FINAL

Question 1

Phenomenology

Answer 1

The belief that reality is what we think it is

Question 2

Personality disorders

Answer 2

A pervasive, enduring, and inflexible pattern of inner experience and behavior that deviates markedly from the expectations of one’s culture and leads to distress or impairment.

Question 3

Comorbidity

Answer 3

Existing at the same time

Question 4

What is the main focus of Maslow’s theory and what is it based on?

Answer 4

The hierarchy of needs based on human motivation

Question 5

Human motivation

Answer 5

The force that activates and directs behavior

Question 6

What accidental occurrence led to Skinner’s discovery of reinforcement schedules?

Answer 6

He ran out of rat pellets during an experiment.

Question 7

What are some general problems that people with personality disorders frequently exhibit?

Answer 7

Relationship problems

Cause more pain for others than the disordered person

Question 8

Psychopaths have what personality disorder?

Answer 8

Antisocial Personality Disorder

Question 9

Metamotivation

Answer 9

Type of motivation for self-actualizers which involves maximizing personal potential rather than striving for a particular goal object.

Question 10

Metapathology

Answer 10

A thwarting of self-developing related to failure to satisfy the metaneeds (self-actualizers growth and evolution)

Question 11

Peak experiences

Answer 11

Moments of intense ecstasy, similar to a religious or mystical experience, during which the self is transcended

Question 12

Jonah complex

Answer 12

The fear that maximizing our potential will lead to a situation with which we will be unable to cope

Question 13

Subjective experience

Answer 13

The idea that the reality of our environment depends on our perception of it, which may not always coincide with reality.

Question 14

Emitted behavior

Answer 14

Behaviors that are not a response to any specific stimulus in the environment.

Question 15

Self-control

Answer 15

The ability to exert control over the variables that determine our behavior.

Question 16

Disinhibition

Answer 16

The weakening of inhibitions or constraints by observing the behavior of a model

Question 17

Self-efficacy

Answer 17

Our feeling of adequacy, efficiency, and competence in coping with life.

Question 18

Locus of control

Answer 18

Internal: belief that reinforcement is brought about by our own behavior
External: belief that reinforcement is under the control of other people, fate, or luck

Question 19

Learned Helplessness

Answer 19

A condition resulting from the perception that we have no control over our environment

Question 20

Optimist

Answer 20

People who expect good things to happen to them

Question 21

Pessimist

Answer 21

people who expect bad things to happen to them

Question 22

Life satisfaction/subjective well-being

Answer 22

a cognitive evaluation of the quality of one’s life experience and the possession of positive affect

Question 23

What are some main characteristics of humanistic psychology?

Answer 23

• Human interests and values are of primary importance
• Believe human behavior is too complex to be explained by behaviorists’ methods
• Emphasizes human strength, aspirations, free will, and fulfillment of potential

Question 24

What feelings predominated Maslow’s childhood?

Answer 24

Isolation and inferiority

Question 25

Maslow's hierarchy

Answer 25

Higher needs(growth or being needs) are weaker and lower needs are stronger. Higher needs appear later in life and are less necessary for survival. Lower needs like physiological and safety needs arise first.

Question 26

Cognitive needs

Answer 26

Needs Maslow says we are born with but are excluded from the hierarchy. Include a desire to know and understand.

Question 27

According to Maslow what are the characteristics of self-actualized people?

