Final Flashcards
What is a plan for labor and production for the intermediate term with the objective to minimize the cost of resources needed to meet demand?
Aggregate operations plan
p. 246
Which is not a benefit of sales and operations planning?
Better customer service
Lower inventory
Shorter customer lead times
Stabilized production rates
Gives top management a handle on the business
All are benefits
p. 246
The process of sales and operations planning consists of
a series of meetings, finishing with a high-level meeting where key intermediate-term decisions are made
8.6
T/F Sales and operations planning must occur at an aggregate level and also at the detailed individual product level
True
8.6
Aggregation on the supply side is done by ___, and on the demand side it is done by ___
product families
groups of customers
8.9
Sales and operations planning was coined by companies to refer to aggregate planning
The new terminology is meant to
capture the importance of cross-functional work
8.9
Single version of the truth:
Formal process translating the one version of truth into actual supply plans:
Provide a forum for cross functional unit discussion:
Demand
Supply
Capabilities
8.18
In general, the external environment is (inside/outside) the production planner’s direct control?
outside
8.19
Complementary products work for firms facing ___demand fluctuations
cyclical
8.19
With services, cycles are more often measured in ___ than ___
hours
months
8.19
Production Planning Strategies: The following describes…
Match the production rate by hiring and laying off employees
Must have a pool of easily trained applicants to draw on
Chase strategy
8.20
Production Planning Strategies: The following describes…
Vary the number of hours worked through flexible work schedules or overtime
Stable workforce—variable work hours
8.20
Production Planning Strategies: The following describes…
Demand changes are absorbed by fluctuating inventory levels, order backlogs, and lost sales
Level strategy
8.20
the process of allocating the right type of capacity to the right type of customer at the right price and time to maximize revenue or yield
yield management
8.25
yield management has existed as long as there has been (limited/unlimited) capacity for serving customers
limited
8.25
Which is false? Yield Management Most Effective When… Demand can be segmented by customer Fixed costs are high and variable costs are low Inventory is perishable Product can be sold in advance Demand is highly variable
All are true
8.28
Elicit- Dark Trade:
What is a micro driver behind elicit trade?
Survival
From an operational perspective, yield management is most effective under which of the following circumstances?
Demand cannot be segmented by customer
Inventory is perishable
Fixed costs are low and variable costs are high
The customer is a “captive” of the system
Inventory is perishable
q8
Regarding production planning strategies, a “pure strategy” is more widely applied in industry than a “mixed strategy.”
True
False
F
q8
In conducting aggregate operations planning there are a number of required inputs. Which of the following pairs are both considered inputs external to the firm?
Inventory levels and market demand
Raw material availability and competitor’s behavior
Current workforce and economic conditions
Current physical capacity and market demand
Raw material availability and competitor’s behavior
q8
Matching the production rate to the order rate by hiring and laying off employees as the order rate varies is which of the following pure production planning strategies? Stable workforce, variable work hours Chase Level Meeting demand
Chase
q8
Which of the following is a production planning strategy presented in the textbook? Level Strategic Balanced Synchronous
level
q8
The main purpose of aggregate operations planning is to specify the optimal combination of which of the following?
Workforce levels and inventory on hand
The strategic plan and the products available for sale
Operational costs and the cash flow to support operations
Inventory on hand and financing the costs for that inventory
Workforce levels and inventory on hand
q8
From an operational perspective, yield management is least effective under which of the following circumstances?
Demand can be segmented by the customer
The product can be sold in advance
The product can be kept to be sold when demand is stronger
Fixed costs are high and variable costs are low
The product can be kept to be sold when demand is stronger
q8
Maintaining a stable workforce working at a constant output rate while shortages and surpluses are absorbed by fluctuating inventory levels, order backlogs and allowing lost sales is which of the following production planning strategies? Stable workforce, variable work hours Chase Level Full employment
level
q8
Which of the following costs are relevant to aggregate operations planning? Sunk costs Transaction costs Backordering costs Legal costs
backordering costs
q8
In conducting aggregate operations planning there are a number of required inputs. Which of the following pairs are both considered inputs internal to the firm?
Inventory levels and economic conditions
Market demand and subcontractor capacity
Current physical capacity and current workforce
Competitor behavior and current workforce
Current physical capacity and current workforce
q8
Ch. 9
Material Requirements Planning
ERP -
MRP-
a computer system that integrates application programs in accounting, sales, manufacturing, and the other functions in a firm
a means for determining the number of parts, components, and materials needed to produce a product
9.15
Dependent demand is drives the (ERP/MRP) system?
