Final Flashcards
1
Q
Gender Complementarity
A
Communal and corporative
Can be matrilineal and/or matrilocal
Common in pre-contact aboriginal cultures
2
Q
Extended Family
A
Family which is not part of your direct, nuclear, family.
3
Q
Matrilocal
A
A woman remains in her mother’s household after reaching maturity and brings her husband to live with their family after the marriage. Son move out of their original household after marriage to join their wives.
4
Q
Matrilineal
A
Line of decent is traced exclusively through the female
5
Q
Residential Schools
A
An assimilation policy which was put in place by Canadian government to essentially take away aboriginal culture. This had tremendous effects on aboriginal families which are still felt today (intergenerational).
6
Q
Second Shift
A
Woman shift from staying purely at home to also working. If they decided to work they were expected to still take care of the home and children.
7
Q
Separate Spheres
A
The ideology which places emphasis of women and men having different roles in the household.
8
Q
Women’s Roles
A
Associated with the home; domesticity becomes ideal.
There has been a decline in women’s political, economic, and social power.
“Angel of the hearth”
9
Q
Men’s Roles
A
Associated with the public world.
Work shifter to public spaces such as factories and was associated with wages
Urbanization (moving where work was located)
Work around home reduced
Exiled from family life
10
Q
Normative
A
To say that something is normative means that it is the standard against which all others are judged to be normal. For example, historically the nuclear family, consisting of a married heterosexual couple, ideally with children, was considered the normative family in Western patriarchal culture; other versions of the family were considered unusual, abnormal, or even deviant.
11
Q
Wage-earning Family
A
Family which is provided for through wages and not co-providing.
12
Q
Co-providing family
A
complementary work roles
less gender differentiation
13
Q
Industrialization
A
Production shifts from home to urban centers
14
Q
Urbanization
A
The husband had to move to where work was located and therefore was associated with the public world and exiled from the home
15
Q
Angel of the hearth
A
Women who had the sole responsibility of keeping their home managed
16
Q
LICO
A
Low Income Cut Off
17
Q
3 Traits Associated with Traditional nuclear Family
A
Class Privilege
Compact
Heteronormative
18
Q
19th Century Family Social Scripts were used to limit women’s movements. What did they restrict access to? (4)
A
Voting rights
Ability to hold property
Access to education
Employment
19
Q
What happened that changed family structure during WW2?
A
Women entered into the workforce.
20
Q
After the war (1945-1950s) women were encouraged to go back into the home. What resulted from this? (4)
A
Higher marriage rates
Lower age of first marriages
Higher fertility rates
Low, stable divorce rates
21
Q
During the resistance in the 1960s what id 2nd wave feminists question their existing rights to? (3)
A
Reproductive Choice
Marital intimacy
Cultural Representations
22
Q
Describe both the discourses experienced by men and women that Betty Firedman describes in her book, ‘The Feminine Mystique.’
A
Women: experienced frustration, anger, alienation, and longing to have more fulfilling options.
Men: Had a similar sense of alienation but were not limited by a economic dependence.
23
Q
What generalizations did Kimmel and Holler make about Canadian families in the 21st Century? (5)
A
Families are smaller
Higher amounts of families with single parents
Legally married couples with children only represent 1/3 of all families
The number of common-law families have gone up
There are higher rates of divorce
24
Q
Outline the struggles that Aboriginal families face dues to systematic racism and the fallout of assimilation policies. (5)
A
Lower life expectancy Lower levels of education Lower Marriage rates Higher rates of unemployment Higher levels of violence especially against women
25
What does research show about same-sex parenting?
That their children are generally fairly well-adjusted despite social anxieties.
26
What were 2 major milestones politically for same-sex families?
The ability to adopt children in 1995
| The ability to get married in 2005
27
What are some struggles that poor families face who are living under the LICO? (4)
1 Many are headed by a single parents (generally the mother)
2 They are not resilient to sudden change (illness/loss)
3 Poor living conditions
4 Harmful consequences which can be gendered (criminal behaviour, anger/shame, women's stress)
28
Describe the gendered struggles face by disabled families.
