Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Head & Neck Anatomy > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

Scalp Attachments

A

Anterior- supraorbital margin Posterior- superior nuchal line Laterally- extends over the temporal fascia to the zygomatic bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Layers of Scalp

A

Skin Dense connective tissue Epicranial aponeurosis Loose areolar connective tissue pericranium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Skin of the scalp

A

contains sweat glands, sebaceous glands, and hair follicles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Dense connective tissue of the scalp

A

thick, dense, well supplied with nerves and blood vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Epicranial Aponeurosis

A

tendinous sheet forms the attachment to occipitalis and frontalis and auricular muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Loose areolar tissue of the scalp

A

contains the emissary veins, the dangerous layer of scalp with the case of infection as there are no valves separating inside and outside in the emissary veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Pericranium of the scalp

A

forms the external periosteum of the neurocranium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Innervation of the scalp

A

Anterior to the Auricle- CN V, all three branches of the trigeminal nerve Posterior to the Auricle- spinal cutaneous nerves, C2 C3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Sensory Nerves in the anterior scalp

A

Supratrochlear Supraorbital Zygomaticotemporal Auriculotemporal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Motor Nerve of the anterior scalp

A

Temporal branch of the facial nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Supratrochlear nerve

A

supplies the skin and pericranium of the anteromedial forehead

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Supraorbital nerve

A

supplies the skin of the forehead and scalp to vertex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Zygomaticotemporal Nerve

A

supplies hairless skin and anterior part of the temporal fossa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Auriculotemporal nerve

A

supplies the skin of the posterior 2/3 of temporal region

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Temporal Branch of the Facial Nerve

A

supplies the frontalis muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Sensory nerves of the Posterior Scalp

A

Third Occipital nerve Greater Occipital nerve Lesser Occipital nerve Great Auricular nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Motor nerve of the posterior scalp

A

Posterior Auricular nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Third Occipital Nerve

A

Dorsal Ramus of C3 supplies the skin of the posterior 2/3 of temporal region

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Greater Occipital Nerve

A

Dorsal Ramus of C2 supplies the scalp of occipital region

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Lesser Occipital Nerve

A

Ventral Ramus of C2 supplies the scalp posterior to the auricle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Great Auricular Nerve

A

Ventral Ramus of C2 and C3 supplies the skin overlying the angle of the mandible, auricle, and parotid sheath

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Posterior Auricular Nerve

A

branch of facial nerve, supplies the occipitalis muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Supratrochlear artery

A

artery of the anterior scalp branch of opthalmic aretery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Supraorbital artery

A

artery of the anterior scalp branch of opthalmic artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Superficial temporal artery

A

artery of the anterior scalp terminal branch of external carotid artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Occipital Artery

A

artery of posterior scalp branch of external carotid artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Posterior auricular artery

A

artery of posterior scalp branch of external carotid artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Supratrochlear Vein

A

Vein of anterior scalp drains into facial vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Supraorbital Vein

A

Vein of anterior scalp drains into facial vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Superficial Temporal Vein

A

Vein of anterior scalp drains into retromandibular vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Occipital Vein

A

Vein of the posterior scalp drains into suboccipital venous plexus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Posterior auricular vein

A

Vein of the posterior scalp drains into the external jugular vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Occipitofrontalis

A

occipital and frontal bellies epicranial aponeurosis is the common tendon of the two bellies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Frontal belly of occipitofrontalis

A

O: epicranial aponeurosis I: skin and subcutaneous tissue of the eyebrows and forehead A: elevate the eyebrows and wrinkles skin of the forehead, protracts the scalp NS: Temporal branch of facial nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Occipital Belly of occipitofrontalis

A

O: lateral 2/3 of the superior nuchal line I: epicranial aponeurosis A: retract the scalp, increasing effectiveness of the frontal belly NS: Posterior auricular nerve, a branch of the facial nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Muscles of the Face

A

move the skin to change facial expression develop from mesoderm in the second pharyngeal arches

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Corrugator supercilii

A

O: medial end of the superciliary arch I: skin superior to the middle supraorbital margin and superciliary arch A: draws the eyebrows inferomedially and creates vertical wrinkles above the nose NS: temporal branch of the facial nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Procerus

A

and transverse part of nasalis

O: fascia aponeurosis covering the nasal bone and lateral nasal cartilage

I: skin of the inferior forehead

A: are to depress medial end of eyebrow, wrinkles skin over dorsum of nose (conveying dislike)
NS:by the zygomatic branch of facial nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Levator labii superioris alaque nasi

A

plus the alar part of nasalis

O: frontal process of maxillary

I: major alar cartilage

A: depresses ala laterally, dilating anterior nasal passage

NS: zygomatic branch of facial nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Orbicularis oris

A

O: medial part of maxilla I: mucous membrane of the lips A: close oral fissure, phasic contraction compresses and protrudes lips, and resists distension NS: buccal branch of facial nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Levator labii superioris

A

O: infraorbital margin of maxilla I: skin of the upper lip A: part of dilators of mouth and to retract the upper lip and deepen nasolabial sulcus NS: buccal branch of facial nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Zygomaticus Minor

A

O: anterior aspect of the zygomatic bone I: skin of the upper lip A: dilates mouth, retracts and elevates the upper lip and deepens the nasolabial sulcus NS: zygomatic branch of the facial nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Buccinator

