Final Flashcards
0
Q
What led to the Neolithic revolution?
A
Emergence of “farming package” of agriculture and domestications
1
Q
Describe humans living in the Neolithic age
A
Sedentary or semi-sedentary groups who began practicing intentional farming and domesticating animals
2
Q
What resulted from the Neolithic revolution?
A
Fairly consistent food surplus, specialization of labor, hierarchy
3
Q
Describe Mesopotamian religious beliefs during the Bronze Age
A
Harsh conditions promoted polytheistic worship of powerful deities who controlled different aspects of human life and would punish humans harshly if they were displeased, so city dwellers offered sacrifices and built ziggurats
4
Q
What do we call the technology of writing that developed in Sumer?
A
Cuneiform
5
Q
What became a new source of conflict after 4000 BC
A
Access to metals
6
Q
What characterized the old kingdom in Egypt
A
Powerful monarch ruling a centralized state that featured just a few large cities
7
Q
Clovis
A
Frank who overthrew kingdom in Gaul, established western europe’s largest new kingdom, converted from Arianism to Roman Catholicism. His Merovingian dynasty lasted over 200 years
8
Q
Define Bronze Age
A
Time period characterized by widespread use of an alloy of tin and copper in making weapons and tools
9
Q
What did Hittites speak
A
Indo-European language
10
Q
Which empire was the first to emerge at the close of the dark age in the ancient near east?
A
Neo-Assyrian
11
Q
Cultural interactions with the Near east were a key factor in this civilizations recovery from the dark ages
A
Greeks
12
Q
Which region made the most rapid recovery from its dark age in large part because it retained monarchy as the primary source of political structure and identity?
A
Near east
13
Q
What is not accurate about the dark ages?
A
Historians use it exclusively to refer to specific time periods in history
14
Q
In which civilization did recovery from the dark ages see the rise of new political and social traditions that rejected the rule of kings
A
Greeks
15
Q
What is not accurate about the Neo-Assyrians?
A
As long as they received revenue and trade advantages, they thought it was good imperial policy to allow subjects to retain their culture and religion
16
Q
Why did the ranks of hoplites expand to include non-elites in the eight century?
A
More men were able to afford the equipment a hoplites was required to supply
17
Q
What isn’t true about the neo-Babylonian empire?
A
They increased the splendor of Babylon and replaced the temple of Marduk with a temple for Ishtar
18
Q
What does the term polis refer to
A
City states that emerged in Greece
19
Q
What does not accurately describe Greece?
A
It’s flat plains contributed to the near eastern empires conquest of Greece
20
Q
What aspect of Greece’s recovery from its dark ages stands as a landmark in the history of western civ
A
Invention of democratic politics
21
Q
What contributed extensively to the reemergence of Greek civilization from 1000 to 750 bc
A
Trade, cultural interaction, technological innovation
22
Q
What technological innovation enabled the Greeks to increase food production and sustain population growth
A
Replacing bronze agricultural tools with iron
23
Q
What is not a core belief of Greek religion
A
All humans who choose good will be rewarded in the afterlife
24
What is the most important doctrine of Zoroastrianism
Moral dualism; the world is a battlefield between forces of good and evil
25
Religion of Persian empire
Zoroastrianism
26
After the Persian wars, a formal defense alliance that included city-states in northern Greece, on the Aegean islands
Became, over time, the basis for the Athenian empire
27
The Delian league ensured that its members were protected from Persian attack but aroused the anger of many of its smaller members when Athens
Used its control of the league fleet to coerce dues from weaker members who had chosen to contribute money rather than develop independent naval fleets
28
Why have historians described the democracy created in mid fifth-century Athens under Pericles as radical
The roots of Athenian democracy under Pericles were the citizens of Athens who enjoyed more participation as jurors and salaried government officers
29
Why did some Athenians criticize democracy and argue in favor of an oligarchy
They worried that the stupid, immoral poor would exploit majority rule to pass laws against the wealthy
30
Athens' wealth during the Golden Age largely derived from
Taxes on trade and Delian league dues
31
What led to Athenian defeat and the conclusion of the peloponnesian wars
The Spartans enlisted the help of the Persians to build a navy that could force the Athenians to surrender
32
Who were the sophists
Traveling teachers who taught students philosophy and rhetoric for a fee
33
The Hellenic league, founded in 480 bc, was
A coalition of 31 greek city-states allied to fight the Persians
34
Which two Greek city states were most powerful during the fifth century bc
Athens and Sparta
35
For Plato, the forms represented
The abstract, invisible, and invariable realities of ethical mediums
36
What was the most significant characteristic of the Hellenistic age
Mixing of near eastern and Greek cultural traditions
37
Hellenistic kingdoms..