Less likely to marry
More likely to marry older
Higher rates of divorce
higher rates of social isolation
29
What kind of discrimination to disabled people face?
A lack of access
Restrictions to physical space
Regarded as a family problem
30
What struggles do new Canadian families face?
1 Historically denied access to sustain families
2 Complexity and diversity is not fully accounted for
3 Difficult labor market conditions
4 Cultural, material, and interpersonal barriers
5 Resisting cultural homogenization
31
What is the relationship between gender socialization and parenting?
Parents possess gender-specific ideas which they socialize their children to act through and believe by placing expectations on their children
32
Hijab (2)
Broadly defined as the practice of modesty in Muslim cultures and the articles of clothing that pertain to that practice
33
Transnationalist Feminism
1. Recognizing different regions and different needs and priorities
2. Inequalities born of globalization as well as colonization
3. Emphasize connections, not necessarily similarities
34
Burden of Representation
People are often 'othered' and may have their personal work politicized to who they are stereotypically seen in the media.
35
Difference
Points of divergence, characteristics, and qualities that make one person or group of persons distinguishable from others
36
Othering
To turn someone into a stereotype of someone (or sometimes something). Focus on race, class, and binaries
37
Labelling
Implications of disempowerment that one has had from being labelled due to 'othering'
38
Privilege
An advantage that nor everyone has the ability of having.
39
Unearned Privilege
Accident of birth/luck which works systematically to over empower certain groups and disempower other.
40
Intersectionality
A way of taking into consideration all of the factors that together make up our political identities: our gender, our race and ethnicity, our class and status in society, our sexuality, our physical abilities, our age, our national status, and so on.
41
Oppression Olympics
When different forms of oppression are placed into a hierarchy. Groups compete to prove that they are move oppressed than one another which makes the 'more' oppressed people feel worthier.
42
Whiteness
Supplies the norms and categories against which all groups are measured. Defines itself by what it is not and is the standard from which other are judged (white-centred, white-identified, white dominated). Thought of as morally neutral, an invisible backpack of unearned assets.
43
What has mainstream feminism been critiqued for?
Failing to recognize differences amongst women, including within groups of women.
44
Why according to Ruby, might women choose to wear the hijab? (5)
```
Respect, dignity, and protection
Connecting with religion
Resisting assimialtion
Connecting with the Muslim community
Expression of self-discipline
```
45
Why might women choose not to wear the hijab? (5)
```
May be considered oppressive of ones sexuality
May be 'othered'
May be tied to 'anti-canadian)
May be connected to violence
Oppressive if forced upon someone
```
46
What did Hoodfar find about Iranian women's experiences with the hijab?
They expressed skepticism about the hijab and its ability to be empowering. They actively sought to resist it.
47
how are transnational feminists different from earlier feminists?
Early feminism was criticized for its ethnocentrism and classism.
48
Describe early feminism interpretation of reproductive rights.
A focus on access to birth control and abortion rights for white, upper class women but no focus on the forced sterilization of Black and Indigenous women.
49
Describe early feminist interpretation of rights to work.
A focus on upper class women being allowed to work in better jobs and not as much attention paid to women who had jobs but were treated poorly based on intersections of race and gender.
50
Describe early feminists involvement with policies and state.
Many early feminists wanted better representation for upper class, white women and did not want that same representation for lower class black and indigenous women.
51
What are generally the effects of having white privilege? (3)
Unearned assets that put white people at an advantage.
Taught to think of themselves as morally neutral, normative, or svn ideal.