A

O: pterygomandibular raphe, alveolar processes of maxilla and alveolar processes of mandible I: angle of mouth (modiolus) A: compress the cheek against the teeth NS: buccal branch of facial nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Zygomaticus major

A

O: lateral aspect of zygomatic bone I: into the angle of mouth (modiolus) A: dilates the mouth and elevates the labial commisure bilaterally to smile NS: Zygomatic branch of facial nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Levator anguli oris

A

O: canine fossa of the maxilla I: angle of mouth (modiolus) A: dilator of mouth and widens oral fissure as when grinning NS: buccal branch of the facial nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Risorius

A

O: parotid fascia and buccal skin I: angle of the mouth (modiolus) A: dilators of mouth and to depress the labial commisure bilaterally to show sadness NS: marginal mandibular branch of facial nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Depressor anguli oris

A

O: anterolateral base of mandible I: the angle of mouth (modiolus) A: dilator of mouth and to retract (depress) and or evert the lower lip (sadness) NS: Marginal mandibular branch of facial nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Depressor labii inferioris

A

O: anterolateral body of mandible I: skin of lower lip A: dilate the mouth and evert the lower lip NS: marginal mandibular branch of facial nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Mentalis

A

O: incisive fossa of the body of mandible I: the skin of the chin A: elevate and protrude the lower lip and elevate skin of chin NS: marginal mandibular branch of facial nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Platysma

A

O: superficial fascia of deltoid and pectoral regions I: base of the mandible A: to depress the mandible and tense skin of inferior face and neck (conveying tension and stress) NS: Cervical branch of facial nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Orbicularis Oculi

A

O: medial orbital margin of the orbit, medial palpebral ligament and lacrimal bone I: skin around the margin of the orbit and to the superior and inferior tarsal plates A: close the eyelids, palpebral part does so gently and orbital part closes the eyelids tightly (winking) NS: temporal and zygomatic branches of facial nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Sensory innervation of the skin of the face

A

trigeminal nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Motor supply of the face

A

facial nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Sensory nerves of the face

A

cutaneous branches of the opthalmic nerve cutaneous branches of the maxillary nerve Cutaneous branches of the mandibular nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Cutaneous branches of the opthalmic nerve

A

External nasal nerve Infratrochlear nerve Supratrochlear nerve Supraorbital nerve Lacrimal nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Cutaneous branch of the maxillary nerve

A

Infraorbital nerve Zygomaticotemporal nerve Zygomaticofacial nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Cutaneous branch of the mandibular nerve

A

Auriculotemporal nerve Buccal nerve Mental nerve Great auricular nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Temporal branch of the facial nerve

A

supplies auricularis superior, auricularis anterior, frontal belly of occipitofrontalis and superior part of orbicularis oculi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Zygomatic branch of the facial nerve

A

supplies the inferior part of orbicularis oculi and other facial muscles inferior to the orbit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

Buccal brach of the facial nerve

A

supplies the buccinator, upper part of orbicularis oris and inferior fibers of levator labii superioris

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

Marginal mandibular branch of the facial nerve

A

supplies risorius and muscles of the lower lip and chin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

Cervical branch of facial nerve

A

supplies the platysma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

Branches of the facial artery

A

Inferior labial superior labial Lateral nasal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

Transverse facial artery

A

branch of superficial temporal artery supplies parotid gland, parotid duct, masseter, and skin of the face

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

Veins of the face

A

supratrochlear supraorbital facial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

Supratrochlear vein

A

communicates with supraorbital vein and forms the angular vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

Supraorbital vein

A

communicates with supratrochlear vein and forms angular vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

Facial vein

A

begins near the medial angle of the eye by the union of supratrochlear and supraorbital veins and joined by the anterior branch of the retromandibular vein and forms the common facial vein, which joins the internal jugular vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

Communications of the facial vein

A

deep facial vein connects it to the pterygoid venous plexus superior opthalmic vein connects it to the cavernous sinus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

parotid gland

A

is the largest of the three paired salivary glands and is a purely a serous type of gland enclosed within a tough, unyielding, fibrous capsule, the parotid sheath

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

Parotid shealth

A

capsule derived from the investing layer of deep cervical fascia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

Apex of the Parotid gland

A

posterior to the angle of the mandible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

Base of the Parotid gland

A

related to the zygomatic arch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

Structures embedded in the Parotid gland

A

parotid plexus of facial nerve and its branches, retromandibular vein, external carotid artery and parotid lymph nodes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

Parotid duct

A

approx 5 cm long, travels horizontally from the anterior edge of the gland pierces the buccinator at the anterior border of the masseter enters the oral cavity through a small orifice opposite the second maxillary molar tooth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

Sensory innervation of parotid sheath and overlying skin?

