final Flashcards

1
Q

What provides a general direction for clinicians when deciding to take images or not?

A

Mercy guidelines.

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2
Q

What 2 questions should be asked before ordering imaging?

A
  1. Will it affect diagnositic certainty about a DDX (if so how much). 2. will it change my diagnostic thinking enough so that it will significantly affect my choice of treatment.
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3
Q

Name the things people can have that might be a high risk group for low back pain when radiographs have a high probability for positive findings?

A

Patients over 50, significant tauma, neuromotor deficits, unexplained weight loss, suspicion of ankylosing spondylitis, drug or alcohol abuse, history of cancer, corticosteroid use, fever over 100, DM/and or hypertension, lack of improvement, patients seeking compensation for back pain, dermopathy, cachexia, deformity and immobility, lymphadenopathy, elevated ESR, elevated acid or akaline phasphatase, positive Rheumatoid factor, positive HLA-B27, serum gammopathy.

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4
Q

CT scans are highly sensitive and specific for what?

A

degenerative spinal stenosis.

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5
Q

Why do we not take radiographs to screen for the clinically silent conditions?

A

A good history and physical should reveal red flags that place the person in the high risk groups so radiographs will then be taken.

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6
Q

Name 4 nonclinical reasons people take radiographs?

A

financial gain, force of habit, medicolegally advantageous, patient education.

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7
Q

low back pain that persists for how long should then be x-rayed?

A

7 weeks.

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8
Q

How much bone destruction is needed to be visualized on x-ray and bone scan?

A

x-ray- 30-50%, bone scan- 3-5%. So radiographs are very specific and less sensitive and bone scans are very sensitive and not specific.

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9
Q

Name 3 areas radiographs are used for biomechanica and posture?

A

scoliosis, spinogrpahic analysis, functional radiography.

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10
Q

Are full spine radiographs for scoliosis diagnosticly effective and have an acceptable risk/benefit ratio?

A

Yes.

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11
Q

Is spinographic analysis clinically justifiable?

A

No.

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12
Q

How clinically significant are functional radiographs (flexion/extension, lateral bending)?

A

New research shows they are probably not that good.

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13
Q

Should degenerative processes be monitored with radiographs?

A

No since it will not alter the treatment, besides with stenosis.

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14
Q

CT is particularly useful in evaluating what?

A

apophyseal joint degeneration, bone hypertorphy, spine fx/dislocations, infections, bone neoplasms, complex congenital anomalies, spinal stenosis, metabolic disease, post operative spines, HNP.

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15
Q

When is CT superior to MRI and when is MRI superior to CT?

A

CT is superior in evaluating bone changes and MRI is superior in evaluating soft tissue changes.

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16
Q

What are the indications for CT?

A

spinal stenosis, bone/joint/disc disease, complex anomalies, spinal trauma.

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17
Q

What are the indications for CT with myelography?

A

thecal sac, nerve root (if MRI is not available) MRI IS BETTER.

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18
Q

What are the indications for MRI?

A

direct visulaization of soft tissues, joint and disc diseases, sensitive to bone marrow pathologies.

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19
Q

What are the indications for MRI with gadolinium?

A

postoperative fibrosis (since scars will have increase in vascularization), recurrent HNP.

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20
Q

What are the indications for radionuclide studies?

A

to identify metabolic activity benign vs. aggressive, acute vs chronic, mets and infections.

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21
Q

What are the indications for diagnostic ultrasound?

A

indirect causes of back pain like: AAA, pelvic neoplasms, neonatal spinal evaluations.

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22
Q

What is the best test for herniated nucleus pulposus?

A

MRI.

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23
Q

What is the best test for spinal stenosis?

A

CT or CT with myelography.

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24
Q

What is the best test for spondylolisthesis?

A

plain film.

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25
Q

What is the best test for inflammatory arthropathies?

A

Plain film.

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26
Q

What is the best test for trauma?

A

CT.

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27
Q

What is the best test for infections?

A

MRI.

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28
Q

What is the best test for instability?

A

plain film.

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29
Q

What has replaced myelography?

A

MRI and CT.

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30
Q

What 2 things will MRI be really good at imaging?

A

Infection and neoplasms.

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31
Q

How can you distinguish between post operative fibrosis pain or pain from a recurrent disc herniation?

A

Use Gadolinium with the MRI. Fibrosis will take in the contrast within 15 minutes and disc herniations will only take in a little contrast after 30 minutes.

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32
Q

what is the main reason now days for using discography?

A

used as a provocative test.

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33
Q

What will hot spots on a bone scan mean?

A

Areas of increased blood flow due to increased metabolism.