MRP
9.19
ERP or MRP?
The logic that ties production functions together from a material planning and control view.
A logical, easily understood approach to the problem of managing the parts, components, and materials needed to produce end items
MRP
9.19
The ___ deals with end items and is a major input to the MRP process
master schedule
9.20
The ___ provides the general range of operation, the ___ must specify exactly what is to be produced
aggregate plan
master scheduler
9.20
To determine an acceptable feasible schedule to be released to the shop, trial master production schedules are tested using the (ERP/MRP) program
MRP
9.20
What is: contains the complete product description, listing the materials, parts, and components along with the sequence in which the product is created
One of the three main inputs to the MRP program
Often called the product structure file or product tree because it shows how a product is put together
BOM: Bill of Materials
9.25
What is: the part quantities issued in the planned order receipt and planned order release sections of an MRP schedule
lot sizes
9.29
What do these stand for?
(L4L)
(LTC)
(LUC)
Lot-for-lot
Least total cost
Least unit cost
9.29
This describes which kind of lot sizing in MRP systems?
Sets planned orders to exactly match the net requirements
Produces exactly what is needed each week with none carried over into future periods
Minimizes carrying cost
Does not take into account setup costs or capacity limitations.
Lot for lot L4L
9.30
This describes which kind of lot sizing in MRP systems?
a dynamic lot-sizing technique that calculates the order quantity by comparing the carrying cost and the setup costs for various lot sizes and then selects the lot in which these are most nearly equal
Influenced by the length of the planning horizon
Least total cost method (LTC)
9.32
This describes which kind of lot sizing in MRP systems?
a dynamic lot-sizing technique that adds ordering and inventory carrying cost for each trial lot size and divides by the number of units in each lot size, picking the lot size with the lowest unit cost
Least unit cost method (LUC)
9.32
What is the difference between ERP and MRP?
ERP is everything
MRP is just the materials
What drives the MRP system?
dependent demand
9.19
A parent item is
A child item is
the end product
what makes up the end product
Why are time fences an important input in the calculation of when production should occur?
Because time fences tell when production is frozen, slushy, or liquid.
p. 277
Important: Which are not keys to Master Scheduling:
Include all demands from product sales, warehouse replenishment, spares, response to breakage, and inter-plant requirements
Never lose sight of the aggregate plan
Be involved with customer promising
Be visible at all levels of management
Objectively trade off manufacturing, marketing, and engineering conflicts
Identify and communicate problems
All are keys
9.23
Why are time fences an important input in the calculation of when production should occur?
They tell you when the system is frozen, slushy, or liquid
p. 277
Which of the following industry types have high expected benefits form the application of MRP? Fabricate-to-stock Fabricate-to-order Assemble-to-stock Continuous process
Assemble-to-stock
q9
Which of the following is an input to the master production schedule (MPS)? Inventory records file The aggregate plan The exception report The bill of materials
The aggregate plan
q9
p. 279
Which of the following is one of the main purposes of a MRP system?
Educate personnel in basic work rules
Determine the amount of materials needed to produce each end item
Stimulate the work force
Decrease labor requirements
Determine the amount of materials needed to produce each end item
q9
Which of the following can be used for lot sizing in an MRP system? Low-level coding Time bucket size Least unit cost Inventory record file
Least unit cost
q9
Under the lot-for-lot (L4L) lot sizing technique as used in MRP, we would expect which of the following? A consistent lag of supply behind demand Minimized carrying costs Minimized set-up costs Minimized quality problems
Minimized carrying costs
q9
Which of the following is a dynamic lot-sizing technique that calculates the order quantity by comparing the carrying cost and setup (or ordering) costs for various lot sizes and then selects the lot in which these are most nearly equal? Economic order quantity Lot for lot Least total cost Least unit cost
Least total cost
q9
Which of the following is not a lot sizing technique used in MRP systems? Lot-for-lot (L4L) Economic order quantity Least total cost (LTC) Warehouse loading factor (WLF)
Warehouse loading factor (WLF)
q9
Which of the following industry types will not benefit greatly from the application of MRP? Fabricate-to-order Assemble-to-stock Assemble-to-order Manufacture-to-order
Fabricate-to-order
q9
p. 276
Ch. 10
Quality Management &
Six-Sigma
What is: managing the entire organization so that it excels on all dimensions of products and services that are important to the customer
Total Quality Management (TQM)
10.6
What are theTwo fundamental operational goals of TQM?