A

auriculotemporal nerve and great auricular nerve (C2 C3)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

presynaptic parasympathetic fibers to the parotid

A

glossopharyngeal nerve, IX cranial and runs to the otic ganglion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

Postganglionic secretomotor fibers to the parotid

A

run through the auriculotemporal nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

Sympathetic supply to the parotid

A

supply from the superior cervical ganglion, through the external carotid plexus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

Temporal region

A

superior to the zygomatic arch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

temporal fossa

A

occupied by the upper portion of the temporalis muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

Boundaries of the Temporal fossa

A

Posterior and superior- by the temporal lines anterior- zygomatic and frontal bones lateral- zygomatic arch inferior- infratemporal fossa Floor- pterion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
83
Q

Contents of the temporal fossa

A

temporal fascia upper part of temporalis muscle deep temporal nerves deep temporal vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
84
Q

Infratemporal fossa

A

inferior to the zygomatic arch, deep to the ramus of the mandible and posterior to the maxilla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
85
Q

Boundaries of the infratemporal fossa

A

Lateral- ramus of mandible Medial- lateral pterygoid plate Anterior- posterior aspect of the maxilla Posterior- tympanic plate, mastoid, and styloid process of the temporal bone Superior- infratemporal surface of the greater wing of the sphenoid Inferior- at the attachment of the medial pterygoid muscle to the mandible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
86
Q

Contents of the infratemporal fossa

A

the inferior part of temporalis, lateral pterygoid, medial pterygoid, maxillary artery and its branches, pterygoid venous plexus, mandibular nerve and its branches (inferior alveolar, lingual, buccal nerves), chorda tympani nerve, otic ganglion (one of the parasympathetic ganglia)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
87
Q

Muscles of Mastication

A

Temporalis Masseter Lateral Pterygoid Medial Pterygoid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
88
Q

Temporalis

A

triangular O: the floor of temporal fossa, inferior temporal line and deep surface of temporal fascia I: coronoid process of mandible and anterior border of ramus of mandible A: elevate and retract the mandible NS: deep temporal nerves (branches of anterior division of mandibular nerve)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
89
Q

Masseter

A

a quadrate muscle O: inferior border and medial surface of the zygomatic arch I: the angle and lateral surface of ramus of mandible A: to elevate and protrude the mandible NS: the masseteric nerve (branch of anterior division of mandibular nerve)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
90
Q

Lateral pterygoid

A

triangular two headed muscle O: Upper head from the infratemporal surface and crest of greater wing of sphenoid Lower head from the lateral surface of lateral pterygoid plate I: Upper head attaches to joint capsule and articular disc of TM joint Lower head attaches to the pterygoid fovea on the neck of mandible A: Acting bilaterally protracts mandible and depresses chin Acting unilaterally, chewing movements NS: pterygoid branch from anterior division of mandibular nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
91
Q

medial pterygoid

A

quadrangular two-headed muscle O: Superficial head from the tuberosity of the maxilla Deep head from the medial surface of lateral pterygoid plate and pyramidal process of palatine bone I: the medial surface of ramus of mandible A: with the masseter elevates and protrude the mandible NS: the trunk of mandibular nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
92
Q

Maxillary Artery

A

terminal branch of external carotid artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
93
Q

First part of maxillary artery

A

Mandibular part passes deep to the neck of the mandibular condyle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
94
Q

Second part of maxillary artery

A

pterygoid part passes between the two heads of lateral pterygoid muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
95
Q

Third part of the maxillary artery

A

pterygopalatine part disappears through the pterygomaxillary fissure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
96
Q

Branches of the first part of the maxillary artery

A

Deep auricular anterior tympanic middle meningeal accessory meningeal inferior alveolar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
97
Q

Branches of the second part of the maxillary artery

A

masseteric deep temporal pterygoid buccal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
98
Q

Branches from the third part of the maxillary artery

A

posterior superior alveolar infraorbital artery of pterygoid canal pharyngeal branch descending palatine sphenopalatine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
99
Q

Deep auricular artery

A

supplies the temporalmandibular joint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
100
Q

anterior tympanic artery

A

supplies the tympanic membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
101
Q

Middle meningeal artery

A

supplies the meninges, periosteum, bone, red marrow, dura mater, trigeminal ganglion, facial nerve, geniculate ganglion, tympanic cavity, and tensor tympani muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
102
Q

accessory meningeal artery

A

supplies the infratemporal fossa, sphenoid bone, mandibular nerve, and otic ganglion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
103
Q

Inferior alveolar artery

A

supplies the mandible, mandibular teeth, chin and mylohyoid muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
104
Q

Masseteric artery

A

traverses the mandibular notch, supplies the temporomandibular joint and masseter muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
105
Q

Deep temporal arteries

A

anterior and posterior mainly supply the temporalis muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
106
Q

pterygoid branches of the second part of the maxillary artery

A

supplies the pterygoid muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
107
Q

Buccal artery

A

runs with the buccal nerve, supplies the buccal fat pad, buccinator muscle, and buccal oral mucosa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
108
Q

posterior superior alveolar artery

A

supplies the maxillary molar and premolar teeth and the mucous membrane of the maxillary sinus

109
Q

Infraorbital artery

A

supplies the inferior oblique, and inferior rectus muscles, lacrimal sac, maxillary canines and incisors, mucous membrane of the maxillary sinus and skin of the infraorbital region of the face

110
Q

Artery of the pterygoid canal

A

supplies the mucosa of the the upper pharynx, pharyngotympanic tube, and tympanic cavity

111
Q

pharyngeal branch

A

supplies the nasopharynx, sphenoidal air sinus, and pharyngotympanic tube

112
Q

Descending palatine artery

A

divides into greater and lesser palatine arteries, supplies the palatine glands of the hard and soft palate