Trying to make 'them' more like 'us'
52
Goals of Liberal Feminism (5)
1. Ending women’s legal, economic, and social dependence on men
2. Assuming women’s freedom and opportunity for education
3. Promoting open, competitive, and noninterventionist marketplace in which women can participate fully
4. Supporting principle of meritocracy amongst women as well as men
5. Enacting laws and policies that guarantee the equality of choice and opportunity for women
53
What are some critiques of liberal feminism? (4)
1. Assumes state always has the best interest of the individual in mind
2. Whose values are being accepted and propagated
3. Does changing law change peoples minds?
4. Limitations of the law to actually create social change
54
Goals of Socialist Feminism (4)
1. Critiquing role of household in propping up capitalism by reproducing gender, race, sexual, and class relationships. Argues that the public and private spheres overlap.
2. Discusses women’s wages in the labour force and their unpaid labour in the home
3. Dissecting relations between women and social class; women have contradictory class statuses as wives and workers: class differences amongst women
4. Dissecting stereotypical behaviour expected of women and men under capitalism and how traditional values are indicated through marriage and family
55
Criticisms of Socialist Feminism (3)
1. Overemphasis on economics as main sour e or sole source of oppression under capitalism; ignores patriarchy
2. Emphasis on traditional marriage and family as a source of economic oppression. Doesn’t take into account diverse family arrangements.
3. Oppression that women face under capitalism doesn’t disappear in socialist states
56
Criticisms of Socialist Feminism (3)
1. Overemphasis on economics as main sour e or sole source of oppression under capitalism; ignores patriarchy
2. Emphasis on traditional marriage and family as a source of economic oppression. Doesn’t take into account diverse family arrangements.
3. Oppression that women face under capitalism doesn’t disappear in socialist states
57
Radical Feminism
Emphasizes patriarchy as the sole cause of oppression
| Believes woman's oppression is the most widespread form of oppression.
58
Radical Feminism
Emphasizes patriarchy as the sole cause of oppression
| Believes woman's oppression is the most widespread form of oppression.
59
Essentialism
Assumes all women share the same goals (has narrow priorities and overlooks transnationalist feminism)
60
Describe Anti-racist feminism
It critiques the 'whiteness' and ignored racial oppression from other feminist theories. Emphasizes race as a category that supersedes sexisms in realized communities. Racism is a systematic problem which deals with 'power over'.
61
Anti-racist Feminism Critiques (2)
1. Dangers of obscuring the critiques by early feminists
2. Dangers of assenting an essentialist ideal for certain groups of women (not all women from specific radicalized groups have the same ideals)
62
Modernism
Sees self as being stable, coherent, and rational. Emphasizes reason and refers to scientific knowledge as neutral and socially beneficial. Believe there is only one ruth that will lead to social progress.
63
Postmodernity
Believes modernism to be unattainable and constitutes a flawed way of understanding human behaviour, progress, ability to discern truth about anything.
64
Postmodern Feminism
A response to modernism, a period of history leading up to WW1 and a way of understanding the world.
65
Poststructuralism
A branch of postmodernism which focuses on how language constructs reality. Sees power a dichotomous because one group is oppressing another ad treats it with more sensitivity to complexity.
66
Critiques of Poststructuralism
Very loose approach and it destabilizes things to a point where there is no longer nay meaning. Too much emphasis on abstracts and theories.
67
List the 5 Principles of Power
1. Power is a relationship: more complex than the notion of one group coercing another into doing what they want.
2. Not simply regressive, can also be progressive
3. Not uniform
4. We act within relationships of power which provide opportunities for agency and resistance.
5. Relationships of power exist in a broader context.
68
Third-wave Feminism
Emphasis on diversity, activism, and on individual contributions to social activism.
69
Describe 3rd wave feminism in a Canadian context
Contributions to marriage equality.
Changes laws in relation to parental benefits.
Ongoing cultural critique of social and economic structures which create systematic injustice.
70
Goals of 3rd wave feminism
Commitment to feminism as a process of theorizing, rather than a privileged body of knowing. There is also a commitment to diversity. Making sense of the experiences of women whilst respecting those to whom the experiences belong.
