final Flashcards
Why is listening important in public speaking for both the speaker?
when interviewing people to research topic, to listen to feedback from a friend after you practiced your presentation in front of them, listening to audience
Why is listening important in public speaking for both the audience?
The audience members listening will help them interpret and use more of what they hear from others in a wide variety of situations-not just in a public speaking course
What are the differences between hearing and listening?
Hearing: receiving the message in a passive way
Listening: actively paying attention, processing the message to decide on its meaning and retaining what you’ve heard and understood. Components: selection (attention, perception), organization (interpretation), integration (storage recall)
Can you name and explain the two steps of effective listening?
Process what you heard and retain what you’ve processed.
What are the six causes of ineffective listening?
Unprocessed note taking, nonlistening, interruptive listening, agenda-down listening, argumentative listening, and nervous listening
What are the three steps to becoming a better listener?
- Filter out distractions- internal and external noise 2. Focus on speaker 3. Show that you are listening.
What are the ways you can maximize your audience’s listening?
Anticipate ineffective listening before your speech (consider audience needs and outside factors), consider your listeners attention and energy levels (at 8 am on a Monday don’t give a long speech with no audience interaction), asses your audience knowledge and abilities (explain concepts and define key words) front and back load your message (present main message early and then use conclusion to allow them to process it again), use presentation aids strategically (capture attention), and encourage active listening during speech ( tailor your delivery, watch out for argumentative, superficial, and defeated listeners)
What are the five guidelines for listening when you are in the audience?
Take notes, identify main points, consider speech’s objective (to provide constructive criticism), support your feedback with an example, and be ethical in your critique
processing
actively thinking about a message you are receiving (includes words and nonverbal cues)
Retention
ability to remember what you heard
Action- oriented listening
focus on immediately getting to the meaning of the message and determine what response is required. Direct, concise, and error free
content-oriented listening
depth and complexity of information and message. Enjoy discussing and thinking about the message afterward
people-oriented listening
invest time and attention in communication but their interest is in being supportive friend and strengthening relationships. Notice body language and express empathy.
time-oriented listening
concern with managing time, exhibit impatience and rush interaction.
unprocessed note taking
copy speaker’s words without considering what writing down. Have trouble remembering what was said.
nonlistening
do not pay attention to what they are hearing. EX: overly concern with your own question that you are not attuned to what they say in response.
interruptive listening
one person consistently interrupts the other.
agenda driven listening
public speakers who focus solely on the mechanism of their presentation.
argumentative listening
selective listening- listening to only as much as they need to in order to fuel their own arguments
nervous listening
talk through silence because they’re uncomfortable with the conversation lapse or pause
interactive listening
filtering out distractions, focus on speaker, showing that you are paying attention
external noise
street noise, flashy visual aids left up the entire presentation, chattering audience members
internal noise
any thoughts that make it hard for you to concentrate
audience survalliance
paying attention to the audiences verbal and nonverbal responses while giving a speech
defeated listening
feel overwhelmed by the message and find it difficult to follow
superficial listening
people who pretend to be listening but are distracted by internal or external noise EX: cell phones or conversations
speech critque
written or oral feedback offered after a presentation
constructive criticism
feedback a speaker can use to improve their skills
what are the steps in selecting your main points
Make sure every main point relates to the specific purpose of your speech, take your audience in to account(most interesting to them), appropriate number of main points.
What are the principles for organizing your supporting materials?
Subordination: Creating hierarchy of points and their supporting materials in your speech
Coordination: Each main point has the same level of significance
What are the five organizational patterns mentioned in this chapter?
Spatial pattern, chronological, causal, comparison, categorical, persuasive
spacial patterns
Main points represent important aspects of your topic that can be thought of as asjacent to one another in location. Ex: parts of the body
chronological patterns
Present the information in time-based sequence, from beginning to end
casual patterns
For explaining a cause and effect relationship. Will help your audience understand the link between particular events and their outcomes.
comparison patterns
organizes the speech around major similarities and differences between two events, objects, or situations
categorical patterns
(topical) this pattern is effective when you have a diverse set of main points to support your thesis.
What are the types of organizing words and sentences?
transitions, signposts, internal previews, and internal summaries
transitions
a sentence that indicated you are moving from one part of your speech to the next
signposts
a word or phrase within a sentence that helps your audience understand your speeches structure. Can use to show you are at a specific place in your speech
internal previews and summaries
A short list of the ideas that will follow and a quick review of what you just said in your point.
What are the five parts of a good introduction?
gain audiences attention, signal your thesis,show relevance of topic for audience, establish credibility, preview your main points
gain audiences attention
Tell a story or anecdote, striking or provocative statement, build suspense, use humor, ask rhetorical question
signal your thesis
state your bottom line. Important to do this early so your audience will know what your speech is about.
show relevance of topic for audience
Why should your audience take interest in your speech
establish credibility
show what relevant experience and education and that you’ve toughly researched for your speech.
preview main points
brief statement of the main points. Use signals
What is the purpose of a good conclusion?
To sum up the message you developed in the body of your speech and leave a memorable impression in you audience members minds to highlight content already presented.
What are the parts included in a good conclusion (in order)?
Transition into your conclusion, summarize your main points, finish with a clincher (tie clincher to intro, end with striking sentence or phrase, highlight your thesis, conclude with emotional message, end with a story or anecdote)