113
Q

Sphenopalatine artery

A

terminal part of the maxillary artery supplies the walls and septum of the nasal canity, frontal, ethmoidal, sphenoidal, and maxillary air sinuses, and anterior palate

114
Q

pterygoid venous plexus

A

is located partly between the temporalis and pterygoid muscles

115
Q

Mandibular nerve

A

arises from the trigeminal ganglion, descends through the forman ovale into the infratemporal fossa divides into sensory and motor branches

116
Q

Branches from the trunk of the mandibular nerve

A

nervous spinosus (meningeal branch of mandibular nerve) and nerve to medial pterygoid

117
Q

Branches from the anterior division of the mandibular nerve

A

buccal, masseteric, deep temporal and pterygoid branches

118
Q

Buccal Nerve

A

sensory supply to the skin over the buccinator

119
Q

masseteric nerve

A

supplies the masseter muscle

120
Q

Deep temporal nerve

A

supplies temporalis

121
Q

pterygoid branch of the anterior division of the mandibular nerve

A

supplies lateral pterygoid

122
Q

Branches from the posterior division of the mandibular nerve

A

lingual, auriculotemporal, inferior alveolar nerves

123
Q

Auriculortemporal Nerve

A

encircles the middle meningeal artery and supplies sensory fibers to the auricle, temporal region, TM joint and postsynaptic parasympathetic secretomotor fibers from the otic ganglion to the parotid gland

124
Q

Inferior Alveolar Nerve

A

enters the mandibular foramen, passes through the mandibular canal It gives a branch mental nerve passes through the mental foramen and supplies skin and mucous membrane of the lower lip, skin of the chin and mandibular incisor teeth It gives a myloyhoid branch, that supplies the two muscles, mylohyoid and anterior belly of digastric

125
Q

Lingual Nerve

A

nerve lies anterior to the inferior alveolar nerve and supplies general sensation to the anterior two thirds of tongue

126
Q

Chorda Tympani Nerve

A

a branch of facial nerve, carrying taste fibers to the anterior two - thirds of the tongue, carries secretomotor fibers for the submandibular and sublingual salivary glands

127
Q

Otic ganglion

A

parasympathetic located in the infratemporal fossa, just inferior to the foramen ovale, medial to the mandibular nerve and posterior to medial pterygoid muscle

128
Q

Presynaptic parasympathetic fibers of the otic ganglion

A

derived mainly from the glossopharyngeal nerve, synapse in the otic ganglion

129
Q

Postsynaptic parasympathetic fibers of the otic ganglion

A

secretory to the parotid gland pass from the otic ganglion through the auriculotemporal nerve

130
Q

Temporomadibular joint

A

a modified hinge type of synovial joint It permits gliding and a small degree of rotation, in addition to flexion (elevation) and extension (depression) movements Bony articular surfaces involved are the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone, articular tubercle of the temporal bone and head of the mandible

131
Q

Fibrous layer of articular capsule of the Temporomadibular joint

A

attaches to the margins of the articular cartilage on the temporal bone and around the neck of the mandible

132
Q

Superior synovial mambrane of the Temporomadibular joint

A

lines the fibrous capsule superior to the articular disc

133
Q

Inferior synovial mambrane of the Temporomadibular joint

A

lines the fibrous capsule inferior to the articular disc

134
Q

Articular disc of the temporomandibular joint

A

attached to the fibrous capsule and creates two separate compartments

135
Q

Superior compartment of the temporomandibular joint

A

brings gliding movements of protrusion and retrusion

136
Q

Inferior compartment of the temporomandibular joint

A

brings hinge movements of depression and elevation

137
Q

Lateral ligament of the temporomandibular joint

A

formed by the thick part of the articular capsule It acts to prevent posterior dislocation of the joint

138
Q

Stylomandibular ligament of the temporomandibular joint

A

runs from the styloid process to the angle of the mandible

139
Q

Sphenomandibular ligament of the temporomandibular joint

A

runs from the spine of the sphenoid bone to the lingula of the mandible It is the primary passive support of the mandible and serves as a ‘swinging hinge’ for the and mandible serving both as a fulcrum and as a check ligament for the movements of the mandible at the TM joint

140
Q

Elevation at the temporomandibular joint

A

closes the mouth be temporalis, masseter, and medial pterygoid

141
Q

Depression at the temporomandibular joint

A

opens the mouth by the lateral pterygoid, masseter, and medial pterygoid

142
Q

Protrusion at the temporomandibular joint

A

protrudes chin by lateral pterygoid, masseter, and medial pterygoid

143
Q

Retrusion at the temporomandibular joint

A

retrudes chin by the posterior fibers of temporalis and masster

144
Q

Lateral movements

A

grinding and chewing by the temporalis of the same side, pterygoids of opposite side and masseter

145
Q

Oral cavity

A

consists of two parts: oral vestibule oral cavity proper

146
Q

Oral vestibule

A

space between teeth, lips, and cheeks

147
Q

Oral cavity proper

A

space between upper and lower dental arches

148
Q

Upper lip

A

supplied by the superior labial artery and infraorbital nerve

149
Q

Lower lip

A

supplied by the inferior labial, mental arteries and mental nerve

150
Q

Hard Palate

A

formed by the maxilla and palatine bones

151
Q

Soft Palate

A

palate has no bony skeleton, made of muscles and aponeurosis, suspended from the posterior border of the hard palate

