Final Flashcards

1
Q

pyruvate dehydrogenase complex E2

A

dihydrolipoyl transacetylase

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2
Q

pyruvate dehydrogenase complex E3

A

dihydrolopoyl dehydrogenase

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3
Q

pyruvate dehydrogenase complex is reversible or irreversible process?

A

irreversible

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4
Q

5 required cofactors for PDD complex

A
thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP)
lipoic acid
coenzyme A
FAD
NAD
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5
Q

to begin the PDD complex, the E2 subunit must have the 2 thiol groups in the ____ form

A

oxidized

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6
Q

which subunit catalyzes the first 2 rxns in PDD

A

E1

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7
Q

which is the slowest rxn subunit

A

E1

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8
Q

pyruvate is converted to acetyl coA by…..

A

PDH complex

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9
Q

glucose -> __ pyruvate -> __ acetyl coA, __CO2, __ NADH

A

2 for all blanks

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10
Q

anaplerotic rxn

A

replenish the TCA cycle with OAA

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11
Q

ubiquonone (cofactor Q) is water soluble or lipid soluble

A

lipid soluble

-in membrane not ICF

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12
Q

ATP synthase:

beta-ATP ->

A

beta-empty

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13
Q

ATP synthase:

beta-empty ->

A

beta-ADP

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14
Q

ATP synthase:

beta-ADP ->

A

beta-ATP

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15
Q

2 shuttles that transport reducing equivalents to mitochondrial matrix:

A
  1. malate-aspartate shuttle (2.5 ATP / NADH)

2. glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle (1.5 ATP / FADH2)

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16
Q

FAs are stored as triacylglycerols in adipose tissue, specifically in…

A

the dark-colored lipid droplet

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17
Q

FA oxidation occurs in mitochondria and is made active by binding to coA. This process is made irreversible by…..

A

cleaving PPi into two organic phosphates

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18
Q

takes a couple days after time of starvation for ___________ levels to begin to increase

A

ketone body

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19
Q

metabolism of ketone bodies occurs in…

A

mitochondria

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20
Q

substrates for FA biosynthesis

A

NADPH and acetyl coA

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21
Q

sources of NADPH for FA biosynthesis

A

PPP and malic enzyme

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22
Q

1st and rate limiting step of FA biosynthesis

A

acetyl coA -> malonyl coA
catalyzed by acetyl coA carboxylase
-irreversible rxn

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23
Q

1st substrate to be loaded in FA biosynthesis

A

acetyl coA to KS

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24
Q

2nd substrate to be loaded on in FA biosynthesis

A

malonyl coA on ACP

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25
Q

palmitate has ____ carbons

A

16

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26
Q

palmitate is produced after ___ cycles

A

7

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27
Q

overall synthesis of palmitate requires

A

14 NADPH and 6 H2O

-use 1 H2O at the end for hydrolysis

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28
Q

FA elongation occurs in

A

ER

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29
Q

FA elongation does not use…

A

ACP, instead coenzymes are active in coA form

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30
Q

rate limiting step in chol synthesis

A

HMG-CoA to Mevalonate

-enzyme is HMG-CoA reductase

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31
Q

storage form of chol

A

cholesteryl ester

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32
Q

VLDL transports…

A

TG from liver

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33
Q

chylomicrons transport…

A

TG from intestine

34
Q

LDL and HDL transport….

A

cholesterol

35
Q

glycerolipid synthesis starts from..

A

glycerol-3-phosphate

36
Q

when does digestion of a protein begin?

A

when it hits the stomach and then further proceeds into the sm int

37
Q

2 major products of AA degradation

A

ammonia and alpha-keto acid

38
Q

after AA degradation, alpha-keto acid can…

A

feed into the TCA cycle and some are used for gluconeogenesis

39
Q

all amino groups get funnelled into…

A

glutamate

40
Q

AA & keto acid pairing:

glutamate ->

A

alpha ketoglutarate

41
Q

AA & keto acid pairing:

pyruvate ->

A

alanine

42
Q

AA & keto acid pairing:

aspartate ->

A

oxaloacetate

43
Q

glutamate undergoes oxidative deamination by glutamate dehydrogenase, which has a conenzyme of….

A

NADP or NAD

-reversible rxn

44
Q

ammonia formed in peripheral tissues is transported to the liver as…

A

glutamine and alanine

45
Q

ammonia is converted to urea in the…

A

liver

46
Q

the urea cycle containes rxn in which areas…

A

mitochondira (first 2) and cytosol (last 3)

47
Q

rate limiting step of the urea cycle

A

catalyzed by carbomoyl phosphate synthatase

48
Q

3 precursors of urea

A

free ammonia
bicarbonate/CO2
aspartate

49
Q

represents 2/3 of urea molecule

A

carbomoyl phosphate synthesis

-bicarbonate and ammonia condense

50
Q

CPS I is regulated by

A

allosteric regulation by N-acetylglutamate

-stimulated by arginine

51
Q

arginase enzyme

A

uses water to cleave urea off the end of arginine molecule

-last enzyme before generating urea

52
Q

the 2 connectors between TCA cycle and urea cycle

A

fumerate and aspartate

53
Q

congenital hyperammonemia:

A

defects in the genes coding for all 2 urea cycle enzymes

-arginase defects are less severe

54
Q

acetyl coA or anything broken down to it, cannot result in NET synthesis of

A

glucose

55
Q

3 branched chain AAs

A

valine
leucine
isoleucine

56
Q

catecholamines:

A

dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine

-all synthesized from tyrosine

57
Q

histamines formed from

A

decarboxylation of histidine

58
Q

serotonin

A

tryptophan is precursor, for melatonin as well

59
Q

creatine is synthesized by using

A

arginine, glycine, and methionine

60
Q

ammonia is funnelled into 2 molecules

A

glutamate and glutamine

61
Q

glutamine synthetase regulated by

A

its own products (8)

62
Q

adenylylation

A

inhibits enzyme by making it more sensitive to inhibitors

63
Q

glutamine synthetase adenylylation

A

each of the 12 subunits undergoes adenylylation individually

-the more adenylylated, the more sensitive to inhibition

64
Q

SAM

A

1-carbon transfer

-only methyl groups to N or O atom

65
Q

TH4 (tetrahydrofolate)

A

1-carbon transfer

-can donate 5-6 diff 1 carbon units, including methyl

66
Q

4 diiff rxns to generate active TH4, all catalyzed by

A

DHFR

67
Q

all AAs are synthesized from specific intermediates of the

A

glycolytic, PPP, and TCA cycle pathways

68
Q

plants can make all 20 AAs using _______ as their only carbon source

A

glucose

69
Q

de novo pathway:

ribose comes from

A

PPP

70
Q

tx of gout

A

allopurinol

71
Q

interconversion of nuclesoside mono, di, and triphosphates:

di -> tri cannot use…

A

ATP as substrate

72
Q

RNR (ribonucleotide reductase) only works on

A

diphosphate nucleotides

73
Q

the ultimate reductant

A

NADPH

RNR is made from NADPH

74
Q

regulation of RNR

A

products are inhibitors

substrates are activators

75
Q

RNRs main role

A

maintains a balanced supply of dNTPs for DNA synthesis

76
Q

2 pancreas secretions that regulate blood glucose levels

A

glucagon and insulin

77
Q

main function of fat cells (adipocytes)

A

store, maintain, and release TAGs

78
Q

ghrelin

A

secreted by empty stomach

-eat more

79
Q

leptin

A

secreted by adipose tissue

-eat less

80
Q

pyruvate dehydrogenase complex E1

A

pyruvate dehydrogenase