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34
Q

What are SPECT bone scans used for?

A

Exact location of a lesion.

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35
Q

When should bone scans be used?

A

after less expensive imaging and with red flags.

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36
Q

When would you use ultrasound to image the spine?

A

Only with neonates.

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37
Q

Why would you take a Ct or an MRI of the brain?

A

CT- SAH, acute subdural. MRI- MS, recent infarct, tumors, aVM’s, cerebral aneurysms.

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38
Q

Why would you take a CT or an MRI of the orbits?

A

CT- graves, pseudotumors, foreign bodies, Fx. MRI- secondary evaluation of masses, tumors of optic nerve.

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39
Q

Why would you take a CT or an MRI of the head and neck?

A

CT- tumors and adenopathy. MRI- parathyroid tumors, problem solving after CT.

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40
Q

Why would you take a CT or an MRI of the chest?

A

CT- CXR abnormalities, CA, fibrosis, PE. MRI- problem solving after CT.

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41
Q

Why would you take a CT or an MRI of the abdomen?

A

CT- liver diseases/tumor, lymphoma, pancreatic CA, renal colic. MRI- problem solving after CT.

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42
Q

Why would you take a CT or an MRI of the pelvis?

A

CT- appendicitis and diverticulitis. MRI- uterine problem solving after US and prostate cancer staging.

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43
Q

Why would you take a CT or an MRI of the bones?

A

CT- Fx. MRI- tumors, osteomyelitis, AVN, stress Fx, Marrow changes.

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44
Q

Why would you take a CT or an MRI of the joints?

A

CT- loose bodies, post-arthrogram studies. MRI- most problems of the shoulder, hip, knee ankle and wrist.

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45
Q

Why would you take a CT or an MRI of the spine?

A

CT- degenerative stenosis. MRI- disc disease, bony metastasis, any cord pathology.

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46
Q

What are the 3 advantages of plain film radiography?

A

cost effective, minimal radiation, widely available.

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47
Q

Contrast resolution of CT is how much better than plain film radiopgraphy?

A

100 times better.

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48
Q

Will CT have a film based receptor?

A

No. Only numerical data is collected by a photon detector cell that is placed around the patient has the x-ray part rotates around the patient.

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49
Q

CT slices can be what sizes?

A

0.5m-10mm thick.

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50
Q

How much can the CT machine be angled?

A

15-30 degrees.

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51
Q

Typically what type of images are produced with CT?

A

axial images. Other types will have a decreased detail.

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52
Q

CT image is made up of a _____ and each part of this is known as ______.

A

matrix , voxel.

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53
Q

What are the 3 dimesions of a voxel?

A

length, width, depth.

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54
Q

what is a pixel?

A

a two dimensional representation of a voxel which is length and width.

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55
Q

What are the different types of units assigned to each voxel?

A

Hounsfield units from -1000 to 1000.

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56
Q

What will bone and air be in hounsfield units?

A

bone- 1000. Air- -1,000

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57
Q

What are the 2 types of contast or windows used with CT?

A
  1. Bone window- better to see fine detail of bone (cortex and medullary bone are distinctly different). 2. soft tissue window- better for soft tissue (cortex and medullary bone have similar densities.
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58
Q

What are the contraindications of CT?

A

metallic objects near by can create artifacts. Radiation, claustrophobia and sensitivity to iodine contrast.

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59
Q

When would CT be better than MRI for infections?

A

with cortical involvment, but MRI is better with medullary and soft tissue invovlement.

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60
Q

Why is CT better for chest and abdomen than MRI?

A

faster and less motion artifacts.

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61
Q

Would you use MRI or CT for sinuses?

A

CT.

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62
Q

What will a CT myelogram look like?

A

like a soft tissue density with white contrast around the cord.

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63
Q

What has better soft tissue contrast CT or plain film radiography?

A

CT.

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64
Q

How do you control contrast with CT?

A

electronic manipulation of the digital info like using different windows.

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65
Q

What are the disadvantages of CT?

A

relatively high radiation dosage, high cost, reformatted images not as good as original.

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66
Q

What is the cage used to sheild extraneous radiofrequencies from MRI machines?

A

Faraday cage.

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67
Q

The greater the ____ the better the image with MRI?

A

magnetic strength.

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68
Q

What do you need to do with an MRI magnet to maintain its magnetism and create a homogenous field?

A

Keep it cooled.

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69
Q

What will the radiofrequency do for MRI?

A

knock the neclei out of alignment so they can re-align.

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70
Q

What is the spin density?

A

The number of hydrogen protons in tissues being imaged.