152
Q

Uvula

A

the conical process hanging from the end of the soft palate

153
Q

Palatine aponeurosis

A

formed by the expanded tendon of tensor veli palatini

154
Q

Tensor Veli Palatini

A

O: from the scaphoid fossa of the medial pterygoid plate, spine of the sphenoid bone and cartilage of the auditory tube I: the palatine aponeurosis A: to tense the soft palate NS: nerve to medial pterygoid, branch of mandibular nerve via otic ganglion

155
Q

Levator Veli Palatini

A

O: from the cartilage of the auditory tube and petrous part of the temporal bone I: into the palatine aponeurosis A: elevate the soft palate during swallowing and yawning NS: the pharyngeal branch of vagus nerve, via pharyngeal plexus

156
Q

Palatoglossus

A

O: the palatine aponeurosis I: into the side of the tongue A: to elevate the posterior part of the tongue NS: the pharyngeal branch of vagus nerve, via pharyngeal plexus

157
Q

palatopharyngeus

A

O: from the hard palate and palatine aponeurosis I: into the lateral wall of the pharynx A: to tense the soft palate NS: the pharyngeal branch of vagus nerve, via pharyngeal plexus

158
Q

Musculus uvulae

A

O: from the posterior nasal spine and palatine aponeurosis I: into the mucosa of the uvula A: is to shorten the uvula and pulls it superiorly NS: the pharyngeal branch of vagus nerve, via pharyngeal plexus

159
Q

arteries of the palate

A

greater palatine lesser palatine acsending palatine

160
Q

Veins of the palate

A

tributaries to the pterygoid venous plexus

161
Q

Sensory nerves of the palate

A

branches of the pterygopalatine ganglion, greater palatine, nasopalatine, and letter palatine

162
Q

Tongue

A

Lies partly in the oral cavity Parts: root (attached to the hyoid bone and mandible) dorsum apex body inferior surface

163
Q

Circumvallate papillae of the tongue

A

large, lie anterior to the terminal sulcus, arranged in a V shaped two, studded with taste buds

164
Q

Foliate papillae of the tongue

A

poorly developed in humans

165
Q

Filiform papillae of the tongue

A

parallel to the terminal sulcus, except at the apex

166
Q

Fungiform papillae of the tongue

A

mushroom shaped, more numerous at the apex and margins of the tongue

167
Q

lingual tonsil

A

collection of lymphoid nodules in the posterior part of the tongue

168
Q

Extrinsic muscles of the tongue

A

genioglossus hyoglossus styloglossus palatoglossus

169
Q

Intrinsic muscles of the tongue

A

superior longitudinal inferior longitudinal transverse vertical Supplies by hypoglossal nerve

170
Q

Genioglossus

A

O: from the superior mental spine / genial tubercle of the mandible I: the entire dorsum of the tongue and body of the hyoid bone A: to depress the tongue NS: the hypoglossal nerve (12th cranial nerve)

171
Q

Hyoglossus

A

O: body and greater horn of hyoid bone I: the inferior aspect of lateral part of the tongue A: to depress the tongue and help to shorten the tongue NS: the hypoglossal nerve (12th cranial nerve)

172
Q

Styloglossus

A

O: from the styloid process of the temporal bone and stylohyoid ligament I: into the side of the tongue A: is to elevate the side of the tongue NS: the hypoglossal nerve (12th cranial nerve)

173
Q

Palatoglossus

A

O: from the palatine aponeurosis of the soft palate I: into the posterolateral side of the tongue A: to elevate the posterior part of the tongue and depresse the soft palate NS: by the pharyngeal branch of vagus nerve via the pharyngeal plexus

174
Q

This is Guinness.. she’s really cute and there are a lot of cards in this set

175
Q

motor nerve supply of the tongue

A

is from the hypoglossal nerve (12th cranial nerve) which supplies all the muscles of the tongue, except palatoglossus

176
Q

Sensory nerve supply of the tongue

A

lingual

chorda tympani

glossopharyngeal

internal laryngeal

177
Q

Lingual nerve

A

a branch of mandibular nerve, supplies general sensation to anterior two - thirds of the tongue

178
Q

Chorda Tympani Nerve

A

a branch of facial nerve, supplies special sensation, taste fibers to anterior two - thirds of the tongue

179
Q

Glossopharyngeal Nerve

A

9th cranial nerve

supplies both general and special sensations to posterior one - third of the tongue

180
Q

Internal Laryngeal Nerve

A

a branch of vagus nerve, supplies mostly general and some special sensation to the root of the tongue in front of the epiglottis

181
Q

Arterial supply of the tongue

A

is derived from the lingual artery, a branch of external carotid artery

182
Q

Veins of the tongue

A

drain into dorsal lingual vein and deep lingual vein

183
Q

Salivary Glands

A

Parotid

Sublingual

Submandibular

184
Q

Submandibular gland

A

lie along the body of the mandible, partly deep to the mylohyoid muscle

185
Q

Submandibular duct

A

is about 5 cm long, lies between the mylohyoid and hyoglossus and opens into the sublingual papilla

