Final

Question 1

George Berkeley

Answer 1

(sensations make up our world around us), was religious

Question 2

Immaterialism

Answer 2

to be is to be perceived; there are no things in themselves apart from our experience of them.

Question 3

Theory of Vision

Answer 3

seeing based on learning rather than on innate visual capacities

Question 4

scope of human knowledgfe

Answer 4

nothing beyone what we perceive

Question 5

immaterialism and existence as perception

Answer 5

Berkley’s proposal that there are no material objects behind our perceptions, but just the perception

Question 6

Theory of vision

Answer 6

language i.e. distance perception

Question 7

Touch & Vision

Answer 7

visual perception of depth and distance only possible with respect to object interactions

Question 8

Differences between Locke & Berkeley

Answer 8

Locke doesn’t specify of a non material soul or material body, but Berkeley says they can’t influence us because they aren’t perceived and must not exist. Locke ideas are subjective effects caused by objective things. Berkeley ideas are things.

Question 9

Similarity between Locke & Berkeley

Answer 9

empiricist emphasize importance of experience and learning as source of knowledge. Ideas are objects of perception.

Question 10

Enlightenment and how it influenced Kant & Hume

Answer 10

Kant: “Dare to know” need space and time to have experience. Hume: “All knowledge must be derived from experience”

Question 11

(From Class) Potential problems with the term “enlightenment”

Answer 11

Human reason isn’t necessarily more “enlightened”. It’s just different.

Question 12

David Hume: Causality

Answer 12

a habit does not have sensation or justification to logic ideas and impression linked together by cause and effect.

Question 13

David Hume: Mental content

Answer 13

Two sorts: 1) Ideas 2) Impressions (from sensory experience)

Question 14

David Hume: Ideas about experience and knowledge

Answer 14

ideas derived from perceptual experiences “pictures” of our experiences

Question 15

David Hume: Ideas about the self

Answer 15

self is a temporary aggregate of associated sensations rather than permanent and unified entity (mind is experience rather than entity)

Question 16

David Hume: Skeptical reasoning and natural beliefs

Answer 16

natural beliefs can’t justify belief in causality (causal connections)

Question 17

David Hume: Attitude toward reason

Answer 17

can’t be the only guide to human activity. Does not believe in reason.

Question 18

David Hume: Meaningful statements

Answer 18

Analytic statement–all triangles have three sides, always true. Synthetic–it’s raining outside, based on our perception.

Question 19

Immanuel Kant: similarities and differences between Kant & Hume (Meaningful Statements)

Answer 19

Added “synthetic but true (we know without checking” ex: space and time, to analytical and synthetic statements of Positivism.)

Question 20

Noumena

Answer 20

Reality was in itself, objective world;

Question 21

phenomena

Answer 21

the appearances of reality, our experience of the world, subjective

Question 22

transcendental self

Answer 22

one’s real self does the organizing of experience

Question 23

phenomenal self

Answer 23

only an appearance that is experienced

Question 24

Perspectives on ethics: categorical imperatives

Answer 24

act accordance to reason, act the way all other people should act at all times “do unto others as ye would have others do unto you”

Question 25

Schopenhauer: comparison/contrast with Kant

Answer 25

Influenced by Kant’s physiological constitution of the body

Question 26

Schopenhauer: Ideas about reality

Answer 26

structuring principles instantiated in the operations of the brain and the sensory organs

Question 27

Schopenhauer: Ideas about the mind

Answer 27

mind composed of unconscious, irrational, instinctual desires.

Question 28

Nietzsche: Comparison/Contrast with Schopenhauer

Answer 28

similarities–both believed human conduct to have instinctual drives.

Question 29

Nietzsche: Types of instinctual drives

Answer 29

Will to Power–our drives and motivation to increase feeling of power, manifest best in aestheticism…. Sublimation: energy and force associated with an instinct can be channeled into other outlets, use them for good.

Question 30

Nietzsche: Health and ethics

Answer 30

believed Christianity tries to eliminate rather than sublimate sinful desires, didn’t like Christianity

Question 31

Spinoza: Philosophy of mind/reality, mind/body

Answer 31

mental and physical are two aspects of the same substance double-aspect theory of the mind-body relation. Pampsychism: thought or mentality is found throughout nature.

Question 32

Fechner

Answer 32

criticized Cartesian dualism

Question 33

Fechner: philosophy of mind/body, mind/reality:

Answer 33

body and mind act together one characterized by quality and the other by quantity

Question 34

Mueller: Reasons why he argued for the experimental, laboratory psychology

Answer 34

mental and physical aspects are part of the same reality (similar to Spinoza)

Question 35

Hermann von Helmholtz: relationship with Mueller

Answer 35

was Mueller’s pupil

Question 36

Hermann von Helmholtz: Ideas about perception

Answer 36

We infer that things exist, but we don’t actually experience them

Question 37

Hermann von Helmholtz is similar to Kant

Answer 37

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Question 38

Nietzsche: early evolutionary ideas

Answer 38

evolution was perceived as part of God’s plan

Question 39

Herbert Spencer

Answer 39

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