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71
Q

How can you tell the difference between T1 and T2 MRI’s?

A

T1- fat will be white. T2- water will appear bright.

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72
Q

What will ligaments and tendons look like on T1 and T2 images?

A

both will be dark gray or black.

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73
Q

What will cortical bone look like with T1 and T2 MRI images?

A

black.

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74
Q

What is a high signal with MRI and what is a low signal?

A

White is high black is low.

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75
Q

T1 is used to better visualize what?

A

fat, precise anatomy, medullary bone, spinal cord, low signal bone, CSF intermediate.

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76
Q

T2 is used to better visualize what?

A

water, discs,

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77
Q

What has better detail T1 or T2?

A

T1.

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78
Q

What will the CSF look like with a proton density MRI?

A

Same as cord.

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79
Q

Gadolinium is only used with what type of MRI?

A

T1 images before and after.

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80
Q

What are the contraindications for MRI?

A

during first trimester of pregnancy, over 300 lbs, ferromagnetic artifacts, surgical clips, pacemakers, cochlear implants.

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81
Q

What are the limitations of MRI?

A

claustrophobia, have to hold still for 30 min to 1 hour, loud tapping noises.

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82
Q

Myelography is not used as much with plain film radiography anymore, but when is it used?

A

With CT to visualize indirectly a lesion in the spinal canal.

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83
Q

Myelography has been largely replaced by what?

A

MRI.

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84
Q

What are the indications for myelography?

A

When CT or MRI is not available and can be used with CT presurgically.

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85
Q

When is CT-myelography the gold standard?

A

pre-surgically for spinal stenosis.

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86
Q

what are the disadvantages of Myelography?

A

Pt needs to be monitored for 3 hours after, infection risk, invasive.

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87
Q

What do radionuclides do with nuclear medicine?

A

They emit gamma radiation as they undergo radioactive decay.

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88
Q

What is the most commonly used radionuclide used with nuclear medicine?

A

technetium-99.

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89
Q

What is scintigraphy?

A

a three phase scan commonly employed.

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90
Q

What are the 3 phases of scintigraphy?

A

first- flow phase, second- blood pool, third- delayed or bone scan phase.

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91
Q

What type of sensitivity and specificity will bone scans have?

A

high sensitivity and low specificity.

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92
Q

Bone scan will uptake radionuclides when?

A

tumors, infections, acute Fx, stress Fx.

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93
Q

What are the advantages of bone scans?

A

evaluate entire body, very sensitive, only need 3-5% bone destruction to been seen.

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94
Q

What is discography?

A

injection of radiopaque contrast agent into the IVD as a provocative test and may demostrate dessicated discs and herniated discs.

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95
Q

What is SPECT?

A

Like a bone scan, but offers multiple imaging planes like CT.

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96
Q

What are the benefits of SPECT?

A

better localization of a lesion.

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97
Q

What is PET?

A

positron emission tomography.

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98
Q

What is PET used for?

A

to find soft tissue tumors like in lymph nodes, good for tumor grading, and used to monitor treatment success.

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99
Q

PET has a greater resolution than what?

A

SPECT or scintigraphy.

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100
Q

What is the major disadvanatge of PET?

A

high cost and low availability.

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101
Q

What provides a general direction for clinicians when deciding to take images or not?

A

Mercy guidelines.

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102
Q

What 2 questions should be asked before ordering imaging?

A
  1. Will it affect diagnositic certainty about a DDX (if so how much). 2. will it change my diagnostic thinking enough so that it will significantly affect my choice of treatment.
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103
Q

Name the things people can have that might be a high risk group for low back pain when radiographs have a high probability for positive findings?

A

Patients over 50, significant tauma, neuromotor deficits, unexplained weight loss, suspicion of ankylosing spondylitis, drug or alcohol abuse, history of cancer, corticosteroid use, fever over 100, DM/and or hypertension, lack of improvement, patients seeking compensation for back pain, dermopathy, cachexia, deformity and immobility, lymphadenopathy, elevated ESR, elevated acid or akaline phasphatase, positive Rheumatoid factor, positive HLA-B27, serum gammopathy.

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104
Q

CT scans are highly sensitive and specific for what?

A

degenerative spinal stenosis.

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105
Q

Why do we not take radiographs to screen for the clinically silent conditions?

A

A good history and physical should reveal red flags that place the person in the high risk groups so radiographs will then be taken.

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106
Q

Name 4 nonclinical reasons people take radiographs?

A

financial gain, force of habit, medicolegally advantageous, patient education.

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107
Q

low back pain that persists for how long should then be x-rayed?

A

7 weeks.