186
Q

Sublingual gland

A

the smallest and most deeply situated gland, lie in the floor of the mouth between the mandible and the genioglossus muscle

187
Q

sublingual duct

A

opens into the floor of the mouth

188
Q

pterygopalatine fossa

A

is a small pyramidal space inferior to the apex of the orbit

189
Q

Contents of the pterygopalatine fossa

A

are the terminal (third )part of the maxillary artery, maxillary nerve, nerve of the pterygoid canal and pterygopalatine ganglion

190
Q

pterygopalatine ganglion

A

lies in pterygopalatine fossa suspended by the ganglionic branches of maxillary nerve

It conveys secretomotor fibers to lacrimal gland

191
Q

Nose

A

includes external nose and nasal cavity

The nasal cavity divided into right and left by the nasal septum

192
Q

Choanae

A

aka posterior nasal aperatures

are located posteriorly, communicate with the nasopharynx

193
Q

Boundaries of the nasal cavity

A

Roof by the nasal, frontal, ethmoid bone and sphenoidal bones
Floor by the palatine process of maxilla and horizontal plate of palatine bone
Medial wall is the nasal septum formed by the septal cartilage, perpendicular plate of ethmoid and vomer

Lateral wall by the three nasal conchae, are superior, middle and inferior

194
Q

Sphenoethmoidal Recess

A

recess lies superior to superior concha, receives the opening of sphenoidal sinus

195
Q

Conchae

A

Superior, middle, and inferior

divide the nasal cavity into four passages

196
Q

Superior meatus

A

recieves the opening of the posterior ethmoidal sinus

197
Q

Middle Meatus

A

Contains the ehtmoidal infundibulum

semilunar hiatus

ethmoidal bulla

maxillary sinus opening

198
Q

Ethmoidal Infundibulum

A

funnel - shaped opening, communicates with the frontal sinus

199
Q

Semilunar Hiatus

A

is a groove into which the frontal sinus opens

200
Q

Ethmoidal bulla

A

a rounded elevation formed by the middle ethmoidal sinus

201
Q

Maxillary sinus

A

opens into the posterior end of the semilunar hiatus

202
Q

Inferior Meatus

A

nasolacrimal duct opens into the anterior part

203
Q

Paranasal sinuses

A

the air - filled extensions of the respiratory part of the nasal cavity, lighten the skull and add resonance to voice

They extend into the following cranial bones, frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid and maxilla

204
Q

Frontal Sinuses

A

located posterior to the superciliary arches

Each sinus opens into the semilunar hiatus of the middle meatus

205
Q

Ethmoidal sinuses

A

are located in the lateral mass of the ethmoid bone

Anterior ethmoidal cells drain into the middle meatus
Middle ethmoidal cells directly drain into the middle meatus, because they form the ethmoidal bulla
Posterior ethmoidal cells open directly into the superior meatus

206
Q

Sphenoidal sinuses

A

in the body of the sphenoid bone, separated by a bony septum

The sphenoidal sinuses open separately into the sphenoethmoidal sinus

207
Q

relations of the spenoidal air sinus

A

the optic nerve, optic chiasma, pituitary gland, internal carotid artery and cavernous sinus

208
Q

Maxillary Sinuses

A

the largest of the paranasal sinuses

occupy the bodies of the maxillae

Each maxillary sinus drains by an opening into the middle meatus of the nasal cavity by way of the semilunar hiatus

209
Q

Pharynx

A

extends from the cranial base to the cricoid cartilage and C6

continuous with the esophagus

divided into three parts, nasopharynx, oropharynx and laryngopharynx

210
Q

Features of the nasopharynx

A

Opening of the auditory / pharyngotympanic tube
Tubal elevation lies superior to the opening of auditory tube

Salpingopalatine fold, the anterior fold
Salpingopharyngeal fold is the posterior fold

Salpingopharyngeaus muscle covers the salpingopharyngeal fold

Pharyngeal recess is a space lies posterior to the salpnigopahryngeal fold
Pharyngeal tonsil, is an aggeagated lymphoid tissue

Tubal tonsil, is a collection of lymphoid tissue near the pharyngeal orifice of the auditory tube

211
Q

Features of the oropharynx

A

Palatoglossal arch / fold, is a mucous fold extends from the soft palate to the tongue
Palatoglossus muscles covers the palatoglossal fold
Palatopharyngeal arch / fold, extends from the soft palate to the superior border of epiglottis
Tonsillar sinus is the space between the two folds
Palatine tonsil is a collection of lymphoid tissue between the palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal arches

212
Q

Features of the laryngopharynx

A

Inlet of the larynx, through which the laryngopharynx communicates with the larynx
Piriform recess / piriform fossa or sinus, is a small depression on either side of the laryngeal inlet

213
Q

Contents of the piriform recess

A

the internal laryngeal, recurrent laryngeal nerves and superior laryngeal artery

214
Q

Muscles of the Pharynx

A

Superior constrictor

Middle Constrictor

Inferior Constrictor

215
Q

Superior Constrictor Muscle

A

O: from the pterygoid hamulus, pterygomandibular raphe, posterior end of mylohyoid line of mandible and side of the tongue

I: into the pharyngeal tubercle on the basilar part of the occipital bone and median raphe of pharynx

