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Biol 2020 > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

What are the steps of creating lysosomes (5)?

A

Enzymes go through sec path (targeted bc n term hypho leader seq)

Thru ER via cotranslation (translocon)

In cis golgi, man 6 phosphate attached

M6P attaches to receptor in cis golgi, buds off in clathrin coated vesicle

fuses w/s endosome, change in pH releases M6P

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2
Q

What direction do COP1’s travel?

A

Retrograde

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3
Q

What direction do COP2’s travel?

A

Anterograde

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4
Q

Through what does COP1 move materials?

A

Trans -> medial -> cis golgi

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5
Q

What path do COP2 vesicles travel through?

A

RER -> cis golgi

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6
Q

Where are clathrin coated vesicles found?

A

TGN

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7
Q

When are clathrin coats used?

A

Recep mediated endocytosis

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8
Q

What 2 shapes compose clathrin?

A

Pent, hexagons

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9
Q

What two proteins are used to make clathrin?

A

Heavy/light chain

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10
Q

What does the clathrin light chain do?

A

Holds heavy chains in place

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11
Q

What does the clathrin heavy chain have?

A

Feet at end terminus

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12
Q

What is the role of the clathrin triskels in vesicles?

A

Imparts curvature of membrane

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13
Q

What’s another name for adaptor proteins and how many types are there?

A

Assembly particle, 4

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14
Q

What is required to initiate vesicle formation?

A

ARF

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15
Q

What does ARF stand for

A

ADP Ribosylation Factor

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16
Q

How many ARFs are there?

A

6

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17
Q

What are the 2 roles of ARFs?

A

GTP binding protein and GTPase

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18
Q

What happens to ARF on binding GTP?

A

Shape change

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19
Q

What tickles ARFs to switch GDP w/ GTP

A

GEF

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20
Q

What proteins do SAR1 resemble?

A

ARF

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21
Q

What do adaptor proteins recognize?

A

ARF on membrane, cargo

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22
Q

Define heterotetramer

A

4 distinct protein complex

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23
Q

What kind of polymer is AP2?

A

Heterotetramer

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24
Q

What does GGA stand for (adaptor)

A

Golgi localized Gamma ear ARF (adaptor)

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25
Q

What is the address on a lysosomal hydrolase?

A

Mannose 6 Phosphate

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26
Q

What is released when ARF GPD is tickled and given GTP?

A

Lipid tail to insert into membrane

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27
Q

How does GGA know that M6P recep is the right recep

A

Address (YXX/O/)

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28
Q

What is AP2 used in?

A

Recep Med Endo

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29
Q

What subunit of AP2 does the C face of a membrane recep bind to?

A

Mu

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30
Q

What is inositol?

A

A glycolipid

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31
Q

What gives specificity to membranes

A

Different phosphorylations of inositol

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32
Q

What starts recep mediated endo?

A

Inositol 4,5 bisphosphate

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33
Q

How does RMEndo start?

A

AP2 changes shape after recognizing I(4,5)P2, binding a membrane receptor to mu subunit

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34
Q

Where are AP1,3,4 found?

A

Endosome or TGN

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35
Q

What does Dynamin use as energy to pinch off vesicles?

A

GTP

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36
Q

What protein starts COP2 ves form?

A

SAR1-GTP

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37
Q

In COP2 what inserts into the membrane to give curvature?

A

SAR1-GTP

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38
Q

What binds to SAR1-GTP in COP2

A

Sec 23/24

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39
Q

What binds to Sec 23/24 in COP2?

A

Sec 13/31

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40
Q

What do the receps in COP1 vesicles recognize?

A

KDEL amino sequence

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41
Q

What does RAB stand for

A

RAS-like protein isolated from rabbits (RAS are the family of ARF/SAR)

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42
Q

Where are RABs found?

A

On vesicles

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43
Q

What are attached to vesicular RABs?

A

VSNARE proteins (SNAP Receptors) (Snares)

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44
Q

What does the a helix in the VSNARE have (define heptag repeat)

A

(A)BC(D)EFG where A, D are hypho

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45
Q

What occurs when a vesicle bumps into target?

A

Tethering

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46
Q

Where are RABs found in membrane fusion

A

Vesicle and Target (both w/ GTP)

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47
Q

Where are RABs found w/o GTP?

A

Cytosol

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48
Q

What gives membrane fusion specificity?

A

Like RABs on Ves and Target

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49
Q

How does SNAP 25 insert itself in target membrane

A

Lipid tail

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50
Q

What’s the neuroterm for VSNARE

A

synaptobrevin

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51
Q

What’s the neuroterm for TSNARE

A

syntaxin

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52
Q

How are vesicles pinched off in membrane fusion?