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108
Q

How much bone destruction is needed to be visualized on x-ray and bone scan?

A

x-ray- 30-50%, bone scan- 3-5%. So radiographs are very specific and less sensitive and bone scans are very sensitive and not specific.

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109
Q

Name 3 areas radiographs are used for biomechanica and posture?

A

scoliosis, spinogrpahic analysis, functional radiography.

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110
Q

Are full spine radiographs for scoliosis diagnosticly effective and have an acceptable risk/benefit ratio?

A

Yes.

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111
Q

Is spinographic analysis clinically justifiable?

A

No.

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112
Q

How clinically significant are functional radiographs (flexion/extension, lateral bending)?

A

New research shows they are probably not that good.

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113
Q

Should degenerative processes be monitored with radiographs?

A

No since it will not alter the treatment, besides with stenosis.

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114
Q

CT is particularly useful in evaluating what?

A

apophyseal joint degeneration, bone hypertorphy, spine fx/dislocations, infections, bone neoplasms, complex congenital anomalies, spinal stenosis, metabolic disease, post operative spines, HNP.

How well did you know this?
1
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2
3
4
5
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115
Q

When is CT superior to MRI and when is MRI superior to CT?

A

CT is superior in evaluating bone changes and MRI is superior in evaluating soft tissue changes.

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2
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116
Q

What are the indications for CT?

A

spinal stenosis, bone/joint/disc disease, complex anomalies, spinal trauma.

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117
Q

What are the indications for CT with myelography?

A

thecal sac, nerve root (if MRI is not available) MRI IS BETTER.

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2
3
4
5
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118
Q

What are the indications for MRI?

A

direct visulaization of soft tissues, joint and disc diseases, sensitive to bone marrow pathologies.

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119
Q

What are the indications for MRI with gadolinium?

A

postoperative fibrosis (since scars will have increase in vascularization), recurrent HNP.

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2
3
4
5
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120
Q

What are the indications for radionuclide studies?

A

to identify metabolic activity benign vs. aggressive, acute vs chronic, mets and infections.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
121
Q

What are the indications for diagnostic ultrasound?

A

indirect causes of back pain like: AAA, pelvic neoplasms, neonatal spinal evaluations.

122
Q

What is the best test for herniated nucleus pulposus?

A

MRI.

123
Q

What is the best test for spinal stenosis?

A

CT or CT with myelography.

124
Q

What is the best test for spondylolisthesis?

A

plain film.

125
Q

What is the best test for inflammatory arthropathies?

A

Plain film.

126
Q

What is the best test for trauma?

A

CT.

127
Q

What is the best test for infections?

A

MRI.

128
Q

What is the best test for instability?

A

plain film.

129
Q

What has replaced myelography?

A

MRI and CT.

130
Q

What 2 things will MRI be really good at imaging?

A

Infection and neoplasms.

131
Q

How can you distinguish between post operative fibrosis pain or pain from a recurrent disc herniation?

A

Use Gadolinium with the MRI. Fibrosis will take in the contrast within 15 minutes and disc herniations will only take in a little contrast after 30 minutes.

132
Q

what is the main reason now days for using discography?

A

used as a provocative test.

133
Q

What will hot spots on a bone scan mean?

A

Areas of increased blood flow due to increased metabolism.

134
Q

What are SPECT bone scans used for?

A

Exact location of a lesion.

135
Q

When should bone scans be used?

A

after less expensive imaging and with red flags.

136
Q

When would you use ultrasound to image the spine?

A

Only with neonates.

137
Q

Why would you take a Ct or an MRI of the brain?

A

CT- SAH, acute subdural. MRI- MS, recent infarct, tumors, aVM’s, cerebral aneurysms.

138
Q

Why would you take a CT or an MRI of the orbits?

A

CT- graves, pseudotumors, foreign bodies, Fx. MRI- secondary evaluation of masses, tumors of optic nerve.

139
Q

Why would you take a CT or an MRI of the head and neck?

A

CT- tumors and adenopathy. MRI- parathyroid tumors, problem solving after CT.

140
Q

Why would you take a CT or an MRI of the chest?

A

CT- CXR abnormalities, CA, fibrosis, PE. MRI- problem solving after CT.

141
Q

Why would you take a CT or an MRI of the abdomen?

A

CT- liver diseases/tumor, lymphoma, pancreatic CA, renal colic. MRI- problem solving after CT.

142
Q

Why would you take a CT or an MRI of the pelvis?

A

CT- appendicitis and diverticulitis. MRI- uterine problem solving after US and prostate cancer staging.

143
Q

Why would you take a CT or an MRI of the bones?

