FINAL Flashcards
Phenomenology
The belief that reality is what we think it is
Personality disorders
A pervasive, enduring, and inflexible pattern of inner experience and behavior that deviates markedly from the expectations of one’s culture and leads to distress or impairment.
Comorbidity
Existing at the same time
What is the main focus of Maslow’s theory and what is it based on?
The hierarchy of needs based on human motivation
Human motivation
The force that activates and directs behavior
What accidental occurrence led to Skinner’s discovery of reinforcement schedules?
He ran out of rat pellets during an experiment.
What are some general problems that people with personality disorders frequently exhibit?
Relationship problems
Cause more pain for others than the disordered person
Psychopaths have what personality disorder?
Antisocial Personality Disorder
Metamotivation
Type of motivation for self-actualizers which involves maximizing personal potential rather than striving for a particular goal object.
Metapathology
A thwarting of self-developing related to failure to satisfy the metaneeds (self-actualizers growth and evolution)
Peak experiences
Moments of intense ecstasy, similar to a religious or mystical experience, during which the self is transcended
Jonah complex
The fear that maximizing our potential will lead to a situation with which we will be unable to cope
Subjective experience
The idea that the reality of our environment depends on our perception of it, which may not always coincide with reality.
Emitted behavior
Behaviors that are not a response to any specific stimulus in the environment.
Self-control
The ability to exert control over the variables that determine our behavior.
Disinhibition
The weakening of inhibitions or constraints by observing the behavior of a model
Self-efficacy
Our feeling of adequacy, efficiency, and competence in coping with life.
Locus of control
Internal: belief that reinforcement is brought about by our own behavior
External: belief that reinforcement is under the control of other people, fate, or luck
Learned Helplessness
A condition resulting from the perception that we have no control over our environment
Optimist
People who expect good things to happen to them
Pessimist
people who expect bad things to happen to them
Life satisfaction/subjective well-being
a cognitive evaluation of the quality of one’s life experience and the possession of positive affect
What are some main characteristics of humanistic psychology?
- Human interests and values are of primary importance
- Believe human behavior is too complex to be explained by behaviorists’ methods
- Emphasizes human strength, aspirations, free will, and fulfillment of potential
What feelings predominated Maslow’s childhood?
Isolation and inferiority
Maslow’s hierarchy
Higher needs(growth or being needs) are weaker and lower needs are stronger. Higher needs appear later in life and are less necessary for survival. Lower needs like physiological and safety needs arise first.
Cognitive needs
Needs Maslow says we are born with but are excluded from the hierarchy. Include a desire to know and understand.
According to Maslow what are the characteristics of self-actualized people?
Efficient perception of reality. Acceptance of themselves, others, and nature. Spontaneity, simplicity, and naturalness. Focus on problems outside themselves. Sense of detachment and the need for privacy. Freshness of appreciation. Mystical or peak experiences. Social interest. Profound interpersonal relations. Democratic character structure. Creativeness. Resistance to enculturation.
What two theorists are considered the founders of the “third force” in psychology, humanism?
Maslow and Rogers
What concept is at the core of Roger’s theory of personality and therapy?
The self
According to Rogers, what is the purpose of the organismic valuing process?
Evaluation of all life experiences by how well they serve the actualization tendency.
The fully functioning person
The desired result of psuchological development and social evolution. Similar to Maslow’s idea of self-actualizers.
What technique did Rogers primarily use to assess personality?
Roger’s assessed personality in terms of the person’ subjective experiences the events in the person’s life as he or she perceives them and accepts them as real.
What is Roger’s type of therapy called?
Person-centered therapy: therapy in which the client is assumed to be responsible for changing his or her personality.
The emphasis in Roger’s psychotherapy is to change what existing concept?
Self-concept
Is Skinner’s theory really a personality theory?
No, he offered a thory to account for all behavior, not just personality.
What characteristics did Skinner believe were necessary in order to scientifically study behavior? And what did he believe were not important?
Must be able to “be seen,” and external.
Did not believe in internal, subjective states, unconscious influences, defense mechanisms, traits, and other driving forces.