A

VSNARE + TSNARE&SNAP25 zip together

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53
Q

What is and what does NSF do?

A

N-ethylmaleiamide sensitive factor, unzips SNARES/SNAPS

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54
Q

What does SNAP stand for?

A

Soluble NSF attach protein

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55
Q

What does NSF do?

A

ATP to unwind SNARES/SNAPS

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56
Q

Where is plasmalogen created, found?

A

Peroxisomes, myelin sheaths

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57
Q

What is plasmalogen and what is weird about it?

A

Phospholipid, attached to gycerol using ether

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58
Q

How is membrane potential usually distributed?

A

+ on outside

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59
Q

What does Botulism do?

A

Cleaves V/TSNARES

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60
Q

What depolarizes a membrane

A

Na+ entering cells

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61
Q

What depolarizes a membrane

A

K+ out

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62
Q

What happens when an action potential reaches synaptic cleft?

A

Ca+ enters cell, reacts w/ synaptogabin, cause vesicles to bind to membrane, empty into cleft

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63
Q

What do peroxisomes do?

A

Break down >22 carbon fatty acids, no ATP generation

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64
Q

What enzymes do peroxidases use to make hydrogen peroxide?

A

Oxidases

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65
Q

What molecule do peroxisomes detoxify?

A

Ethanol

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66
Q

What do peroxisomes use to convert H2O2 to water?

A

Catalase

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67
Q

What is the address on peroxisomal enzymes and where is it found?

A

SKL, C terminus

PTS1 (peroxisomal targeting sequence 1)

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68
Q

What is the name for peroxisomal enzymes?

A

Peroxins

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69
Q

In what shape are peroxins carried in?

A

linearly

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70
Q

How many bilayers does the nucleus have?

A

2

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71
Q

What occurs in the nucleolus

A

rRNA produced, Ribosomes assembled

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72
Q

Outermembrane of nucleus contiguous with

A

RER, SER

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73
Q

What is the space between the nuclear bilayers

A

Perinuclear space

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74
Q

What attachement sites are found on the inside of the inner nuclear membrane

A

Lamina, mesh, attaches to chromatin

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75
Q

What are the attachment sites on the outside of the outer nuclear membrane and what do they bind to?

A

Nesprin 1/2 bind actin

Nesprin 3 binds int fils

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76
Q

What are nuclear lamins composed of and what are those pieces called?

A

Intermediate filaments, called lamina

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77
Q

What are the three compnent pieces of nuclear lamins and how are they hooked up?

A

A, B, C

A bound to C, both bound to B which is bound to the membrane

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78
Q

What destroys lamins before mitosis?

A

Phosphorylation by MPF which is a cyclin dependent kinase

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79
Q

What does a defect in nuclear lamins cause

A

Progeria

80
Q

What proteins are allowed to enter the nucleus?

A

Have NLS (Nuclear localization signal)

81
Q

What is the NLS (Nuclear localization signal?

A

PKKKRKV

82
Q

What is on the C face of the nuclear pore?

A

Annulus, octoganal repeating protein complex

83
Q

What is a nuclear pore protein called?

A

Nucleoporin

84
Q

How many proteins compose the (8)n repeating annulus complex?

A

30

85
Q

What radiates from the C face of nuclear pores?

A

Cytoplasmic filaments

86
Q

What does the N face of the nuclear pore look like?

A

Basket

87
Q

What is the main feature of the nucleoporins in the nuclear pore?

A

Fg repeats (phenylalanine glycine)

88
Q

Where is importin alpha originally and what does it look for to bind to?

A

In cytosol, looking for PKKKRKV (NLS) on proteins

89
Q

What finds and binds importin alpha?

A

Importin beta

90
Q

What happens to importin beta once it binds alpha bound to protein cargo

A

Cytoplasmic filaments grab it and carry it through the membrane

91
Q

What is an important feature of importin beta?

A

Fg repeats

92
Q

What occurs once the importin complex enters the nucleus

A

RAN-GTP binds Imp beta, releasing Imp alpha and protein

93
Q

Once RAN-GTP binds Imp beta what happens

A

Moves back into the cytoplasm

94
Q

What happens once RAN-GTP+Imp B enters cytosol

A

RAN-GAP converts GTP=>GDP, releasing Imp B

RAN-GDP reenters nucleus where it is tickled by RAN-GEF

95
Q

What family of proteins does RAN belong to and what are 3 examples?