A

CT- Fx. MRI- tumors, osteomyelitis, AVN, stress Fx, Marrow changes.

144
Q

Why would you take a CT or an MRI of the joints?

A

CT- loose bodies, post-arthrogram studies. MRI- most problems of the shoulder, hip, knee ankle and wrist.

145
Q

Why would you take a CT or an MRI of the spine?

A

CT- degenerative stenosis. MRI- disc disease, bony metastasis, any cord pathology.

146
Q

What are the 3 advantages of plain film radiography?

A

cost effective, minimal radiation, widely available.

147
Q

Contrast resolution of CT is how much better than plain film radiopgraphy?

A

100 times better.

148
Q

Will CT have a film based receptor?

A

No. Only numerical data is collected by a photon detector cell that is placed around the patient has the x-ray part rotates around the patient.

149
Q

CT slices can be what sizes?

A

0.5m-10mm thick.

150
Q

How much can the CT machine be angled?

A

15-30 degrees.

151
Q

Typically what type of images are produced with CT?

A

axial images. Other types will have a decreased detail.

152
Q

CT image is made up of a _____ and each part of this is known as ______.

A

matrix , voxel.

153
Q

What are the 3 dimesions of a voxel?

A

length, width, depth.

154
Q

what is a pixel?

A

a two dimensional representation of a voxel which is length and width.

155
Q

What are the different types of units assigned to each voxel?

A

Hounsfield units from -1000 to 1000.

156
Q

What will bone and air be in hounsfield units?

A

bone- 1000. Air- -1,000

157
Q

What are the 2 types of contast or windows used with CT?

A
  1. Bone window- better to see fine detail of bone (cortex and medullary bone are distinctly different). 2. soft tissue window- better for soft tissue (cortex and medullary bone have similar densities.
158
Q

What are the contraindications of CT?

A

metallic objects near by can create artifacts. Radiation, claustrophobia and sensitivity to iodine contrast.

159
Q

When would CT be better than MRI for infections?

A

with cortical involvment, but MRI is better with medullary and soft tissue invovlement.

160
Q

Why is CT better for chest and abdomen than MRI?

A

faster and less motion artifacts.

161
Q

Would you use MRI or CT for sinuses?

A

CT.

162
Q

What will a CT myelogram look like?

A

like a soft tissue density with white contrast around the cord.

163
Q

What has better soft tissue contrast CT or plain film radiography?

A

CT.

164
Q

How do you control contrast with CT?

A

electronic manipulation of the digital info like using different windows.

165
Q

What are the disadvantages of CT?

A

relatively high radiation dosage, high cost, reformatted images not as good as original.

166
Q

What is the cage used to sheild extraneous radiofrequencies from MRI machines?

A

Faraday cage.

167
Q

The greater the ____ the better the image with MRI?

A

magnetic strength.

168
Q

What do you need to do with an MRI magnet to maintain its magnetism and create a homogenous field?

A

Keep it cooled.

169
Q

What will the radiofrequency do for MRI?

A

knock the neclei out of alignment so they can re-align.

170
Q

What is the spin density?

A

The number of hydrogen protons in tissues being imaged.

171
Q

How can you tell the difference between T1 and T2 MRI’s?

A

T1- fat will be white. T2- water will appear bright.

172
Q

What will ligaments and tendons look like on T1 and T2 images?

A

both will be dark gray or black.

173
Q

What will cortical bone look like with T1 and T2 MRI images?

A

black.

174
Q

What is a high signal with MRI and what is a low signal?

A

White is high black is low.

175
Q

T1 is used to better visualize what?

A

fat, precise anatomy, medullary bone, spinal cord, low signal bone, CSF intermediate.

176
Q

T2 is used to better visualize what?

A

water, discs,

177
Q

What has better detail T1 or T2?

A

T1.

178
Q

What will the CSF look like with a proton density MRI?

A

Same as cord.

179
Q

Gadolinium is only used with what type of MRI?

A

T1 images before and after.

180
Q

What are the contraindications for MRI?

A

during first trimester of pregnancy, over 300 lbs, ferromagnetic artifacts, surgical clips, pacemakers, cochlear implants.

181
Q

What are the limitations of MRI?

A

claustrophobia, have to hold still for 30 min to 1 hour, loud tapping noises.

182
Q

Myelography is not used as much with plain film radiography anymore, but when is it used?

A

With CT to visualize indirectly a lesion in the spinal canal.

183
Q

Myelography has been largely replaced by what?

A

MRI.

184
Q

What are the indications for myelography?

A

When CT or MRI is not available and can be used with CT presurgically.

