leadership
perceived physical/psych reaction to a perceived stressor
stress
an event, thought or person
stressor
- ocular migraine
- ulcers
- upset stomach
- lack of sleep
physical side effects of stress
the older you get, the ___ stressed you are
less
depression turned inwards
anxiety
psych side effects of stress
- anxiety
- depression
- insomnia
- panic attacks
positive stress
eustress
example of eustress
- getting married
- buying a house
- promotion
with identical twins, there are similar levels of stress, genetic predisposition, sensitivity
bio theory of stress
when you’re frustrated, there’s something in the way of your goal
aggression hypothesis
situational theories
- frustration
- road rage
- heat
- crowding
- unrealistic goals
- workplace stressors
- job
when you can’t get to where you want to go and you get super mad
road rage
increased temperatures make ppl irritated and leads to aggression
heat
frustration and stress when surrounded by many ppl
crowding
when supervisor is asking for too much
unrealistic goals at work
task you do at work can be stressful
worktask stressor
nature of work
examples: law enforcement, drs, human services, military
jobs
thoughts contribute to stress, your perceptions
cognition
input/output
equity theory
what you ascribe as the cause of someone’s behavior
attributions
blame someone’s behavior on their personality
internal
blame someone’s behavior on the situation
external
if you make more situational attributions about someone’s neg. behavior, you’ll be
less stressed
when we reframe our thoughts, that makes us
less stressed
we have life events (big) and it’s the readjustment to event after it’s occurred that creates the stress, not the event itself
life events model theory
this scale determines how stressed you are
social adjustment scale
Rahe and Holmes developed this
social adjustment scale
this scale has hundreds of stressful events but it doesn’t capture the big picture
social adjustment scale
you add up points to see how stressed you are
social readjustment scale
example of the Minor Hassles Model is
school frustrations and work
personality can create stress
true
this type of personality is impatient, prone to heart attacks, try to do more in less time, animated, talk and move quickly, fight/flight mode and this uses more cortisol, which takes a toll o arteries
Type A
this type of personality is mellow, not in a hurry, things roll off their backs
Type B
this type of personality is a combination of the best aspects of types A and B, moderate
Type C
ability to bounce back, emotional resiliency towards hardship
hardiness
your perception of being able to control your environment
locus of control
2 forms of locus of control
- internal
- external
you feel you can control your environment
internal
example of internal locus of control
control your environment through hardwork and effort
you feel that the situation controls you (fate, “can’t make a difference”, “why bother” mentality)
external
this type of locus of control is less proned to being stressed
internal
when you’re above and beyond stressed at work
job burnout
Christina Maslach developed
job burnout
symptoms of job burnout
- cynical attitude towards job, clients, customers
- lethargic
- numbness
way to stop burnout
- go to manager and rewrite job description
- re-engage
- leave job, as last resort
2 types of aggression
- angry
- instrumental
spontaneous, unplanned aggressive behavrior
angry
example of angry aggression
road rage
premeditated, planned aggression
instrumental
example of instrumental aggression
terrorists
twins have similar temperament, predisposition
bio theories
desire to self destruct and we turn it towards others, which is aggression
Freud’s death instinct
trait that’s chosen, the more aggressive you are the increased likelihood , you’ll live longer
survival of the fittest
remedies fr stress, anxiety and aggression
- careful monitoring of the workplace
- MBWA ( managing by walking around)
- install a gym in the workplace
- onsite yoga
- onsite counseling services
- good person job fit (some personalities don’t fit job)
which theories cause stress?
combination of all theories
passage of info btwn 1 person/group to another group/person
communication
originator of a communication , who encodes/transmits a message
sender
aka encoder
sender
recipient of a communication who decodes the message
receiver
aka decoder
receiver
process of preparing for transmission by putting it into some form of shared code
encoding
example of encoding
typing or verbal
process of translating a message so that it can be understood
decoding
vehicle through which a message flows from sender to receiver
channel
acknowledgement that message has been received/understood
feedback
more of these lead to errors in encoding process
channels
physical/psych distraction that disrupts the effective flow of communication
noise
can cause message to break down, interference with message
noise
characteristics of the sender that influence the effectiveness of communication
source factors
example of source factors
- attractiveness
- piercings
- purple hair
- the game telephone
characteristics of the vehicle of transmission of a message that affects communication
channel factors
special language developed in connection with certain jobs
jargon
aka technical lang
jargon
characteristics of the receiver that influence the effectiveness of communication
audience factors
2 examples of audience factors
- distraction
- mood that you’re in
- anything simultaneously happening
protocol of sending message should be understood
channel factors
messages sent/received through means other than the spoken/written word
nonverbal communication
when a sender nonverbally communicates expectations to a receiver influencing his/her behavior
pygmalion effect
expectations to how others behave
pygmalion effect
2 or more individuals who interact on a daily basis and share a common fate
group
if your’re doing an easy task with others watching, you’ll excel. if you’re doing a hard task with others watching, your performance is impaired
social faciliation
in a group and feel anonymous and you put in less effort
social loafing
in a group but feeling anonymous and more likely to engage in deviant behavior
deindividuation
diversity, different ideas from different people
brainstorming
changing behavior
conformity
example of conformity
Asch study
females conform more than males, and you’ll conform less if you’re an expert
true
cohesive group(tight knit group) under a deadline to make a decision, you feel that everyone else is in agreement and you agree with the group despite what your gut is telling you
groupthink
everyone else is in agreement
illusion of consesus
idea that there’s an enemy
illusion of an enemy
your group’s decision is a more decision, good for all involved
illusion of morality
group’s plan cant go wrong
illusion of invulnerability
examples in history
- Bay of Pigs
- Cuban Missile Crisis
- destruction of space shuttle Challenger and Columbia
- Pearl Harbor
- Jones Town
ways to alleviate groupthink
- leaderless session
- secret ballot
- small group sessions
- outside experts, neutral
- circular tables, no one is a leader
- devil’s advocate
specify someone as individual , give them proactive script on what to do, when ppl feel responsible for their actions, in emergency situation
break cycle deindividuation
conducting successful meetings with large groups include
- whose invited? (no more than 2 hierarchies)
- how many ppl? (5-7)
- agenda
think who the audience is, want to use assertive/directive when they’re inexperienced and younger. use democrative if the group is of = level
leadership style
make sure to choose right room for meeting, feel free to change their positions
room set up
want to keep to minimum but try to facilitate group input
group input
what eliminates group think?