71
Goals of 3rd wave feminism
Commitment to feminism as a process of theorizing, rather than a privileged body of knowing. There is also a commitment to diversity. Making sense of the experiences of women whilst respecting those to whom the experiences belong.
72
Evolution of the term Queer
1. peculiar
2. derogatory to wards the LGBT community
3. queer identification
73
History of Queer Theory
Outgrowth of feminist theory, reclaimed the 'queer nation'. 1992: 'year of queer' represented a shift in terms of empowerment and questions heteronormative binaries.
74
What does queer theory do?
Influenced about feminist theorizing about gender, sex, and sexuality. Interested in normative binaries. Focuses on sexual identities but not exclusively whilst feminist focus on gender.
75
Themes of QT
People who don't follow the heterosexual norms have been devalued both in society and in feminist thinking. Challenges binaries that pertain to sexuality and assumes sexual identities are constructed. Sexual identities aren't abnormal until they are defined that way through repetition.
76
Critiques of QT
Hard to tell what gender trouble really looks like. It is very elitist.
77
Identity Politics
Politics that stress strong group identities as the basis of political analysis and action. These groups include ethnic minorities, religious groups, lesbian women, and gay men.
78
Global Feminism
Closely aligned with post colonialism and colonial theory. Concerns itself with the forward movement of women's rights on a global scale.
Different from transnational feminism because it is very ethnocentric.
79
Difference between transnational feminism and early feminist approaches.
Emphasizes connections and not necessarily similarities. Pays attention to inequalities born of globalization as well as older histories of colonization.
80
Diaspora
Refers to the experience of populations which have been displaced by slavery, colonialism, or forced migrations.
81
Discourse
The term applied to linguistic systems of representation through which our perception of reality is constructed.
82
Liberalism
A philosophical tradition and political orientation based in enlightenment thinking that stresses change through social reform rather than revolution. Given equal opportunities, people can and will achieve equal goals.
83
Metanarrative
Means a story about a story. A way of creating universal truth about knowledge and experience.
84
Signifier
A word, utterance, or image that expresses meaning. What a word signifies is coloured by the experiences of the person speaking/reading/interpreting it.
85
Dichotomy
Classification by the division into two, a way of thinking which divides us into 2 categories.
86
Heterosexism
Descrimination on the basis of sexuality rather than homophobia.
87
Heterosexism
Descrimination on the basis of sexuality rather than homophobia.
88
Homonormative
Explains how certain aspects of the queer community can perpetuate assumptions, values, ad behaviours that hurt and marginalize many folks within this community, as well as those with whom the community should be working in solidarity.
89
Heterosexual Imaginary
The image or representation of reality which masks the historical and material conditions of life.
90
Sexology
The medical study and treatment of sexual attitudes and practices. Especially 'perverse' ones.
91
Sexuality Scripts
Sexuality has not been constructed in a unified manner and different scripts have been developed for different groups of people.
92
Stonewall Riots
Riots from the Gay community because of actions taken by the police when they raided a bar and attempted to arrest any gay/transgendered members.
93
Importance of the Stonewall Riots
Created a sense of community.
94
Stonewall
Did not discriminate and was inclusive of the transgendered community.
95
Thinking Straight
Occurs when individuals begin to perform according to the scripts of heterosexual imaginary. It involves engaging in binary thinking and complying with prevailing meanings/messages about heterosexuality.
96
Essentialist view of sexuality
You are born into your sexuality
It is an instinct that defines s and our identity
It is attributed to hormones, genetics, and biological impulses
97
Social Constructionist View
Sexuality is a set of behaviours based on ideas
Sexuality is intersectional
Biological drives are insufficient
Sexuality doesn't appear in a unified manner
People in power decide what social scripts are used to regulate sexuality to meet economic and cultural needs
98
Sexuality
Not something you were just born into, subject to social scripts. You are born with a set of desires, behavioural expression is shaped by socialized agents.