Careful design of the product or service
Ensuring that the organization’s systems can consistently produce the design
10.6
What is: A philosophy and set of methods companies use to eliminate defects in their products and processes
Six Sigma Quality
10.10
Six Sigma Seeks to reduce ___ in the processes that lead to product defects
variation
10.10
Which are part of DMAIC Methodology?
Define: identify customers and their priorities
Measure: determine how to measure the process and how it is performing
Analysis: determine the most likely causes of defects
Improve: identify means to remove the causes of defects
Control: determine how to maintain the improvements
All are part.
10.13
What are your 2 favorite of Deming’s 14 points, why?
Institute learning on the job
Drive out fear, work effectively
10.29
What is: inherent value of the product in the marketplace
Design quality
10.31
What are the elements of design quality? (5)
SAPRF Performance Features Reliability/durability Serviceability Aesthetics 10.31
What are the costs of quality?
Appraisal costs: costs of the inspection and testing to ensure that the product or process is acceptable
Prevention costs: Sum of all the costs to prevent defects (employee training, re-design product)
Internal failure costs: costs for defects incurred within the system (scrap, re-work, repair)
External failure costs: costs for defects that pass through the system (customer warranty replacements, loss of goodwill, handling complaints)
10.34
High quality means
low defects
Which of the following is a dimension of design quality? Aesthetics Price Quality at the source Distribution
Aesthetics
q10
Which of the following are basic assumptions that justify an analysis of the costs of quality?
Prevention is more expensive
Failures are caused
Performance can be learned
Appraisal costs are less than prevention costs
Failures are caused
q10
A cost of quality classification is which of the following? Material costs Prevention costs Variable overhead Direct labor
Prevention costs
q10
Which of the following is the cost of quality classification for costs such as scrap, rework, or repair? Appraisal costs Prevention costs External failure costs Internal failure costs
Internal failure costs
q10
Which of the following is the cost of quality classification for costs such as inspection, testing, and other tasks to ensure that the product or process is acceptable? Appraisal costs External failure costs Internal failure costs Checking costs
Appraisal costs
q10
Quality control charts usually have a central line and upper and lower control limit lines. Which of the following is not a reason that the process being monitored with the chart should be investigated?
A large number of plots are close to the upper or lower control lines
Erratic behavior of the plots
A single plot falls above or below the control limits
A change in raw materials or operators
A change in raw materials or operators
q10
Quality control charts usually have a central line and upper and lower control limit lines. Which of the following are reasons that the process being monitored with the chart should be investigated?
A single plot falls above or below the control limits
Normal behavior
A large number of plots are on or near the central line
No real trend in any direction
A single plot falls above or below the control limits
q10
If there are 120 total defects from 10 samples, each sample consisting of 10 individual items in a production process, which of the following is the fraction defective that can be used in a "p" chart for quality control purposes? 120 10 8 1.2
1.2
q10
If there are 400 total defects from 8 samples, each sample consisting of 20 individual items in a production process, which of the following is the fraction defective that can be used in a "p" chart for quality control purposes? 400 160 2.5 1.0
2.5
q10
You have just used the capability index (Cpk) formulas to compute the two values “min [1, 1].” Which of the following is the proper interpretation of these numbers?
The true capability index value is exactly 1
The mean of the production process has shifted to the left of the design limits
The mean of the production process has shifted to the right of the design limits
The mean has not shifted at all
The mean has not shifted at all
q10
What is: the stock of any item or resource used in an organization and can include: raw materials, finished products, component parts, supplies, and work-in-process
The definition of inventory
11.15
What is: the set of policies and controls that monitor levels of inventory and determines what levels should be maintained, when stock should be replenished, and how large orders should be
The definition of an inventory system
11.15
The 5 purposes of inventory are:
To maintain independence of operations
To meet variation in product demand
To allow flexibility in production scheduling
To provide a safeguard for variation in raw material delivery time
To take advantage of economic purchase-order size
11.16
What are the costs of inventory?