What type of research subjects did Skinner most frequently use?
Rats and pigeons
According to Skinner, what kind of consequences can we manipulate in order to determine and modify behavior?
Consequences of a response
According to Skinner, personality consists of what type of patterns?
Reinforced patterns
What reinforcement schedules do slot machines make use of?
Variable ratio
What factors would Skinner take into account in a functional analysis?
The frequency of the behavior, the situation in which it occurs, and the reinforcement associated with the behavior.
What are some ways Bandura’s theory differs from Skinners?
Bandura emphasizes using human subjects and believes that social interaction is key to getting data from experiments
What type of learning is the main principle behind Bandura’s theory?
Observational Learning
What influential technique did Bandura’s Bobo doll experiments demonstrate the power of?
modeling
According to Bandura, what characteristics in models can influence the observer?
Similarities in sex and age. Higher status and prestige.
The “necessary processes” involved in observational learning
attentional processes, retention processes, production processes, incentive and motivational processes
What are the characteristics of someone who has a high sense of self-efficacy?
Can deal effectively with event and situations, persevere at tasks, perform at a high level, have greater confidence in their abilities, and express little self-doubt.
Where did Bandura believe psychological problems come from?
They are learned
How did Bandura believe psychological problems can be dealt with?
Teaching/modeling
What were Bandura’s beliefs regarding our degree of free will versus determinsim?
Both people and their environments are reciprocal determinants of each other
What did Bandura conclude regarding TV and aggressive behavior?
There is a relationship
What are some main advantages or positive points of observational learning theory?
Can be applied to practical problems with immediate reinforcement, can be applied to national as well as individual problems.
Basic differences between beliefs of people with internal locus and external locus
internal: perform at a higher leverl on laboratory tasks, place a higher value on their skills, are less suceptible to outside influences, are more alert ot environmental cues, have lower anxiety and higher self-esteem.
External: do not exter effort to improve their situation.
Rotter’s idea of locus control is similar to Bandura’s concept of..
self-efficacy
When does Rotter believe locus of control is learned and what is its greatest influence?
Childhood and parental role models
What limited domain personality concept is researcher Marvin Zuckerman known for?
sensation-seeking: the need for varied, novel, and complex sensations and experiences
Characteristics of people who are high sensation seekers?
younger, more males, whites
In what developmental periods do we seem to have naturally higher and lower levels of sensation seeking?
middle school-20s
What psychological disorder has been found to be related to learned helplessness?
depression
Attentional processes
Can pay sufficient attention to a model and perceiving the model accurately enough to imitate displayed behavior
Retention processes
Retaining or remembering the model’s behavior so that we can imitate or repeat it
Production processes
Translating the mental images or verbal symbolic representations of the model’s behavior into our own overt behavior by physically producing the responses and receiving feedback on the accuracy of our continued practice.
Incentive and motivational processes
Perceiving that the model’s behavior leads to a reward and thus expecting that our learning of the same behavior will lead to similar consequences.
T or F:
Maslow had an ideal childhood
False
T or F:
Self-actualizers may come to feel helpless and depressed (metapathology)
True
T or F:
In Roger’s therapy, clients are held responsible for their bad choices
False
T or F:
Rogers developed a group technique in which people could learn more about themselves - family systems
False
T or F:
The Q-sort technique had the client sort through a large number of statements about their own self-concept and self-image
True
T or F:
Punishment is a better parenting technique, according to Skinner rather than pos. reinforcement
False
According to Bandura, hostile and aggressive behaviors tend to be strongly immiateted
True
Self-efficacy refers to feelings of adequacy, efficiency, and competence in coping
with life.
True
There seems to be a strong correlational relationship between Rotter’s concept of locus of control and Bandura’s concept of self-efficacy.
True
Zuckerman asserted that sensation seeking does decline with age.
True
Once the initial excitement has subsided, high sensation seekers usually continue the activities that gave them such high stimulation.
False
According to Seligman, people who are optimistic tend to be healthier that those who are pessimistic.
True