A

RAS

SAR1, ARF, RAB

96
Q

How is Imp A removed from nucleus

A

Exportin finds Nuclear Export Signal on it, binds and carries out

97
Q

What are histones, what is their charge and what are the variaties

A

H1, H2A, H2B, H3, H4

98
Q

Describe hyperacetylation

A

Histone acetylase attaches acetyl groups to histones, tightening and repressing transcription

99
Q

How is DNA coiled?

A

Negatively supercoiled

100
Q

Where are coding genes located

A

tips of cohesin loops

101
Q

@ n terminus of histones, what affects gene expression

A

Acetylation on lysine

Methylation of argenine/lysine

102
Q

What kind of chromatin is always ready for transcription

A

Euchromatin

103
Q

What is the telomerase gene sequence

A

TTAGGG

104
Q

What is the Hayflick limit

A

Max times a cell can divide

105
Q

What is a feature of mitochondrial outer membrane porins?

A

B pleated sheets

106
Q

What are 4 features of the mitochondrial inner membrane

A

Cardiolipin, ATP synthase, cristae, ETS

107
Q

Where is cardiolipin found and what does it do?

A

Mitochondrial inner membrane

Impermeabilizes membrane to p+, holds protein pumps

108
Q

What is the equation to make NADH

A

(NAD+) reduced with (p+) and 2(e-)

109
Q

What are the products of glycolysis

A

2 pyruvate
2 ATP
2 NADH

110
Q

What happens to pyruvate at the start of KREBs

A

pyruvic dehydrogenase removes carboxyl => CO2

111
Q

What does pyruvate become post pyruvic dehydrogenase

A

Acetyl

112
Q

ACoA + oxaloacetate produces what?

A

citric acid + 2CO2

113
Q

What do uncouplers do

A

Allow free flow of protons through membrane

114
Q

What changes the shape of B subunit of ATP synthase

A

rotation of gamma shaft by PMF

115
Q

How often does the shape of B subunit of ATP synthase change?

A

Every 120 deg

116
Q

How are protiens carried into the mitochondria

A

Unfolding by HSPs through Transport Outer Membrane Proteins (TOMs)

117
Q

Where do mictrotubs begin?

A

MTOC, radiate outward

118
Q

What is the role of MicTubs

A

maintain cell shape, also movement and chromo movement

119
Q

What are MicTubs composed of?

A

Alpha Beta dimers creating a protofilament strand

120
Q

Which protofil dimer constituent hydrolyses its GTP?

A

Beta

121
Q

Which is the busy end of the MicTub

A

Beta terminus (+)

122
Q

How many protofils to a MicTub

A

13

123
Q

What are 2 MTOCs

A

Centrsome and Basal Body of flagella/cilia

124
Q

What is the centriole in the centrosome composed of

A

9 triplets of MicTubs

125
Q

What does colechicine and colecemin do?

A

Depolymerizes Mic Tubs

126
Q

What does gamma tubulin have to do with MicTub growth?

A

Starts MicTub growth @ MTOC binding alpha

127
Q

What causes MicTubs to depoly naturally

A

Beta hydrolysing GTP

128
Q

What are 3 MAPs (MicTub Assc. Proteins)

A

+TIP, MAP2, Tau

129
Q

What is MAP2 involved in w/ Mic Tubs

A

Spacing

130
Q

What is Tau implicated in in the brain

A

Alzheimers, amyloid tangles

131
Q

What are the two MicTub motors and what are their endednesses

A

Kinesin (+), Dynein (-)

132
Q

What are flagella/cilia internal structures called

A

Axonemes

133
Q

What are axonemes composed of

A

9 doublets plus 2 MicTubs in center

134
Q

What does the basal body look like

A

MTOC, 9 triplets of mictrotubles

135
Q

What do the outer/inner dynein arms of axoneme require to move

A

Ca+ and ATP

136
Q

What is the charge on the flagellar tip?

A

+

137
Q

What are microfils composed of

A

Actin

138
Q

What does g-actin need to become f-actin and what does f-actin resemble

A

Mg+ and ATP, double twisted strand of g-actin

139
Q

What protein stims actin poly?

A

RACK

140
Q

What protein stops actin poly

A

Rho

141
Q

What binding site does the mysosin S1 head contain

A

ATP

142
Q

What is unique about conventional myosin?

A

Bipolar filament

143
Q

What is the subunit of the muscle fibre

A

myofibril

144
Q

what is the subunit of the myofibril

A

the sarcomere

145
Q

What does nebulin do

A

Acts as actin ruler in sarcomere

146
Q

What does titin do

A

massive spring, myosin aligner and overstretch preventer

147
Q

How is muscle contraction regulated

A

Tropomyosin lays on 7 actins

Troponin on Tropomyo

Ca+ causes troponin to change shape, moves tropomyo into groove on S1 head

Allows S1 to interact w/ actin

148
Q

What are int fils good for?