education
adhere to the time limit, actively monitor meeting
time limit
get ppl involved if no one volunteers
assigning tasks
need to reiterate what was accomplished
wrap up meeting
oldest theory, great leaders are born, not made
great man/woman
it’s your personality that makes you a great leader
trait theory
we have need for power/leadership. administer TAT to discover desire/need for leadership
needs theory
predisposition that ppl can be born with
bio theory
researchers are looking at behaviors that you exhibit that make you a good leader
behavioral theory
most looked at theory
behavioral theory
tell ppl what to do, directive, take control assertive, ideal to use for employees who don’t have much experience
autocratic leadership
autocratic leadership is aka
directive
allow followers to participate in decision making process, , ideal to use for followers who you perceive to be =
participative style
participative leadership style aka
democratic
ideal if followers are in stressful situations
ex:9-11 dispatchers
supportive leadership
focused with regards to welfare of your employees, concern, how you’re feeling, not what you’re doing
country club style
this type of leadership has low turnover
country club style
sort of concerned about their productivity/welfare
middle of the road
leader is only concerned about your productivity (#’s and sales) not about how you’re feeling
task oriented style
this type of leadership has high turnover
task oriented
based on rewards and punishments, transaction btwn leader/follower and how they get employees to do something is rewards/threats
transactional style
this type of leadership uses phrases like “us and we” and their ideas are at a larger scale
transformational
transforming the follower’s goals into that of the leader’s/org goals, very inspirational, strives to make org a better place
transformational
personality, inspires followers, well-spoken
charismatic
Ronald Reagan was known to be this type of leader
charismatic
Riggio believes in this type of leadership
charismatic
Riggio believes that social skills make a great leader along with emotional intelligene
true
leader provides/asks you what your goals and provides a path to reach your goals
path goal theory
believes their employees are all lazy, selfish, only motivated by $, they bring that behavior out in their employees
Theory X
believes their employees are intrinsically motivated, not in it for the $, believe the best in their employees and they love what they do, low turnover b/c ppl feel valued
Theory Y
match btwn leadership stype and situation is what makes you a great leader
situational theory of leadership
ow effective of a leader you’ll be is contingent upon the situation that you’re in
Fred Fiedler’s contingency theory of leadership
what makes an effective leader is quality of decisions you make
Vroom, Yetton, decision making theory of leadership
the kind of power that you have, effective leader
French and Raven’s bases of power
types of power
- referent
- legitimate
- coercive
- expert
- reward
power of being a leader by being well-liked
referent
power by title
ex: Dr., CFO, president
legitimate
power in a particular area can give you power
expert
if you’re given the ability to dole out punishment/disciplinary actions, you have power
coercive
ability to reward employees, you gain power & become an effective leader
rewards
better predictors of leadership/success in real world versus IQ
emotional intelligence
ability to read emotions quickly with non-verbal cues accurately and is useful info when making decisions and is central to leadership
emotional intelligence
why study leadership?
knowledge of individuals ability to improve social chemistry and group performance
Howard Gardner (multiple intelligence) measures
linguistics, musical and interpersonal
he developed face recognition
Paul Eckman
EI increases
contentment of social conflict, decreases conflict and alcohol abuse
amgydala gets hijacked with flight and fight
true
EI relates to sports through
motivation, discipline and running a team
flattering, get you to comply to their request,
integration
makes you feel like you need to give back
reciprocity
organize,form alliances, not going to work, method employees do for upper management
strikes
goes to and from management and employees
communication
CEO of CISCO stystems was voted best boss in America
John Chambers
he was charismatic, transformational with a path goal leadership style, refers to himself as a coach
John Chambers
capacity of a person, team/org to influence others
power
2 or more parties are reliant for power
true
opposing, capacity of a person to keep a more powerful person/group in exchange
counterpower
servant, what can i do to help make your job easier?
silent authority
alliances for specific cause
coalition
employees appealing to upper management
upward appeal
rational arguments for your POV
persuasion
influence tactics
- silent authority
- exchange/reciprocity
- coalition
- upward appeal
- persuasion
- info control
coalitions and strikes, physical behaviors are known as
hard tactics
men are more likely to advertise individual achievements as an influence tactic
true
women are more likely to apologize for things they didn’t do as an influence tactic
true
self-serving tactics ppl use for their own gain at other ppl’s expenses
politics
causes for politics
- scarce resources
- competition for increased lead to politics
- lack of formal rules allocating what should be done, causes favoritism
- when it’s tolerated by management
minimizing politics
- rules
- supervisor leads by example
- keep employees well infomed
the more rules that are laid out clearly, the less rumors
true
making workplace safe, user friendly
human factors
human factors is aka
human engineering, ergonomics
examples of human factors development
- taxi cab and break light
- bookstore (designed to place signs)
- international symbols
- eating behaviors
- lighting in restaurants
Fields in human factors design
- juvenile furniture
- military with prosthetics
- transportation
