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Jazz Final > FINAL > Flashcards

FINAL Flashcards

1
Q

Hard Bop Style

A

-Giant Steps (album) rooted in hard bop tenor saxophone; aggressive, full bodied.

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2
Q

Move into Modal Jazz

A

Began investigating modal concepts and Indian ragas (music built on improvising over drones or pedal points)

  • This caused move to Soprano Saxophone (because of similar Indian shenhnai sound)
  • My favorite things was an example of new sound
  • Sheets of Sound, The Sweep, The Cry
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3
Q

Significance of John Coltrane Classic Quartet

A
  • McCoy Tyner (pianist)
  • Jimmy Garrison (bass lines based on drone and pedal points)
  • Elvin Jones (interplay with Coltrane)
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4
Q

A Love Supreme

A
  • Masterwork
  • 4 parts (1. Acknowledgement 2. Resolution 3. Pursuance 4. Psalm)
  • His gift to God
  • Influenced musicians in both Rock and Jazz
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5
Q

Coltrane’s evolution from Modal to Free Jazz

A
  • Interest in Ornette Coleman, Albert Ayler, and Archie Shepp
  • lost much of his audience
  • back to collective improvisation
  • Drummer Rashied Ali
  • Influenced many rock bands
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6
Q

What is Free Jazz?

A
  • called “the new thing” early on
  • Lennie Tristano was a pioneer in forecasting free jazz movement
  • music devoid of traditional melodic, harmonic, and rhythmic practices
  • abstract sound, unusual technique, electric distortion
  • reflection of the turbulent 1960 (Vietnam, Civil Rights, Woman’s Rights)
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7
Q

Charles Mingus

A

-Bassist
-Influenced by:
Duke Ellington, Charlie Parker, Classical Composers, Ornette Coleman, Eric Dolphy, Gospel
-Known for solo bass, jazz trio and string quartet, jazz trios and big band instrumentation
-Masterpiece: Pithecanthropus Erectus
(4 Piece Movement 1. Evolution 2 Superiority Complex 3. Decline 4. Destruction)
-Hora Decubitus (album) Riffs layered in form of a “round”

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8
Q

Ornette Coleman (Free Jazz)

A
  • Leading figure in Free Jazz
  • played alto sax, trumpet, violin, & composed
  • explored concept of intonation (was criticized for it)
  • Made first recordings with drummer Billy Higgins
  • Quartet included (Don Cherry (cornet), Billy Higgins (drummer), and Charlie Haden (bassist)
  • Lonely Woman (most important early composition)
  • Free Jazz (landmark album)
  • Harmolodics (theory of music composition where harmony, melody, rhythm, and pulse are equally important (best reflected in The Good Life)
  • Joined Pat Metheny to make album Song X
  • AABA form.
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9
Q

Albert Ayler

A
  • Tenor Saxophonist
  • Spiritual Unity (landmark album)
  • raised the intensity of free jazz (influenced Coltrane to do the same)
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10
Q

-Cecil Taylor

A
  • Pianist
  • Music Characteristics included (textural, turbulent atonal improvisation)
  • Enter Evening (song) can be considered a tone poem
  • one of few pianist to play free jazz
  • Jitney No. 2 (textural improvisation)
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11
Q

Dave Holland

A

Bassist

-folk-like melody suggests lyrical approach to free jazz

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12
Q

A.A.C.M. & Art Ensemble of Chicago

A
  • Association for the Advancement of Creative Musicians
  • provided music training to inner city youth
  • organized and promoted concerts by important free jazz artists
  • Art Ensemble: free jazz improvisation performances,
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13
Q

Keith Jarrett (solo improvisation)

A
  • Pianist
  • influenced by hard bop, stride, gospel, folk, avant-garde
  • known for improvised solo piano concerts
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14
Q

Merging of Jazz, Rock, and Funk

A
  • both styles shared similar roots
  • featured improvisation (jazz has more than rock though)
  • conveyed sense of freedom
  • Jazz Rock embraced rhythmic conception of rock drumming
  • the new generation of musicians emerged in the 1960s who grew up with Rock
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15
Q

Early Examples of Jazz Rock

A
  • Herbie Hancock (played hard bop > free jazz > funk and techno> pioneered rock and soul jazz)
  • Miles Davis’s (E.S.P. album) (Eight One song)
  • Gary Burton and Larry Coryell
  • Blood Sweat and Tears (band) first widespread jazz rock (inspired by James Brown and Hard bop)
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16
Q