185
Q

When is CT-myelography the gold standard?

A

pre-surgically for spinal stenosis.

186
Q

what are the disadvantages of Myelography?

A

Pt needs to be monitored for 3 hours after, infection risk, invasive.

187
Q

What do radionuclides do with nuclear medicine?

A

They emit gamma radiation as they undergo radioactive decay.

188
Q

What is the most commonly used radionuclide used with nuclear medicine?

A

technetium-99.

189
Q

What is scintigraphy?

A

a three phase scan commonly employed.

190
Q

What are the 3 phases of scintigraphy?

A

first- flow phase, second- blood pool, third- delayed or bone scan phase.

191
Q

What type of sensitivity and specificity will bone scans have?

A

high sensitivity and low specificity.

192
Q

Bone scan will uptake radionuclides when?

A

tumors, infections, acute Fx, stress Fx.

193
Q

What are the advantages of bone scans?

A

evaluate entire body, very sensitive, only need 3-5% bone destruction to been seen.

194
Q

What is discography?

A

injection of radiopaque contrast agent into the IVD as a provocative test and may demostrate dessicated discs and herniated discs.

195
Q

What is SPECT?

A

Like a bone scan, but offers multiple imaging planes like CT.

196
Q

What are the benefits of SPECT?

A

better localization of a lesion.

197
Q

What is PET?

A

positron emission tomography.

198
Q

What is PET used for?

A

to find soft tissue tumors like in lymph nodes, good for tumor grading, and used to monitor treatment success.

199
Q

PET has a greater resolution than what?

A

SPECT or scintigraphy.

200
Q

What is the major disadvanatge of PET?

A

high cost and low availability.

201
Q

What provides a general direction for clinicians when deciding to take images or not?

A

Mercy guidelines.

202
Q

What 2 questions should be asked before ordering imaging?

A
  1. Will it affect diagnositic certainty about a DDX (if so how much). 2. will it change my diagnostic thinking enough so that it will significantly affect my choice of treatment.
203
Q

Name the things people can have that might be a high risk group for low back pain when radiographs have a high probability for positive findings?

A

Patients over 50, significant tauma, neuromotor deficits, unexplained weight loss, suspicion of ankylosing spondylitis, drug or alcohol abuse, history of cancer, corticosteroid use, fever over 100, DM/and or hypertension, lack of improvement, patients seeking compensation for back pain, dermopathy, cachexia, deformity and immobility, lymphadenopathy, elevated ESR, elevated acid or akaline phasphatase, positive Rheumatoid factor, positive HLA-B27, serum gammopathy.

204
Q

CT scans are highly sensitive and specific for what?

A

degenerative spinal stenosis.

205
Q

Why do we not take radiographs to screen for the clinically silent conditions?

A

A good history and physical should reveal red flags that place the person in the high risk groups so radiographs will then be taken.

206
Q

Name 4 nonclinical reasons people take radiographs?

A

financial gain, force of habit, medicolegally advantageous, patient education.

207
Q

low back pain that persists for how long should then be x-rayed?

A

7 weeks.

208
Q

How much bone destruction is needed to be visualized on x-ray and bone scan?

A

x-ray- 30-50%, bone scan- 3-5%. So radiographs are very specific and less sensitive and bone scans are very sensitive and not specific.

209
Q

Name 3 areas radiographs are used for biomechanica and posture?

A

scoliosis, spinogrpahic analysis, functional radiography.

210
Q

Are full spine radiographs for scoliosis diagnosticly effective and have an acceptable risk/benefit ratio?

A

Yes.

211
Q

Is spinographic analysis clinically justifiable?

A

No.

212
Q

How clinically significant are functional radiographs (flexion/extension, lateral bending)?

A

New research shows they are probably not that good.

213
Q

Should degenerative processes be monitored with radiographs?

A

No since it will not alter the treatment, besides with stenosis.

214
Q

CT is particularly useful in evaluating what?

A

apophyseal joint degeneration, bone hypertorphy, spine fx/dislocations, infections, bone neoplasms, complex congenital anomalies, spinal stenosis, metabolic disease, post operative spines, HNP.

215
Q

When is CT superior to MRI and when is MRI superior to CT?

A

CT is superior in evaluating bone changes and MRI is superior in evaluating soft tissue changes.

216
Q

What are the indications for CT?

A

spinal stenosis, bone/joint/disc disease, complex anomalies, spinal trauma.

217
Q

What are the indications for CT with myelography?

A

thecal sac, nerve root (if MRI is not available) MRI IS BETTER.

218
Q

What are the indications for MRI?

