Final Flashcards
What is the goal of probation?
To retain some control over offenders while using community programs to rehabilitate them
What does the term binding over for good behavior mean?
Prisoners could be entrusted into the custody of willing citizens
What is probation?
Sentence of imprisonment that is suspended. Conditional freedom. Court ordered sanction
Who was the worlds first probation officer?
John Augustus
What is the most common form of criminal sentencing?
Probation.
20%- 60% of guilty offenders are sentenced to probation.
58% of all offenders are under correctional supervision in the U.S
What states have the smallest and largest probationary populations?
North Dakota- smallest
Texas- largest
What are the 2 types of probation conditions?
General and specific
What is one example of a general probation condition?
Fines payed to the court to reimburse victims and lawyers
What is parole?
Supervised early release of inmates from correctional confinement.
What is one example of a general probation condition?
Fines paid to the court to reimburse victims and lawyers
What is the purpose of parole?
To return offenders gradually to productive lives. Parole acts as a stimulus for positive behavioral change.
What is the difference between probation and parole?
Parole is a corrections strategy, probation is a sentencing strategy.
What are the 3 parole decision making mechanisms?
- Parole boards
- Mandatory parole/statutory decrees
- Medical parole
What are community corrections?
Program based sanctions that permit convicted offenders to remain in the community under conditional supervision as an alternative to an active prison sentence. Less traditional
What are intermediate sanctions?
The use of several community-based correctional sanctions instead of traditional sanctions such as imprisonment. for offenders who present little or no continuing threat to the community.
What are the 3 distinct advantages of intermediate sanctions?
- They are less expensive
- Socially cost effective
- provide flexibility in resources. time. and place of service.
Split sentencing
Requiring a period of confinement in a facility followed by a period of probation.
not available everywhere.
Shock probation
same as split sentencing but clients must apply and cannot be certain of what the judge will grant
Shock parole
administrative decision ordered by a paroling authority.
Shock incarceration
boot camp type prisons for a short time. impact is insignificant at best
Mixed Sentencing
offenders serve weekends in confinement while undergoing probationary supervision in the community.
Intensive Probation Supervision
Involve frequen face to face contact. Strictest form of probation. Designed to achieve control in a community setting.
What does restoration attempt to do?
Make the victim whole again addresses damages done by making the victim and the community right.
What are the key characteristics of restorative justice?
Victim centered
offender focused
community driven
government as safeguard.
What are the key elements of restorative justice?
Harm- focused, victim centered responses, offender accountability addresses the harm.
Engagement everyone is involved.
What is the largest jail?
Los angeles county jail, the 2nd is new York city jail
The Pennsylvania system. (1790)
Developed by quakers focused on repentance through solitary confinement. Studied the bible and focused on repentance and rehabilitation.
The Auburn System (1819)
Developed in NY depended on mass prisons where inmates were held in congregate and required to remain silent. focused on meditation
reintroduced corporal punishments.
Reformatory movement (1877)
Based on the intermediate sentence and a belief in the possibility of rehabilitation . focused on education.
Norfolk island
Australian prison Maconochie was the warden, improved conditions and created a system of marks for inmates to buy their freedom.
the irish system
Crofton based on progressive stages which ended in the prisoners being allowed to live and work in the community. believed rehabilitation could not occur without rehabilitation into the community
Industrial Era
Goal was to maximize use of the offenders labor during imprisonment.
What were the 6 systems of inmate labor during the industrial era?
Contract system piece price system lease system public account system state use system public works system
Describe comparative criminology.
The process of linking criminals and potential terrorists in this country to those overseas and around the world.
describe ethnocentric
Holding a belief in the superiority of ones own social or ethnic group and culture
Islamic law
refers to legal ideas based on the teachings of islam, bears no relationship to acts of terrorism . not the same thing as jihad or islamic fundamentalism
What are the 2 types of islamic crime
Huded- serious violation against god. Tazir- offense against society and individuals