Holding (or carrying) costs- Costs for storage, handling, insurance, and so on
Setup (or production change) costs- Costs for arranging specific equipment setups, and so on
Ordering costs- Costs of placing an order
Shortage costs- Costs of running out
11.27
p.358
What is an example of a single period inventory model?
Newspapers in a hotel lobby
a fixed time period inventory model would be good for ___
while a fixed order quantity inventory model would be good for ___
toilet paper
rolex watches
When calculating EOQ & reorder, D= d= S= H= L= C=
annual demand average daily demand (D/365) ordering cost holding cost lead time cost per unit p. 368
Which of the following is not one of the categories of manufacturing inventory? Raw Materials Finished products Component parts Just-in-time
Just-in-time
q11
Which of the following is a perpetual system for inventory management? Fixed-time period Fixed-order quantity P Model FIFO (First-in First-out)
Fixed-order quantity
q11
Which of the following is a fixed-time period inventory model? The EOQ model The least cost method The Q Model Period system model
Period system model
q11
Using the ABC classification system for inventory, which of the following is a true statement?
The “C” items are of moderate dollar volume
You should allocate about 50% of the dollar volume to “B” items
The “A” items are of low dollar volume
The “A” items are of high dollar volume
The “A” items are of high dollar volume
q11
In making any decision that affects inventory size, which of the following costs do not need to be considered? Holding costs Setup costs Ordering costs Fixed costs
Fixed costs
q11
When developing inventory cost models, which of the following are not included as costs to place an order? Phone calls Taxes Clerical Postage
Taxes
q11
Which of the following are fixed-order quantity inventory models? Economic order quantity model The ABC Model Periodic replenishment model Cycle counting model
Economic order quantity model
q11
Which of the following is not included as an inventory holding cost? Annualized costs of materials Handling Insurance Pilferage
Annualized costs of materials
q11
The Pareto principle is best applied to which of the following inventory systems? EOQ Fixed-time period ABC classification Fixed-order quantity
ABC classification
Q11
Firms keep supplies of inventory for which of the following reasons? To maintain dependence of operations To meet variation in product demand To hedge against wage increased In case the supplier changes the design
To meet variation in product demand
q11
ABC inventory is captured in a(n) ___ system
ERP
Ch. 12
Lean Production
Toyota Production System
The 7 Elimination of Waste
and
The 5 Respect for People
TIMPOWD Transportation waste Inventory waste Waste of motion Processing waste Waste from overproduction Waste of waiting time Waste from product defects
and
BVLLC
Bonuses
View workers as assets
Lifetime employment for permanent positions
Maintain level payrolls even when business conditions deteriorate
Company unions
What is: The value-adding and non-value-adding activities required to design, order, and provide a product or service
Value stream
12.11
What is: The optimization of the value-adding activities and the elimination of non-value-adding activities
Waste reduction
12.11
What are the 6 Lean Focused Supply Chain Components?
Lean: SLMPWC Suppliers Logistics Manufacturing Procurement Warehousing Customers p. 405-406
What is a Kanban?
A signaling divice used to control production p. 414
Kanban means “sign” or “instruction card” in Japanese
Cards or containers are used
Make up the Kanban pull system
12.23
What is: do it right the first time and if something goes wrong, stop the process immediately
Workers become their own inspectors
Workers are empowered to do their own maintenance
Quality at the source
12.24
What is: integrated activities designed to achieve high-volume production using minimal inventories (raw materials, work in process, and finished goods)
Lean production
12.9
Which of the following address elimination of waste under lean production? Info-matic warehouse networks Outsourced housekeeping Quality at the source Backflush
Quality at the source
q12
In designing a lean production facility layout a designer should do which of the following? Design for work flow balance Locate flexible workstations off line Link operations through a push system Balance capacity using job shop analysis
Design for work flow balance
q12
To develop a lean manufacturing system a firm might do which of the following?
Eliminate anything that does not add value for the customer
Standardize product configurations
Process design with product design
Implement top-down management controls
Eliminate anything that does not add value for the customer
q12
To implement a flow process in developing a lean system a firm might do which of the following?
