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BIO 202 > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Male and female reproductive systems…

A

produce and nurture sex cells, and transport them to the site of fertilization

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2
Q

What are the testes?

A

the primary sex organ of the male reproductive system

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3
Q

What is the tunica vaginalis?

A

a piece of peritoneum that descended with the testes into the scrotal sac.

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4
Q

What is the function of the tunica vaginalis?

A

facilitates movement of testes within scrotum

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5
Q

What is the tunica albuginea?

A

dense white capsule on outside of testes

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6
Q

What are in the lobules of the testes?

A

seminiferous tubules

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7
Q

What is the purpose of the seminiferous tubules?

A

produce sperm.

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8
Q

other than spermatogenic cells, what cells line the seminiferous tubules?

A

Sertoli or sustentacular cells.

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9
Q

What is the function of Sertoli cells?

A
  • form the blood testis barrier

- nourish spermatocytes, spermatids, and spermatozoa

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10
Q

what is the function of the blood-testis barrier?

A

prevent an immune response against spermatogenic cells.

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11
Q

what are the functions of the organs of the male reproductive system?

A
  • mediate the effects of testosterone and FSH on spermatogenesis
  • phagocytose excess spermatids cytoplasm
  • control movements of spermatogenic cells and release sperm into the lumen of seminiferous tubules
  • secrete fluid for sperm transport
  • secrete inhibin (inhibits FSH, slows sperm production)
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12
Q

What is produced by interstitial cells?

A

testosterone

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13
Q

channels leading from the seminiferous tubules carry sperm to…

A

epididymus and ductus (vas) deferens

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14
Q

what is the scrotum?

A

A pouch of skin and subcutaneous tissue that houses the testes.

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15
Q

What temperature does sperm require to survive?

A

3 degrees lower than core body temperature.

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16
Q

what muscle of the scrotum causes wrinkling?

A

dartos muscle

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17
Q

when it is warm, the scrotum is…

A

relaxed (increases surface area for cooling)

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18
Q

when it is cold, the scrotum…

A

wrinkles

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19
Q

the cremaster muscle in the spermatic cord…

A

elevates testes on exposure to cold and arousal.

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20
Q

what is the spermatic cord?

A

a supporting structure of the male reproductive system

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21
Q

what makes up the spermatic cord?

A
  • cremaster muscle
  • ductus (vas) deferens
  • testicular artery
  • veins and lymphatic vessels
  • autonomic nerves
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22
Q

what is the penis?

A

contains the urethra and serves as a passageway for ejaculation of semen.

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23
Q

what are the anatomical parts of the penis?

A
  • root (made up of bulb and crura)
  • body
  • glans penis
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24
Q

the body of the penis contains three erectile tissue masses what are they?

A
  • paired corpora cavernosa penis (1&2)

- unpaired corpus spongiosum penis (3)

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25
Q

Erection is caused by…

A

parasympathetic reflex

  • sexual stimulation causes arteries of penis to dilate
  • nitric oxide mediates local vasodilation
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26
Q

What occurs during ejaculation?

A

sympathetic reflex

  • muscle contractions close sphincter at base of bladder
  • peristaltic contractions in the vas deferens, seminal vesicles, ejaculatory ducts, and prostate propel semen into the penile portion of spongy urethra.
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27
Q

After ejaculation,

A

blood flow is restricted to penis and small muscles around the erectile tissue masses force blood out of the penis making it flaccid again

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28
Q

What is the epididymus?

A

tightly coiled tube laying adjacent to the testis and leading from the testis to the vas deferens

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29
Q

what is the function of the epididymus?

A

site of sperm maturation and storage. (sperm can remain in storage up to a month)

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30
Q

What is the ductus (vas) deferens?

A

a muscular tube 45 cm in length leading from the epididymus into the body cavity.

31
Q

what is the function of the ductus (vas) deferens?

A

unites with the ejaculatory duct and empties its contents into urethra.

32
Q

what is the ejaculatory duct?

A

union of the ducts from the seminal vesicles and ductus (vas) deferens

33
Q

what is the function of the ejaculatory duct?

A

eject sperm into prostatic urethra.

34
Q

What are the 3 subdivisions of the male urethra?

A
  • prostatic urethra
  • membranous urethra
  • penile (spongy) urethra
35
Q

What are the accessory sex glands of the male reproductive system?

A
  • seminal vesicle
  • prostate gland
  • bulbourethral glands (Cowper’s glands)
36
Q

What is semen?

A

a combination of sperm cells and the secretions of the seminal vesicle, prostate gland, and bulbourethral glands.

37
Q

What is the function of the seminal vesicle?