Recruited mostly Greeks and Macedonians for high-level administrative posts
38
The revolt led by Judah the Maccabee was provoked by
The Seleucid king outlawing Judaism and converting the Jewish temple in Jerusalem into a Greek house of worship
39
What was the academy, and where was it located
It was a philosophical school established in Athens by Plato
40
How did Plato share his ideas and philosophy?
Dialogues
41
What was the background of high-ranking officials in Hellenistic monarchies
Greek or Macedonian immigrants
42
What did roman morality primarily emphasize
Virtue, faithfulness, respect
43
The roman concept of authority was based on the belief that
Society had to be hierarchical to be just
44
What was the primary function of the gods in roman religion
Guarding roles safety and prosperity
45
The roman senate was originally created as a
Council of distinguished men who advised and councils the king
46
During the roman republic, the potential career of a patrician typically consisted of
Military service and election to the offices of quaestor, aedile, praetor, and consul
47
How did the office of tribune differ from most other political offices
It was established to serve and protect the plebeian order, not all of society
48
Why did so many farmers sink into debt or lose land in the years of roman republic
Farmers hoped for easily gotten spoils while in military service and resisted returning to their farms
49
How were the violent deaths of Tiberius and gains gradus a turning point in the history of the roman republic
Their deaths broke with the traditional taboo against political violence and introduced factions into roman politics
50
What did the roman generals Sulla, Pompey, and julius Caesar have in common
A willingness to embroil Rome in civil wars to secure their own personal wealth and power
51
How did the general and politician gradus Pompey shatter roman tradition
By demanding and receiving a consulship long before he had reached the legal age
52
The first triumvirate of Pompey, Crassus, and caesar formed in 60 bc when
The senate's challenge to Pompey forced him into a coalition with his two greatest rivals
53
Who formed the second triumvirate
Octavian, Antony, Lepidus
54
What was the roman political system devised by Augustus
Principate
55
Why did Augustus use the title princeps
He did not want to offend his countrymen with a more monarchical title
56
The forum of Augustus served as a
Temple, gathering place, and monument to Augustus
57
What was the most popular of the philosophies espoused by upperclass Romans
Stoicism, which required self-discipline
58
What fundamental change took place in the army during Pax Romana
The army was put under the direct command of the senate, which significantly reduced the army's total number of legions
59
How did Octavian win the roman people's support against Antony
Octavian turned many Romans against Antony by playing on their fear of foreigners and asserting that Antony intended to make cleopatra their ruler
60
Why did Augustus not create and codify in law a formal mechanism by which all future emperors could be chosen
Since the Roman Empire was not formally a monarchy, no successor could automatically inherit the previous emperor's power without the senate's approval
61
What advantage did serving in the army confer on no citizens from the provinces
It granted them the opportunity to learn latin, live by roman customs, and receive roman citizenship upon discharge
62
The difficulties facing Rome in the third century convinced the emperor Decius of the need to appease the gods, so between 249 and 251 he...
Ordered all citizens to sacrifice to the gods for the welfare of the state and executed all Christians who refused to do so
63
Why did classical pagan texts in Latin and Greek survive in the Byzantine empire, even though its leaders had become ardent christians
Christian education and literature in this bilingual empire drew on nonchristian latin and Greek models
64
Scholars under the direction of Justinian I produced the codex, the digest, and the institutes, all of which had enormous impacts on European
Law
65
The epidemic that swept through Byzantium in the 540s killed one third of its people and
Disastrously reduced the pool of army recruits and number of taxpayers
66
The Visigoths and the franks were the first of the Frankish tribes to have written codes of law. What language were their laws written in
Latin
67
Which roman territory did the anglosaxons conquer in the 440s
Britain
68
The eighty thousand vandals who captured North Africa early in the fifth century
Interrupted shipments of food to Rome
69
The Visigoths, whom the western emperor Honorius permitted to settle in southwestern Gaul, were the first of the barbarian tribes to
Organize a political state and develop a distinct ethnic identity
70
In tribal societies of the fourth and fifthd centuries, women
Were valued primarily for their ability to bear children
71
The standard code of monastic conduct in the west that took shape around 540 was know as the rule of saint
Benedict
72
Why did Diocletian launch his Great Persecution of Christians
He believed that the wrath of the gods had caused the crisis of the third century and that returning to the ancient gods would win back divine favor
73