A

direct visulaization of soft tissues, joint and disc diseases, sensitive to bone marrow pathologies.

219
Q

What are the indications for MRI with gadolinium?

A

postoperative fibrosis (since scars will have increase in vascularization), recurrent HNP.

220
Q

What are the indications for radionuclide studies?

A

to identify metabolic activity benign vs. aggressive, acute vs chronic, mets and infections.

221
Q

What are the indications for diagnostic ultrasound?

A

indirect causes of back pain like: AAA, pelvic neoplasms, neonatal spinal evaluations.

222
Q

What is the best test for herniated nucleus pulposus?

A

MRI.

223
Q

What is the best test for spinal stenosis?

A

CT or CT with myelography.

224
Q

What is the best test for spondylolisthesis?

A

plain film.

225
Q

What is the best test for inflammatory arthropathies?

A

Plain film.

226
Q

What is the best test for trauma?

A

CT.

227
Q

What is the best test for infections?

A

MRI.

228
Q

What is the best test for instability?

A

plain film.

229
Q

What has replaced myelography?

A

MRI and CT.

230
Q

What 2 things will MRI be really good at imaging?

A

Infection and neoplasms.

231
Q

How can you distinguish between post operative fibrosis pain or pain from a recurrent disc herniation?

A

Use Gadolinium with the MRI. Fibrosis will take in the contrast within 15 minutes and disc herniations will only take in a little contrast after 30 minutes.

232
Q

what is the main reason now days for using discography?

A

used as a provocative test.

233
Q

What will hot spots on a bone scan mean?

A

Areas of increased blood flow due to increased metabolism.

234
Q

What are SPECT bone scans used for?

A

Exact location of a lesion.

235
Q

When should bone scans be used?

A

after less expensive imaging and with red flags.

236
Q

When would you use ultrasound to image the spine?

A

Only with neonates.

237
Q

Why would you take a Ct or an MRI of the brain?

A

CT- SAH, acute subdural. MRI- MS, recent infarct, tumors, aVM’s, cerebral aneurysms.

238
Q

Why would you take a CT or an MRI of the orbits?

A

CT- graves, pseudotumors, foreign bodies, Fx. MRI- secondary evaluation of masses, tumors of optic nerve.

239
Q

Why would you take a CT or an MRI of the head and neck?

A

CT- tumors and adenopathy. MRI- parathyroid tumors, problem solving after CT.

240
Q

Why would you take a CT or an MRI of the chest?

A

CT- CXR abnormalities, CA, fibrosis, PE. MRI- problem solving after CT.

241
Q

Why would you take a CT or an MRI of the abdomen?

A

CT- liver diseases/tumor, lymphoma, pancreatic CA, renal colic. MRI- problem solving after CT.

242
Q

Why would you take a CT or an MRI of the pelvis?

A

CT- appendicitis and diverticulitis. MRI- uterine problem solving after US and prostate cancer staging.

243
Q

Why would you take a CT or an MRI of the bones?

A

CT- Fx. MRI- tumors, osteomyelitis, AVN, stress Fx, Marrow changes.

244
Q

Why would you take a CT or an MRI of the joints?

A

CT- loose bodies, post-arthrogram studies. MRI- most problems of the shoulder, hip, knee ankle and wrist.

245
Q

Why would you take a CT or an MRI of the spine?

A

CT- degenerative stenosis. MRI- disc disease, bony metastasis, any cord pathology.

246
Q

What are the 3 advantages of plain film radiography?

A

cost effective, minimal radiation, widely available.

247
Q

Contrast resolution of CT is how much better than plain film radiopgraphy?

A

100 times better.

248
Q

Will CT have a film based receptor?

A

No. Only numerical data is collected by a photon detector cell that is placed around the patient has the x-ray part rotates around the patient.

249
Q

CT slices can be what sizes?

A

0.5m-10mm thick.

250
Q

How much can the CT machine be angled?

A

15-30 degrees.

251
Q

Typically what type of images are produced with CT?

A

axial images. Other types will have a decreased detail.

252
Q

CT image is made up of a _____ and each part of this is known as ______.

A

matrix , voxel.

253
Q

What are the 3 dimesions of a voxel?

A

length, width, depth.

254
Q

what is a pixel?

A

a two dimensional representation of a voxel which is length and width.

255
Q

What are the different types of units assigned to each voxel?

A

Hounsfield units from -1000 to 1000.

256
Q

What will bone and air be in hounsfield units?

A

bone- 1000. Air- -1,000

257
Q

What are the 2 types of contast or windows used with CT?