Improve a capacity utilization
Build a product in anticipation of demand
Reduce setup/changeover time
Eliminate some fixed costs
Reduce setup/changeover time
q12
In the textbook Toyota's Fujio Cho identified which of the following types of waste to be eliminated? Excess quality Overproduction Underproduction Environmental
Overproduction
q12
Which of the following are related to lean production? A philosophy of waste elimination Full use of capacity Never running out of inventory The Wahei-Subaru method
A philosophy of waste elimination
q12
When implementing a lean production system a stabilized schedule is achieved using which of the following? Level scheduling Demand pull Bottom-round management Freeze window
Level scheduling
q12
Group technology (GT) is credited with which of the following benefits?
Reducting waiting time between process operations
Improving inventory discipline
Reducing required workforce skilss
Improved labor relations
Reducting waiting time between process operations
q12
In implementing a lean production system you should work with suppliers to do which of the following? Open facilities near your factory Focus workstation capacities Provide quality at the source Reduce lead times
Reduce lead times
q12
In a lean production system we expect to see which of the following?
No extra inventory
Extra inventory of critical parts held “just-in-case”
More parts and fewer standardized product configurations
Closer management-labor relationships
No extra inventory
q12
Chapter 13
Global Sourcing and Procurement
What is: the development and management of supplier relationships to acquire goods and services in a way that aids in achieving the immediate needs of the business.
Strategic sourcing
13.6
What are the 3 Ps of innovation?
Price
Product
Process
What are your two objectives in Strategic Sourcing?
Create value
Claim value
What is: phenomenon of variability magnification as we move from the customer to the producer in the supply chain
The bullwhip effect
13.21
What is: an estimate of the cost of an item that includes all the costs related to the procurement , use, and disposal of an item.
Total cost of ownership (TCO)
13.22
If the average aggregate inventory value is $1,200,000 and the cost of goods sold is $600,000, which of the following is inventory turnover? 60 10.4 2 .5
.5
q13
When considering outsourcing, what should firms be sure to avoid?
Losing control of non-core activities which don’t distiguish the firm
Giving the outsourcing partner opportunities to become a strong competitor
Allowing employees transferred to the outsourcing partner to rejoin the firm
Adverse corporate tax implications of asset transfers to the outsourcing partner
Giving the outsourcing partner opportunities to become a strong competitor
q13
In outsourcing which of the following internal activities and decision responsibilities cannot be transferred to outside contractors? Activities involving people Activities involving facilities Activities involving technology Activities involving shareholders
Activities involving shareholders
q13
Which of the following is an improvement-driven reason for outsourcing?
Shorten cycle time
Improve effectiveness by focusing on what the firm does best
Increase product and service value by improving response to customer needs
Reduce costs through a lower cost structure
Shorten cycle time
q13
Which of the following of Fisher's product categories includes fashionable clothing, personal computers and other products that typically have a very brief life cycle? Functional products Dysfunctional products Innovative products Bullwhip products
Innovative products
q13
The inventory turnover ratio used in measuring supply-chain efficiency is found by the ratio of which of the following?
Fixed costs/Variable costs
COGS/Average aggregate inventory value
Sales costs/Marketing Costs
COGS/(Ending Invetory - Beginning Inventory)
COGS/Average aggregate inventory value
q13
In Hau Lee's uncertainty framework to classify supply chains, a supply chain for functional products with an evolving supply process is called which of the following? Efficient Forward looking Agile Risk hedging
Risk hedging
q13
Which of the following is an organizationally-driven reason for outsourcing?
Improve effectiveness by focusing on what the firm does best
Improve risk management
Improve credibility and image by associating with superior providers
Reduce costs through lowered cost structure and increased flexibility
Improve effectiveness by focusing on what the firm does best
q13
The effect of the lack of synchronization among supply-chain members is referred to as which of the following? Forward buying Continuous replenishment Bullwhip effect Metcalf's Law
Bullwhip effect
q13
If the average aggregate inventory value is $45,000 and the cost of goods sold is $10,000, which of the following is weeks of supply? 45,000 234 120 23.4
234
q13
Ch. 14
Location, Logistics, and Distribution
What is: the art and science of obtaining, producing, and distributing material and product in the proper place and in proper quantities
Logistics
14.6
What are the 8 rights of logistics?
PCPCTQCD Right product Right customer Right place Right condition Right time Right quantity Right cost Right documentation 14.6
What are the pros/cons of each? Truck: Ship: Plane: Train: Pipeline: Hand delivery:
truck- great flexibility
ship- high capacity and low cost but slow
plane- fast but expensive
train- low cost but slow and variable
pipeline- highly specialized and limited to liquids, gases, and solids in slurry form
hand delivery- last step in many supply chains
14.7
What is: large shipments are broken down into small shipments for local delivery in an area
Cross-docking
14.9
What is: the sole purpose of the warehouse (the hub) is sorting goods to consolidation areas, where each area is designed for shipment to a specific location
Hub and Spokes System
14.9
What are the 3 plant location methods?