A

secretes an alkaline fluid that neutralizes acid in the male urethra and female reproductive tract.
-the fluid also contains
…fructose (nourishes sperm)
…prostaglandins (cause contractions in the female tract to help propel sperm to egg)
…semenogelin (causes coagulation of semen after ejaculation)

38
Q

What is the function of the prostate gland?

A

secretes a milky, slightly acidic fluid that contains…
…citric acid (can be used by sperm for ATP production)
…acid phosphotase
…enzymes

39
Q

what is the function of the bulbourethral glands?

A
  • secrete mucus to lubricate tip of penis during sexual arousal.
  • secrete an alkaline substance that neutralizes acid
40
Q

How many sperm on average are in a milliliter of semen?

A

120 million

41
Q

what is spermatogenesis?

A

sperm production

42
Q

what are the stages of spermatogenesis?

A

spermatogonia->primary spermatocytes-> secondary spermatocytes-> spermatids-> spermiogenesis

43
Q

how many chromosomes do spermatogonia contain?

A

46

44
Q

primary spermatocytes are in what stage of cell division? How many chromosomes do they have?

A

Meiosis 1, 46

45
Q

Secondary spermatocytes are in what stage of cell division? how many chromosomes do the have?

A

Meiosis 2, 23

46
Q

how many spermatids are created from one spermatocyte? are they haploid or diploid?

A

4, haploid

47
Q

what is spermiogenesis

A

maturation of spermatids into sperm.

48
Q

what is spermiation?

A

the release of a sperm from its connection to a Sertoli cell.

49
Q

At puberty in males,

A
  • GnRH increases secretion of LH and FSH.
  • LH stimulates secretion of testosterone.
  • FSH stimulates spermatogenesis
50
Q

What is the function of testosterone?

A
  • stimulates final steps of spermatogenesis
  • controls growth, development, functioning, and maintenance of sex organs
  • stimulates bone growth, protein anabolism, and sperm maturation
  • stimulates development of male secondary sex characteristics.
51
Q

What is the function of inhibin?

A

inhibits production of FSH

  • helps regulate rate of spermatogenesis
  • decreases sperm production when production is sufficient
52
Q

what are the parts of the sperm?

A
  • head
  • neck
  • midpiece
  • tail (flagellum)
53
Q

Where is a sperm’s DNA located?

A

the head

54
Q

Once ejaculated what is the life expectancy for a sperm in the female reproductive tract?

A

48 hours

55
Q

What is the primary sex organ of the female reproductive system?

A

ovaries

56
Q

what is the structure of an ovary?

A
  • germinal epithelium (simple cuboidal epithelium that covers surface of ovary)
  • tunica albuginea (Dense irregular connective tissue)
  • ovarian cortex (contains ovarian follicles)
  • ovarian medulla (contains blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves)
57
Q

What are the internal accessory organs of a female

A

-uterine tubes
->infundibulum (funnel shaped portion near each ovary)
->fimbrae (fringe of finger like projections)
(cells lining the uterine tube have cilia which draw the egg into the uterine tube)
-Uterus
-vagina

58
Q

What are the parts of the uterus?

A
  • fundus
  • body
  • isthmus
  • cervix
59
Q

What are the layers of the uterus?

A
  • endometrium
  • myometrium
  • perimetrieum
60
Q

The endometrium is made up of

A
  • stratum functionalis

- stratum basalis

61
Q

What part of the endometrium is shed during menstruation?

A

stratum functionalis

62
Q

the myometrium is made up of

A

3 layers of smooth muscle

63
Q

Is the cervical mucus more receptive to sperm when it is thick or thin?

A

thin

64
Q

What are the layers of the vagina?

A
  • mucosal layer
  • muscularis layer
  • adventitia
65
Q

What are the female external reproductive organs?

A
  • vulva
  • labia majora (correspond to scrotum of male)
  • labia minora (correspond to spongy urethra of male)
  • clitoris (corresponds to the penis)
  • vestibule (corresponds to membranous urethra of male.
66
Q

What is atresia?

A

the process by which most germ cells generate before birth

67
Q

what is a primary oocyte?

A

stem cell that has entered Meiosis 1 and stops in prophase 1

68
Q

How many primary oocytes are present at birth?

A

200,000 to 2 million

69
Q

how many primary oocytes are present at puberty?

A

40,000

70
Q

on average how many oocytes mature during a woman’s lifetime?

A

400

71
Q

is a secondary oocyte haploid or diploid?

A

haploid

72
Q

What are the phases of the female reproductive cycle?

A
  • menstrual cycle (menstruation) (day 1-5)
  • preovulatory phase (days 6-13)
  • ovulation (day 14)
  • postovulatory phase (day 15-28)
73
Q

which phase of the female reproductive cycle is the most consistent?

A

postovulatory (lasts fourteen days)

BIO 202 (3 decks)

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