What factor allowed christianity to become the dominant religion in the course of the fourth century
The acceptance that christianity gave to men and women of all social groups and classes
74
Which emperor declared christianity to be the official religion of the Roman Empire
Theodisus I
75
As the church's influence in state affairs grew
The bishops came to replace the curials as the emperors partners in local rule
76
Monophysitism, nestorianism, and Arianism were all part of the debate about
Nature of Christ
77
Where did important attempts to end doctrinal disputes and clarify christian orthodoxy take place
The councils of Nicaea and Chalcedon
78
The term "Byzantine Empire" refers to
The eastern half of the Roman Empire
79
Why did relations between Rome and the Byzantine Empire deteriorate so markedly in the late seventh and early eighth centuries
Doctrinal issues, including the thorny question of icons, began to divide eastern and western churches
80
Which family displaced the Merovingian dynasty and established a new royal line
Carolingians
81
Grants of land, theoretically temporary, from lords to their noble Dependents given in recognition of services, usually military, done or expected in the future
Fiefs
82
The Carolingian King whose conquests greatly expanded the Frankish kingdom. Crowned emperor on dec. 25, 800
Charlemagne
83
Established when powerful men came together to elect a new french King in 987
Capetian dynasty
84
The Carolingian dynasty's relationship with the RomN papacy can be characterized as
Close, as the pope legitimized the Carolingian claim to the throne and was in turn supported by the Carolingians
85
Charlemagne was a man of tremendous contractions; he attempted to
implement a unifying vision of an empire that would fuse roman, Germanic, and christian traditions
86
How did Charlemagne resurrect old imperial models?
He embarked on massive building projects, established a capital, and served as a patron of the arts
87
What was the responsibility of the missi dominici
Overseeing the regional governors on behalf of Charlemagne
88
Which of the following is an accurate statement
Charlemagne recruited a circle of scholars to inaugurate a revival of learning, Alcuin brought the traditions of anglosaxon scholarship to charlemagne's center for study, and during the Carolingian Renaissance both scholarship and art served both political and religious goals.
89
The treaty of verdun
Divided thr Carolingian empire between the three surviving sons of louis the pious
90
The act of homage and promise of fealty were
Part of the ritual whereby citizens, both men and women, became vassals of a lord
91
How did a medieval serf's dependency differ from that of a vassal
A serf's position was inherited, not voluntary
92
Schools in the latter half of the twelfth century were set up to train
Priests and monks
93
Original significance of Magna Carta
Implied King not above law, confirmed rights of nobility
94
Early universities were characterized by
Independence from secular control
95
What were the beguines
Laywomen who lived together in informal pious communities
96
How were cathars different from Franciscans
They rejected the authority of church hierarchy
97
What happened to Slavic princes as a result of northern crusades
Many surrendered and converted to Christianity, later gaining wealth by participating in eastern crusades
98
Why did learning advance in eleventh and twelfth centuries
Widespread use of latin
99
What was characteristic of royal authority by the end of twelfth century
Growing use of salaried professionals to administer kingdoms
100
Who provided stiffest opposition to henry II's extension of Royal courts
Church
101
Medieval synthesis
Attempt to unify all things with christianity
102
How did Pope Innocent III, the most powerful and respected of medieval popes, conceive of the papacy
As a means to promote law and moral reformation through the magnification of his authority
103
Udon laypeople, what was the Moses important topic addressed in the Fourth Lateran Council
Nature of the sacraments
104
What did the fourth Lateran council require Jews to do
Advertise their religion by some outward sign
105
Why did preaching Friars such as berthold attract such large audiences
They offered practical teaching focused on applying the christian message to everyday life
106
How did the third Lateran council encourage the church to treat lepers
As objects of bothe charity and disgust, with separate churches and cemeteries
107
What did the early thirteenth century scholastics believe about reason and faith
Knowledge gained through reason is compatible with knowledge gained through faith and revelation
108
Fundamental characteristic of scholasticism was belief in
Orderliness of the world and power of humans to make sense of it
109
How did thirteenth and fourteenth century leaders strengthen their position
Systematically enforcing order through taxes, courts, and representative institutions
110
What was the goal of the fourth Lateran council called by pope innocent III
Regulating all aspects of christian life
111
Transubstantiation
Transformation of bread and wine into body and blood of Christ during communion
112
Great themes of scholastic movement
Harmony, logical exposition
113
Thomas aquinas wrote
Summa theologiae
114
Mongol invasions had most lasting impact in
Russia
