Final Flashcards
seek general clinical or professional information. e.g., the nature of a disorder, causes, common symptoms, and known treatment options
background questions
different groups exposed to different treatments or levels of independent variable (IV), one experimental and one control
experimental between-subjects design
different groups are compared with each other with regard to their performance on some criterion variable
descriptive between-subjects design
a single-subject design (where focus is on behavior of individual subjects rather than group’s average). provides a detailed report of one or more individual cases. Allows intensive examination and discussion of a phenomenon of interest. often considered “pre-experimental”
case study
basing conclusion on a premise - working from general to specific
deductive reasoning
behavior that is changed
dependent variable
research design where differences, trends, and relationships can be measured without active manipulation of variables. study behaviors as they occur naturally but not sufficient to determine causal relationships
descriptive research
research strategy where one or more factors are manipulated to observe effects, strongest and most reliable research for determining causation due to its application and maintenance of control
experimental research
threat to internal validity of between subject designs - experimenter favors specific outcomes and treats subjects/groups differently. could affect assessment, recording, or interpreting results
experimenter bias
extent to which results from specific sample are generalizable to other populations, settings, or variables
external validity
an error in argument construction
fallacy
focused search for knowledge that applies to the immediate concerns of specific population or patient. provide the evidence base for clinical decisions
foreground questions
quantitaive research design where group(s) of subjects are exposed to IV and average performance of the group is then examined to determine relationship between the independent and dependent variables
group design
threat to internal validity of within-subject designs where events occurring between the first and subsequent measurements may affect the DV
history effect
conditions that cause changes in behavior
independent variable
making generalizations from observations. from specific to general
inductive reasoning
extent to which causal inferences are justified based on observed changes in DV in response to systematic variations of IV
internal validity
threat to internal validity of within-subject designs where changes in subjects unrelated to IV may influence the DV
maturation effect
degree to which you can depend on the measure. stability and consistency; degree to which it is free from measurement errors
relibility
descriptive research strategy that examines data already on file
retrospective research
threat to internal validity of between subject designs: unbalance assignment between (experimental and control) groups
selection bias
quantitative research design where focus is on behavior of individual subjects rather than group’s average. can have sevaral subjects, but data is evaluated individually per subject
single-subject design
threat to internal validity of within-subject designs. a statistical phenomenon that reflects the fact that atypically low or high scores change on subsequent tests to scores that are closer to the mean
statistical regression
descriptive research strategy that involves asking people rather than observing them
survey research
threat to internal validity of within-subject designs where repeated exposure to same test results in familiarity and benefit from practice
testing effect
degree to which it measures what it purports to measure
validity
each participant exposed to all levels of the IV. Effects of treatment compared with same individual and each subject serves as own control
within-subject design