Miles Davis and Fusion

A

-Influenced by funk of Sly & The Family Stone, James Brown, Jimi Hendrix
-first jazz artist on Rolling Stone cover
-Bitches Brew (masterwork)
Term “FUSION” emerged as result of this album, had a double rhythm section (made totally in the studio)
-included modal and free form improvisation, electric textures, rock funk grooves, distorted sound

17
Q

Fusion and Free Jazz

A
  • Weather Report (band) Wayne Shorter (composer) and Joe Zawinul
  • helped establish direction of fusion.
  • prior to 1976 Free Jazz improvisations were common
  • after 1975 they did not use textural improvisation
  • continuously changed their music
  • Mahavashnu Orchestra (band) formed by John McLaughlin
  • drew inspiration from John Coltrane and Charlie Parker
  • contrasted stylistically with Weather Report (more free form improvisation jams)
  • Beatles (Sgt. Peppers Lonely Hearts Club Band) recorded entirely in studio with no performances
  • Herbie Hancock album (Headhunters) was Rock Jazz Funk fusion, used synthesizers/technology, developed in the studio
18
Q

Fusion as Popular Music

A
  • Fusion evolved as the turbulent 60s faded and lead to Smooth Jazz by mid 70s.
  • The shift from Fusion to smooth jazz, due to shift from liberalism to conservatism
19
Q

Technology and Fusion

A
  • Herbie Hancock was a pioneer in jazz keyboard synthesizer technology
  • Jaco Pastorius joined Weather Report and introduced electric bass, ultra high harmonics, other electric devices to create textures
  • Michael Brecker created band (Steps Ahead) and was influenced by Coltrane
  • Michael Brecker and Mike Mainieri used free from improvisation in performances with Miles Davis.
  • used MIDI (musical instrument digital interface) technology
20
Q

Miles Davis and Hip Hop Jazz

A
  • Doo Bop (last Album) had hip hop rhythms, digital samples, and rap vocals in the 90s
  • In the 80s his focus was on electronic music laced with synthesizer technology
21
Q

Wynton Marsalis & Post Modern Bop

A
  • trumpet player
  • hard bop/cool jazz era of the 50s and 60s became “center of gravity” in jazz again “young Lions”
  • this was due to conservatism shift
  • he declared jazz as America’s classical music & rejected styles that emerged after hard bop/cool jazz
  • 80s and 90s reffered to as Post Modern Bop and Neoclassic Jazz
  • recorded with Art Blakey and toured with Herbie Hancock
  • won Grammy in Classical and Jazz categories
  • Trumpet style is similar to Clifford Brown
  • Improvisation style closer to Miles Davis
  • founded the Lincoln Center Jazz Orchestra (first significant repertory ensemble)
22
Q

Repertory Jazz Movement

A
  • recreating past masterpieces (Ellington, Basie, Henderson)
  • Don Byron created Bug Music (album) to explore overlooked songs of the past
  • he was a stride pianist capable of playing everything from Ellington and Coleman
23
Q

Beyond Post Modern Bop (New Direction)

A
  • reissuing old jazz albums
  • selling box sets of artists entire career
  • small independent labels were responsible for recording new styles
24
Q

New Voices in Jazz after 1980

A

-Carla Bley: forecast independent record labels and cofounded Watt Records
-Walking Batteriewoman (song)
-Dave Douglas: trumpet player, formed “string group” (trumpet, violin, cello, bass, drums)
-Matt Darriau: clarinetist/saxophonist, specialized in Eastern European folk music/ avant-garde with his Paradox Trio (band)
-Andrea Parking: amplified accordion and piano using laptop, early example of Nu Jazz
John Zorn: avant-garde composer/saxophonist Jewish music, Naked City (band)
Cuong Vu: avant-garde scene, improvisation combined rock, electronica, ambient music
Joshua Redman: was open minded about fusion and free jazz
Mike Mainieri: American Diaries (album) explored free jazz interpretations. Influenced by Jimi Hendrix and John Scofield
Regina Carter: violin,
Knitting Factory: independent record company/new York club
Twelve Tone: melodies were built on rows, using all twelve tones of the western chromatic scale, all twelve tones have equal value

Jazz Final (1 decks)

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