Sexual needs/desires are not experienced as accidental, or as a product of society, they are deeply ingrained onus but we act on them depending on context.
99
Sexuality
Not something you were just born into, subject to social scripts. You are born with a set of desires, behavioural expression is shaped by socialized agents.
Sexual needs/desires are not experienced as accidental, or as a product of society, they are deeply ingrained onus but we act on them depending on context.
100
Heterosexual/homosexual binary
See heterosexuality as the norm and homosexuality as the 'other' and it completely ignores all other forms of sexuality as being nonexistent.
101
Sexuality and Sexual Norms
Insistence on the 'true' sex is problematic (e.g. when Alexina/Herculin an interest individual was forced to goose a sex and commented suicide.)
102
Social Dimensions of Sexuality
Recurring historical debates over moral degeneracy and various types of sexuality
103
Sexuality and power
Sexuality and stereotypes of class, race, and gender
104
Institutionalization of Heterosexuality
Homosexuality seen as a disease
Women who wanted to vote were seen as sexually perverse
Homosexuality was only seen as something for men
Homosexuality was seen as a mental disease in the DSM and was treated by chemical castration, shock therapy, mental hospitals, and drug therapy
It was replaced by Gender identity disorder and then by gender dysphoria
105
What resulted from the charges placed on Oscar Wilde?
Public interest in homosexuality increased, it threatened the success of the British empire.
106
Implications
Sex, gender, and sexuality are shaped in social contexts including language
Draws attention to how sexual activity is conceptualized over time.
107
Implications
Sex, gender, and sexuality are shaped in social contexts including language
Draws attention to how sexual activity is conceptualized over time.
Links to how we understand family
108
What are the 4 ground that Weeks uses to support his belief in the social construction of sexuality?
1. Sexuality and sexual norms
2. Social dimensions of sexuality
3. Sexuality and Power: Stereotypes of Race, Class, and Gender
4. Institutionalization of Heterosexuality
109
Name 4 examples of the institutionalization of heterosexuality according to Ingraham.
1. Media Programming: 'heterosexuality as a spectator sport'
2. The wedding industry
3. Law: e.g. defines against marriage act
4. Religion
110
Discuss Themes of Queer Theory
Influenced by feminist theorizing abut sex, gender, and sexuality
Predicated on the notion of the social construction of sexuality, sex, and gender our biological state and its cultural context.
Distinct from, but overlap feminist theories
Feminism focuses on gender while queer theory focuses on sexuality
111
Performativity of Gender
Butler's term for the concept of 'doing gender'
An umbrella term for people whose gender identity and/or gender expression differs from what is typically associated with the sex they were assigned at birth
112
Passing
referes to gender performance that convinces others that you are a different gender (Billy Tipton)
113
Category Crisis/ Gender Trouble
A violation of social codes of scripts of gender caused by cross-dressing, which reveals the constructed-ness of masculinity and femininity. Butler used the term 'gender trouble' to describe the same thing.
114
Cross-dressing
Men who prefer to dress in female clothing but do NOT undergo sex reassignment surgery.
Preferred to the term transvestite.
115
PArod
A form of imitation which diminished the significance of the original being copied
116
Social Fictions
Butler's term or scripts of gender that were are taught from birth about how to perform our gender (Baby X)
117
What 5 things do QTs have in common?
1. Assumes that all sexual identities are socially constructed and can therefore be disrupted and changed -- though not without consequences
2. Believes that people who do not follow the heterosexual norm have been devalued both in society and in feminist thinking
3. Challenges binaries that pertain to sexuality
4. Sexuality is produced in the context of social relationships and identities--that is, sexual identities are not necessarily abnormal until they are defined that way through social repetition and reinforcement
5. Thus, minorities are an important part of maintaining dominant identities
118
QT by Gauntlett and Butler
Identity not fixed
| Accumulation of expressions or perceptions of yourself. There is no inner self, only a socially constructed self