Answer 27

``` Efficient perception of reality. Acceptance of themselves, others, and nature. Spontaneity, simplicity, and naturalness. Focus on problems outside themselves. Sense of detachment and the need for privacy. Freshness of appreciation. Mystical or peak experiences. Social interest. Profound interpersonal relations. Democratic character structure. Creativeness. Resistance to enculturation. ```

Question 28

What two theorists are considered the founders of the "third force" in psychology, humanism?

Answer 28

Maslow and Rogers

Question 29

What concept is at the core of Roger's theory of personality and therapy?

Answer 29

The self

Question 30

According to Rogers, what is the purpose of the organismic valuing process?

Answer 30

Evaluation of all life experiences by how well they serve the actualization tendency.

Question 31

The fully functioning person

Answer 31

The desired result of psuchological development and social evolution. Similar to Maslow's idea of self-actualizers.

Question 32

What technique did Rogers primarily use to assess personality?

Answer 32

Roger's assessed personality in terms of the person' subjective experiences the events in the person's life as he or she perceives them and accepts them as real.

Question 33

What is Roger's type of therapy called?

Answer 33

Person-centered therapy: therapy in which the client is assumed to be responsible for changing his or her personality.

Question 34

The emphasis in Roger's psychotherapy is to change what existing concept?

Answer 34

Self-concept

Question 35

Is Skinner's theory really a personality theory?

Answer 35

No, he offered a thory to account for all behavior, not just personality.

Question 36

What characteristics did Skinner believe were necessary in order to scientifically study behavior? And what did he believe were not important?

Answer 36

Must be able to "be seen," and external. Did not believe in internal, subjective states, unconscious influences, defense mechanisms, traits, and other driving forces.

Question 37

What type of research subjects did Skinner most frequently use?

Answer 37

Rats and pigeons

Question 38

According to Skinner, what kind of consequences can we manipulate in order to determine and modify behavior?

Answer 38

Consequences of a response

Question 39

According to Skinner, personality consists of what type of patterns?

Answer 39

Reinforced patterns

Question 40

What reinforcement schedules do slot machines make use of?

Answer 40

Variable ratio

Question 41

What factors would Skinner take into account in a functional analysis?

Answer 41

The frequency of the behavior, the situation in which it occurs, and the reinforcement associated with the behavior.

Question 42

What are some ways Bandura's theory differs from Skinners?

Answer 42

Bandura emphasizes using human subjects and believes that social interaction is key to getting data from experiments

Question 43

What type of learning is the main principle behind Bandura's theory?

Answer 43

Observational Learning

Question 44

What influential technique did Bandura's Bobo doll experiments demonstrate the power of?

Answer 44

modeling

Question 45

According to Bandura, what characteristics in models can influence the observer?

Answer 45

Similarities in sex and age. Higher status and prestige.

Question 46

The "necessary processes" involved in observational learning

Answer 46

attentional processes, retention processes, production processes, incentive and motivational processes

Question 47

What are the characteristics of someone who has a high sense of self-efficacy?

Answer 47

Can deal effectively with event and situations, persevere at tasks, perform at a high level, have greater confidence in their abilities, and express little self-doubt.

Question 48

Where did Bandura believe psychological problems come from?

Answer 48

They are learned

Question 49

How did Bandura believe psychological problems can be dealt with?

Answer 49

Teaching/modeling

Question 50

What were Bandura's beliefs regarding our degree of free will versus determinsim?

Answer 50

Both people and their environments are reciprocal determinants of each other

Question 51

What did Bandura conclude regarding TV and aggressive behavior?

Answer 51

There is a relationship

Question 52

What are some main advantages or positive points of observational learning theory?

Answer 52

Can be applied to practical problems with immediate reinforcement, can be applied to national as well as individual problems.

Question 53

Basic differences between beliefs of people with internal locus and external locus

Answer 53

internal: perform at a higher leverl on laboratory tasks, place a higher value on their skills, are less suceptible to outside influences, are more alert ot environmental cues, have lower anxiety and higher self-esteem. External: do not exter effort to improve their situation.

Question 54

Rotter's idea of locus control is similar to Bandura's concept of..

Answer 54

self-efficacy

Question 55

When does Rotter believe locus of control is learned and what is its greatest influence?

Answer 55

Childhood and parental role models

Question 56

What limited domain personality concept is researcher Marvin Zuckerman known for?

Answer 56

sensation-seeking: the need for varied, novel, and complex sensations and experiences

Question 57

Characteristics of people who are high sensation seekers?

Answer 57

younger, more males, whites

Question 58

In what developmental periods do we seem to have naturally higher and lower levels of sensation seeking?

Answer 58

middle school-20s

Question 59

What psychological disorder has been found to be related to learned helplessness?

Answer 59

depression

Question 60

Attentional processes

Answer 60

Can pay sufficient attention to a model and perceiving the model accurately enough to imitate displayed behavior

Question 61

Retention processes

Answer 61

Retaining or remembering the model's behavior so that we can imitate or repeat it

Question 62

Production processes

Answer 62

Translating the mental images or verbal symbolic representations of the model's behavior into our own overt behavior by physically producing the responses and receiving feedback on the accuracy of our continued practice.

Question 63

Incentive and motivational processes

Answer 63

Perceiving that the model's behavior leads to a reward and thus expecting that our learning of the same behavior will lead to similar consequences.

Question 64

T or F: | Maslow had an ideal childhood

Answer 64

False

Question 65

T or F: | Self-actualizers may come to feel helpless and depressed (metapathology)

Answer 65

True

Question 66

T or F: | In Roger's therapy, clients are held responsible for their bad choices

Answer 66

False

Question 67

T or F: | Rogers developed a group technique in which people could learn more about themselves - family systems

Answer 67

False

Question 68

T or F: The Q-sort technique had the client sort through a large number of statements about their own self-concept and self-image

Answer 68

True

Question 69

T or F: | Punishment is a better parenting technique, according to Skinner rather than pos. reinforcement

Answer 69

False

Question 70

According to Bandura, hostile and aggressive behaviors tend to be strongly immiateted

Answer 70

True

Question 71

Self-efficacy refers to feelings of adequacy, efficiency, and competence in coping with life.

Answer 71

True

Question 72

There seems to be a strong correlational relationship between Rotter's concept of locus of control and Bandura's concept of self-efficacy.

Answer 72

True

Question 73

Zuckerman asserted that sensation seeking does decline with age.

Answer 73

True

Question 74

Once the initial excitement has subsided, high sensation seekers usually continue the activities that gave them such high stimulation.

Answer 74

False

Question 75

According to Seligman, people who are optimistic tend to be healthier that those who are pessimistic.

Answer 75

True