A

Stable, good in nerve cells

149
Q

How do int fils interact w/ other cysto skel elements

A

Plectin

150
Q

Where do int fils polymerise

A

anywhere

151
Q

What is the structureof int fils?

A

Dimer, tetramenr of those dimers, non polar

152
Q

What does a tight junc look like and what is its purpose

A

honeycomb, prevents evaporation, movement of anytihng between cells

153
Q

What are the 3 tight junction protiens

A

Occludin, Claudin and JAM

154
Q

What is the purpose of desmosomes

A

Mechanical tolerance

155
Q

What are the 2 cadherins in desmosomes

A

desmoglien and desmocollin

156
Q

What is the role of Gap Juncs

A

Communcation

157
Q

What is the gap junc protein

A

Connexin

158
Q

What is the gao junc complex

A

A Connexon

159
Q

How many connexins to a connexon

A

6

160
Q

What is the nature of the gap junction channel

A

Hyphil

161
Q

What causes connexons to close and how

A

Hi Ca+ presence rotates connexon, closing it

162
Q

What is the role of Focal Adhesions

A

Attach cells to ECM

163
Q

What are integrands found in

A

Focal adhesions and hemi desmosomes

164
Q

What juncs use actin and what is the adherence between

A

Focal adhesions (cell-matrix)

165
Q

What juncs use int fils and what is the adherence to

A

Hemi desmosomes (cell-matrix)
Desmosomes (cell-cell)
Both use keratin

166
Q

How many times do G coupled protein receptors span the membrane

A

7

167
Q

What is the G protein made of

A

G(alpha+beta+gamma) subunits

168
Q

This receptor is also a GEF

A

G coupled protein receptor

169
Q

What does GRK stand for

A

G coupled protein receptor kinase

170
Q

What happens when Galpha-GTP binds the effector

A

ATP converted into cAMP

171
Q

What prevents cAMP production due to Galpha-GTP at receptor

A

GRK

172
Q

How does GRK operate

A

Phosphorylates GCPR, arrestin comes in

173
Q

What can Arrestin trigger

A

calthrin coated vesicle formation to prevent further cAMP production

174
Q

What are 5 2nd messengers and what do they activate

A 
cAMP - ProkinA
cGMP - Prokin G
IP3 - Ca
Calcium - Prokin C
Diacylglycerol - Prokin C
175
Q

How is the headgroup of PI cleaved?

A

Galpha-GTP stims phoslipC to cleave headgroup freeing IP3

176
Q

What happens to the cleaved IP3 after released from PI

A

Recognized by smooth ER IP3 recep, releases Ca+ which stims prokinC

177
Q

What happens when Ca+ is depleted from the cell

A

STIM in membrane aggragates, opening Orai1 Ca+ channels

178
Q

What do Recp Tyrosine Kinase (RTK) recognize

A

Growth factors

179
Q

What happens when RTK recognize a ligand

A

Dimerize, autotransphophorylate

180
Q

What does Grb2 stand for

A

Growth factor receptor binding protein

181
Q

What does Grb2 do?

A

Binds to kinase using SH2 domain

182
Q

What binds to Grb2

A

Sos

183
Q

What is Sos an example of

A

GEF

184
Q

What does GAP stand for

A

GTPase Activating Protein

185
Q

What starts the RAS cycle

A

Sos tickles to make RAS-GTP

186
Q

What does RAS-GTP do?

A

Activates RAF via phosphorylation

187
Q

What prevents RAS from cycling again?

A

GDP Dissociation Inhibitor

188
Q

What does RAF(P) activate

A

MEK(P)

189
Q

What does MEK(P) activate

A

ERK(P)

190
Q

What does ERK(P) activate)

A

TF(P)

191
Q

What phosphotase ends the MAP kinase pathway and how?

A

MKP1 cuts P from ERK(P)

192
Q

What gives specificity to APC (anaphase promoting complex)

A

Acc. Proteins

193
Q

What does APC-Cdc20 do

A

Destroys securin which was preventing separase from cleaving cohesin

194
Q

What does APC-Cdh1 do

A

changes shape of mitotic cyclins

195
Q

When is BRCA1/2 used

A

repairing DNA

196
Q

What happens if BRCA1/2 fail

A

p53 leads cell to death

197
Q

What are protooncogenes

A

Genes that could become cancer

Biol 2020 (2 decks)

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