Factor-rating system
Transportation method of linear programming
Centroid method
14.18
What transportation mode has very high initial investment costs but gives a very low cost per mile for products that are highly specialized and require no packaging? Highway Rail Air Pipeline
Pipeline
q14
Which of the following is not a criterion that influences manufacturing plant or warehouse facility location decisions? Proximity to customers Infrastructure of a country Historical cost Quality of labor
Historical cost
q14
One of the objectives in facility location analysis is to select a site with the lowest total cost. Which of the following costs are hidden costs that should be included in the analysis?
Construction costs
Infrastructure costs
Taxes
Movement of preproduction material between locations
Movement of preproduction material between locations
q14
One of the objectives of facility location analysis is to select a site with the lowest total cost. Which of the following costs should be excluded from the analysis? Historical costs Inbound distribution costs Land Construction
Historical costs
q14
Very few products are moved without at least part of their journey being by which mode of transportation? Highway Rail Air Pipeline
Highway
q14
Which of the following is not a criterion that influences manufacturing plant or warehouse facility location decisions? Government barriers Trading blocs Environmental regulation Immigration rules
Immigration rules
q14
An example of a trading bloc is which of the following?
Free trade zones
ISO-9000 certified companies
Central American Free Trade Agreement countries
Walmart and its suppliers
Central American Free Trade Agreement countries
q14
One of the objectives of facility location analysis is to select a site with the lowest total cost. Which of the following costs should not be included in the analysis? Outbound distribution costs Incidental costs Energy Costs Taxes
Incidental costs
q14
An important issue in facility location analysis is business climate. An unfavorable business climate could be indicated by which of the following?
Similar-sized businesses nearby
The willingness of local politicians to provide favorable treatment for a consideration
The presence of other foreign companies in the case of international locations
The local presence of companies in the same industry
The willingness of local politicians to provide favorable treatment for a consideration
q14
One of the objectives of facility location analysis is to select a site with the lowest total cost. Which of the following are hidden costs that should be included in the analysis? Becoming less responsive to the customer Supplier costs Taxes Construction costs
Becoming less responsive to the customer
q14
Exhibit 8.2 Which of the following are the required External inputs to the production planning system? Competitors behavior Raw material availability Market demand Economic conditions External capacity
All. Competitors behavior Raw material availability Market demand Economic conditions External capacity p. 250
What are the 3 main inputs to the MRP system?
BOM
Master schedule
Inventory records file
P. 280
Why outsource? (3)
Financially driven reasons Improvement driven reasons Organizationally driven reasons OR Focus on your expertise Optimize an area of weakness Focus on key strategies
The Sourcing/ Purchasing Design Matrix:
Is request for proposal and strategic alliance high or low transaction costs?
High
p. 435
The Sourcing/ Purchasing Design Matrix:
Is spot perchance and vendor managed inventory high or low transaction costs?
Low
p. 435
What are the 3 lean concepts?
Group technology- similar parts are grouped into families
Quality at the source
JIT Production
p. 411
What are the 14 issues in facility location?
Proximity to customers Business Climate Total Costs Infrastructure Quality of Labor Suppliers Other Facilities Free Trade Zones Political Risk Government Barriers Trading Blocs Environmental Regulation Host Community Competitive Advantage p. 464
Which is more common?
New service facilities or new factories & warehouses
New service facilities
p. 471
How long is short range planning?
a day to 6 months
p. 248
How long is intermediate range planning?
3 - 18 months
p. 248
How long is long range planning?
1 year or more
p. 248
What are the 4 relevant costs to Production Planning Strategies?
Basic production costs Costs associated with changes in the production rate Inventory holding costs Backordering costs p. 251
What are the 4 main issues with yield management?
Justification in different prices Handling variability Managing the service process Training workers and managers (most critical issue) p. 262
Exhibit 8.2 Which of the following are the required Internal inputs to the production planning system? Current physical capacity Current workforce Inventory levels Activities required for production
All. Current physical capacity Current workforce Inventory levels Activities required for production p. 250