A: to constrict the walls of the pharynx during swallowing

NS: by the pharyngeal branch of vagus nerve and pharyngeal plexus

216
Q

Middle Constrictor Muscle

A

O: from the stylohyoid ligament, greater and lesser horns of the hyoid bone

I: into the median pharyngeal raphe

A: to constrict the wall of the pharynx during swallowing
NS: by the pharyngeal branch of the vagus, pharyngeal plexus, external laryngeal nerve, and recurrent laryngeal nerve

217
Q

Inferior constrictor muscle

A

O: from oblique line of thyroid cartilage and side of cricoid cartilage

I: into the median pharyngeal raphe

A: to constrict the wall of the pharynx during swallowing

NS: pharyngeal branch of vagus nerve, pharyngeal plexus, external laryngeal nerve and recurrent laryngeal nerve

218
Q

Superior to the superior constrictor muscle

A

runs the auditory tube

219
Q

Between the superior and middle constrictor muscles

A

are the stylopharyngeus muscle and glossopharyngeal nerve

220
Q

Between the middle and inferior constrictor muscles

A

are the laryngeal nerve and the superior laryngeal artery

221
Q

Inferior to the inferior constrictor muscle

A

are the recurrent larygneal nerve and inferior laryngeal muscle

222
Q

Palatopharyngeus

A

O: from the hard palate and palatine aponeurosis

I: into the posterior border of lamina thyroid cartilage

A: to elevate the pharynx during swallowing and speaking

NS: by the pharyngeal branch of vagus nerve and pharyngeal plexus

223
Q

Salpingopharyngeus

A

O: from the styloid process of the temporal bone

I: blends with the palatopharyngeus

A: is to elevate the pharynx during swallowing and speaking

NS: by the pharyngeal branch of vagus nerve and pharyngeal plexus

224
Q

Stylopharyngeus

A

O: from the styloid process of the temporal bone

I: into the posterior and superior borders of thyroid cartilage

A: to elevate the pharynx and larynx during swallowing and speaking
NS: by the glossopharyngeal nerve (9th cranial nerve)

225
Q

Motor nerves of the pharynx

A

derive from the cranial root of the accessory nerve and are carried by the vagus nerve, via the pharyngeal branches to all the muscles of the pharynx EXCEPT:

Stylopharyngeus

Tensor veli palatini

inferior constrictor muscle

226
Q

Sensory fibers to the pharynx

A

glossopharyngeal nerve and maxillary division of trigeminal nerve

227
Q

Esophagus

A

is a muscular tube, begins at the inferior border of cricoid cartilage, at the level of C6

It pierces the diaphragm and enters the stomach at the cardiac orifice at the level of T10

The esophagus lies between the trachea and cervical vertebral column

228
Q

Recurrent laryngeal nerve runs

A

in the groove between the trachea and esophagus

229
Q

Ear

A

two functions: hearing and equilibrium

Consists of external, middle, and inner parts

230
Q

External acoustic meatus

A

2 - 3 cm long in adults, partly and partly bony
The cartilaginous part contains ceruminous and sebaceous glands and they produce cerumen (earwax)

231
Q

Tympanic membrane

A

Separates the external ear from the middle ear

thin, oval, semitransparent membrane

handle of the malleolus attaches to the inner surface of the membrane

Superior thin part- pars flaccida

Inferior part- pars tensa

232
Q

Umbo

A

the peak concavity of the tympanic membrane

233
Q

Middle ear

A

aka tympanic cavity, an air filled chamber with two parts:

tympanic cavity proper- the space directly internal to the tympanic membrane

epitympanic recess- the space superior to the tympanic membrane

234
Q

Boundaries of the Tympanic Cavity

A

Anterior- attached with the nasopharynx through the auditory tube

posterior- connected with the mastoid cells through the mastoid antrum

235
Q

Contents of the middle ear

A

the auditory ossicles (malleus, incus and stapes), stapedius and tensor tympani muscles, chorda tympani nerve (branch of facial nerve) and the tympanic plexus of nerves

236
Q

Walls of the tympanic cavity

A 
Tegmental wall (roof) is formed by a thin plate of bone, tegmen tympani
Jugular wall (floor) is formed by the jugular fossa
Membranous wall  (lateral wall) is formed by the tympanic membrane
Labyrinthine wall (medial wall) has the promontory, oval window and round window
Mastoid wall (posterior wall) has the aditus to the mastoid antrum, facial canal and the pyramidal eminence

Carotid wall (anterior wall) has the carotid canal (contains the internal carotid artery with its sympathetic plexus), opening of the pharyngotympanic tube and the canal for tensor tympani muscle

237
Q

oval window

A

aka fenestra vestibuli

an oval opening closed by the base of the stapes

238
Q

Round window

A

Aka fenestra chochlea

closed by seconday tympanic membrane

239
Q

Mastoid Antrum

A

a cavity in the mastoid process of the temporal bone and is related to the facial canal, connects the tympanic cavity to the mastoid air cells

240
Q

Malleus

A

auditory ossicle

handle is embedded in the tympanic membrane
The tendon of tensor tympani muscle inserts into its handle of malleus and the chorda tympani nerve crosses it