A
  1. Bone window- better to see fine detail of bone (cortex and medullary bone are distinctly different). 2. soft tissue window- better for soft tissue (cortex and medullary bone have similar densities.
258
Q

What are the contraindications of CT?

A

metallic objects near by can create artifacts. Radiation, claustrophobia and sensitivity to iodine contrast.

259
Q

When would CT be better than MRI for infections?

A

with cortical involvment, but MRI is better with medullary and soft tissue invovlement.

260
Q

Why is CT better for chest and abdomen than MRI?

A

faster and less motion artifacts.

261
Q

Would you use MRI or CT for sinuses?

A

CT.

262
Q

What will a CT myelogram look like?

A

like a soft tissue density with white contrast around the cord.

263
Q

What has better soft tissue contrast CT or plain film radiography?

A

CT.

264
Q

How do you control contrast with CT?

A

electronic manipulation of the digital info like using different windows.

265
Q

What are the disadvantages of CT?

A

relatively high radiation dosage, high cost, reformatted images not as good as original.

266
Q

What is the cage used to sheild extraneous radiofrequencies from MRI machines?

A

Faraday cage.

267
Q

The greater the ____ the better the image with MRI?

A

magnetic strength.

268
Q

What do you need to do with an MRI magnet to maintain its magnetism and create a homogenous field?

A

Keep it cooled.

269
Q

What will the radiofrequency do for MRI?

A

knock the neclei out of alignment so they can re-align.

270
Q

What is the spin density?

A

The number of hydrogen protons in tissues being imaged.

271
Q

How can you tell the difference between T1 and T2 MRI’s?

A

T1- fat will be white. T2- water will appear bright.

272
Q

What will ligaments and tendons look like on T1 and T2 images?

A

both will be dark gray or black.

273
Q

What will cortical bone look like with T1 and T2 MRI images?

A

black.

274
Q

What is a high signal with MRI and what is a low signal?

A

White is high black is low.

275
Q

T1 is used to better visualize what?

A

fat, precise anatomy, medullary bone, spinal cord, low signal bone, CSF intermediate.

276
Q

T2 is used to better visualize what?

A

water, discs,

277
Q

What has better detail T1 or T2?

A

T1.

278
Q

What will the CSF look like with a proton density MRI?

A

Same as cord.

279
Q

Gadolinium is only used with what type of MRI?

A

T1 images before and after.

280
Q

What are the contraindications for MRI?

A

during first trimester of pregnancy, over 300 lbs, ferromagnetic artifacts, surgical clips, pacemakers, cochlear implants.

281
Q

What are the limitations of MRI?

A

claustrophobia, have to hold still for 30 min to 1 hour, loud tapping noises.

282
Q

Myelography is not used as much with plain film radiography anymore, but when is it used?

A

With CT to visualize indirectly a lesion in the spinal canal.

283
Q

Myelography has been largely replaced by what?

A

MRI.

284
Q

What are the indications for myelography?

A

When CT or MRI is not available and can be used with CT presurgically.

285
Q

When is CT-myelography the gold standard?

A

pre-surgically for spinal stenosis.

286
Q

what are the disadvantages of Myelography?

A

Pt needs to be monitored for 3 hours after, infection risk, invasive.

287
Q

What do radionuclides do with nuclear medicine?

A

They emit gamma radiation as they undergo radioactive decay.

288
Q

What is the most commonly used radionuclide used with nuclear medicine?

A

technetium-99.

289
Q

What is scintigraphy?

A

a three phase scan commonly employed.

290
Q

What are the 3 phases of scintigraphy?

A

first- flow phase, second- blood pool, third- delayed or bone scan phase.

291
Q

What type of sensitivity and specificity will bone scans have?

A

high sensitivity and low specificity.

292
Q

Bone scan will uptake radionuclides when?

A

tumors, infections, acute Fx, stress Fx.

293
Q

What are the advantages of bone scans?

A

evaluate entire body, very sensitive, only need 3-5% bone destruction to been seen.

294
Q

What is discography?

A

injection of radiopaque contrast agent into the IVD as a provocative test and may demostrate dessicated discs and herniated discs.

295
Q

What is SPECT?

A

Like a bone scan, but offers multiple imaging planes like CT.

296
Q

What are the benefits of SPECT?

A

better localization of a lesion.

297
Q

What is PET?

A

positron emission tomography.

298
Q

What is PET used for?

A

to find soft tissue tumors like in lymph nodes, good for tumor grading, and used to monitor treatment success.

299
Q

PET has a greater resolution than what?

A

SPECT or scintigraphy.

300
Q

What is the major disadvanatge of PET?

A

high cost and low availability.