241
Q

Incus

A

auditory ossicle

located between malleus and stapes

242
Q

Stapes

A

the smallest auditory ossicle

closes the oval window

243
Q

Muscles of the tympanic cavity

A

Tensor tympani

stapedius

244
Q

Tensor Tympani

A

O: from the cartilaginous part of the auditory tube, greater wing of sphenoid and petrous part of the temporal bone

I: into the handle of malleus

A: to pull the handle of malleus, tensing the tympanic membrane and tends to prevent damage to the internal ear when one is exposed to loud sounds

NS: by the mandibular nerve

245
Q

Stapedius

A

smallest voluntary muscle of the body

O: from the pyramidal eminence in the posterior wall of the tympanic cavity

I: into the neck of the stapes

A: to pull the stapes, tightening the annular ligament and also prevents excessive movement of the stapes

NS: by the facial nerve

246
Q

Internal Ear

A

contains the vestibulocochlear organ concerned with the reception of sound and the maintenance of balance, consists of the sacs and the ducts

It has two parts, a bony labyrinth, filled with perilymph and a membranous labyrinth contains endolymph

247
Q

Bony Labyrinth

A

composed of the cochlea, vestibule, and three semicircular canals

248
Q

Cochlea

A

is a shell - shaped part, spirally coiled, contains the cochlear duct, concerned with hearing

The large basal turn of the cochlea produces the promontory

249
Q

Vestibule

A

contains the utricle and saccule, parts of the balancing apparatus (vestibular labyrinth)

Its lateral wall has the oval window or fenestra vestibuli, occupied by the base of the stapes

250
Q

Semicircular canals

A

are three, anterior, posterior and lateral, communicate with the vestibule of the bony labyrinth

They have a swelling at one end called bony ampulla

251
Q

Membranous labyrinth

A

consists of sacs and tubes, utricle, saccule, duct of the cochlea and three semicircular ducts

252
Q

Internal acoustic meatus

A

a narrow canal that runs laterally for 1 cm within the petrous part of the temporal bone

It transmits the facial nerve, branches of vestibulocochlear nerve and labyrinthine vessels

253
Q

Pharyngeal Arches

A

begin to form in the 4th week of development

The mesodermal bars that appear in the developing neck of the fetus are called the pharyngeal or bronchial arches
By the end of the 4th week, four well - defined pairs of pharyngeal arches are visible
Six arches develop, but the 5th one disappears
The 1st and 2nd arches are larger and overlap the other arches
The 5th and 6th arches are rudimentary and are not visible on the surface of the embryo

254
Q

First pharyngeal arch

A

aka mandibular arch

develops two prominences
Maxillary prominence gives rise to the maxilla, zygomatic and squamous part of the temporal bone
Mandibular prominence forms the mandible
The cartilage of the first arch is Meckel’s cartilage
The nerve of the first arch is mandibular nerve

255
Q

Derivatives of the first/mandibular arch

A

Skeletal elements are the mandible, incus and malleus

Ligaments are the sphenomandibular and anterior ligament of the malleus

Muscles developed from first arch are the four muscles of mastication (masseter, temporalis, lateral pterygoid and medial pterygoid), anterior belly of digastric mylohyoid, tensor tympani, tensor veli palatini

256
Q

Second pharyngeal arch

A

aka the hyoid arch

makes a major contribution to the formation of the hyoid bone

The cartilage of the second arch is Reichert’s cartilage

The nerve of the second arch is facial nerve (7th cranial nerve)

257
Q

Derivatives of the second pharyngeal arch

A

Skeletal elements are the stapes, styloid process, upper part of body of hyoid bone and lesser horn of hyoid bone

The ligament is the stylohyoid ligament

Muscles developed from second arch are the occipitofrontalis, all the muscles of facial expression, platysma, stylohyoid, posterior belly of digastric and stapedius

258
Q

Third pharyngeal arch

A

the nerve of the their arch is the glossopharyngeal nerve

259
Q

derivatives of the third pharyngeal arch

A

Skeletal elements are the lower part of the body of hyoid bone and greater horn of hyoid bone

Muscle developed from third arch is stylopharyngeus

260
Q

Fourth and Sixth pharyngeal arches

A

Merge

nerves are the superior laryngeal and recurrent laryngeal nerves

261
Q

Derivatives of the Fourth and Sixth pharyngeal arches

A

Cartilages that develops from the fourth and sixth arches are the thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage, arytenoid cartilages, corniculate cartilages and cuneiform cartilages

Muscles are the cricothyroid, levator veli palatine, superior, middle and inferior constrictors of the pharynx, intrinsic muscles of larynx and striated muscles of the esophagus

262
Q

first pharyngeal pouch

A

gives rise tympanic membrane, tympanic cavity, mastoid antrum and pharyngotympanic tube / auditory tube / eustachian tube

263
Q

second pharyngeal pouch

A

gives rise to palatine tonsil

264
Q

third pharyngeal pouch

A

gives rise to the inferior parathyroid gland and thymus

265
Q

fourth pharyngeal pouch

A

gives rise to superior parathyroid gland and ultimopharyngeal (ultimobronchial) body

266
Q

ultimobronchial body

A

aka the ultimopharyngeal body

gives rise to the parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland and are also called c cells as because they produce calcitonin

267
Q

fifth pharyngeal pouch

A

is rudimentary

Head & Neck Anatomy (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions