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Biology 105 > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the purpose of replication?

A

the process by which genetic information is duplicated. This occurs to ensure that each cell in an organism has a complete and correct copy of the genome

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2
Q

What is the purpose of transcriptions?

A

DNA is transcribing into mRNA

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3
Q

What is the translation?

A

mRNA is translated into a polypeptide chain with the aid of rRNA.

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4
Q

How does the DNA Polymerase complex work to replicate DNA?

A

By adding nucleotides one at a time to the 3’ end of a new strand, directed by the old template strand

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5
Q

A and G pairs with…

A

T and C

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6
Q

What is the difference between leading and lagging strands?

A

The leading strand is replicated continuously while the lagging strand is replicated discontinuously as Okazaki Fragments

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7
Q

What is the job of DNA Ligase?

A

It is and enzyme that can use ATP-Hydrolysis to link together breaks in the sugar-phosphate backbone

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8
Q

Where can DNA Polymerase add deoxynucleotides?

A

To the 3’ end and only if there is a sequence of nucleic acids to be copied on the 5’ side

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9
Q

Primase

A

synthesizes a new RNA primer

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10
Q

DNA Helicase

A

Unwinds the double helix

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11
Q

What is a gene?

A

Has 3 regions - Promoter region, Transcribed region and the terminator region

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12
Q

Promoter Region

A

1) Contains binding sites for transcription factors. 2) Contains binding sites for other factors that can un-pack or un-wind the chromatin. 3) Specifies where RNA Polymerase should begin transcription

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13
Q

Transcribed Region

A

1) The template strand of DNA (3’-5’) serves as a template to make an RNA copy of the non-template (5’-3’). 2) The RNA copy specifies where translation should start and end, also the amino acid sequence of the encoded protein.

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14
Q

Terminator Region

A

1) Contains binding sites for other factors that cause RNA Polymerase to stop transcription and leave the DNA. 2) Specifies the end of the RNA and how it should process the end

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15
Q

Introns

A

the non-coding part of the DNA that gets removed during the processing mRNA

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16
Q

Exons

A

The coding part of the DNA

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17
Q

mRNA

A

Encodes proteins and are translated by ribosomes

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18
Q

rRNA

A

Make up the majority of ribosomes, including most of the enzymatic functions

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19
Q

tRNA

A

Essential for translation of proteins

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20
Q

Eukaryotes

A

Multicellular organism (US!)

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21
Q

Caps and tails are added to…?

A

Eukaryotic RNA’s. Cap to 5’ and tail to 3’

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22
Q

How is the central dogma infiltrated?

A

DNA–transcription–>RNA–translation–>Polypeptide

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23
Q

How does the mRNA nucleotide sequence code for a protein amino acid sequence?

A

To code for 20 amino acids, need at least 3 nucleotides (4x4x4) = 64 codons. Thus a triplet code (3 nucleotides code one amino acid) seemed likely.

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24
Q

What are the stop codons for mRNA?

A

UAA, UAG, UGA

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25
Q

Point mutations

A

Caused by base-pair substitution, insertion, or deletion of nucleotides

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26
Q

Base -pair substituions are caused by

A

replication errors

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27
Q

Insertion or Deletion

A

Mutations caused by mistakes in repair or replication

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28
Q

Silent Mutation

A

don’t cause any changes in the encoded protein

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29
Q

Non-silent Mutation

A

Cause changes in coding. 3 types

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30
Q

mis-sense mutation

A

codon changed to a different amino acid

31
Q

non-sense mutation

A

codon changed to stop

32
Q

frame-shift mutation

A

insertion/deletion causes a change in codon reading frame

33
Q

Darwin’s observation that fossil animals shared features with modern organism led to the conclusion that

A

Species change over time

34
Q

Ecological niche

A

How an organism or population responds to the distribution of resources and competition. Unrelated organisms in similar environments look the same.

35
Q

Convergent Evolution

A

Process by which unrelated organisms acquire very similar adaptations because of similar environments.

36
Q

Adaptive Radiation

A

Rapid phenotypic adaptation of species to a range of environments resulting in physiological adaptations

37
Q

The target of natural selection is?

A

the Individual

38
Q

Heritable variation

A

Trait to pass on

39
Q

3 conditions for natural selection

A

1: Heritable variation 2: Organisms struggle to survive 3: Organisms differ in fitness

40
Q

Fitness

A

The relative reproductive success of an individual

41
Q

Sickle cell anemia phenotypes

A

SS = Normal red blood cells Ss = Some red blood cells are misshapen and deflated, but not sickled ss = red blood cells are sickled, leads to anemia

42
Q

Why are malaria and Sickle cell anemia found in the same regions of the world?

A

SS = More likely to die from malaria Ss = Cells are less likely to be infected by malaria ss = Die of anemia

43
Q

Gene pool

A

Total of all the alleles of gene that occur in a population. All members of a single species have the same genes but different alleles. EX: Dogs (different breed)

44
Q

Hardy- Weinberg equation

A

1=p^2 + 2pq + q^2 p^2 = frequency of homozygous (BB) 2pq = frequency for heterozygous (Bb) q^2 = Frequency of homozygous (bb)

45
Q

H-W only holds if?

A

No evolution (No mutation, nor migration, no genetic drift, no natural selection, random mating)

46
Q

Mutation

A

Spontaneous change of DNA

47
Q

Gene Flow

A

Brings new alleles into the population (Have to contribute to the gene pool)

48
Q

Genetic Drift

A

Genetic change by chance alone. (Strongest in small populations)

49
Q

Natural selection

A

Results in the survival and reproductive success of individuals best adapted to their environment. Not random

50
Q

Non-random mating

A

Individuals select mates based on phenotypes (EX: Giraffes). Includes inbreeding

51
Q

Endemic

A

Only found in particular area and nowhere else

52
Q

Peter and Rosemary Grant

A

Study finches on the Galapagos islands.

53
Q

Directional Selection

A

Favors individuals at one end of the phenotypic range

54
Q

Stabilizing selection

A

Favors intermediate individuals (Pressure against the extremes)

55
Q

Disruptive selection

A

Favors individuals at BOTH extremes (Pressure against the intermediate)

56
Q

Frequency-Dependent Selection

A

If a rare phonetype is more fit it will spread throughout th population therefore it is no longer rare. Sometimes it is only fit if it IS rare

57
Q

Taxon

A

Group at end of Phylogenic tree

58
Q

Phylogenic tree

A

Shows relationships between different individuals or groups

59
Q

Sister Taxa

A

Most recent, common ancestor

60
Q

Trees can rotate around?

A

Node

61
Q

Speciation

A

Through generations, genes of an individual are passes from generation to generation. Do not extend much between species.

62
Q

Taxonomy

A

Science of distinguishing species

63
Q

Biological Species Concept

A

Groups of actual or potential breeding groups which are reproductively separated

64
Q

Phylogenetic Species Concept

A

Group of organisms that share an ancestor and are distinct from other lineages

65
Q

Allopatric Speciation

A

two geographically isolated populations that become separate over time.

66
Q

Sympatric Speciation

A

Changes in genome/polity. Can’t interbreed, different chromosomes. No geographic seperation

67
Q

Prezygotic barriers

A

Block the formation of a zygote from occurring by preventing the successful completion of mating, and hindering fertilization if mating is successful. Geographical isolation, Mechanical isolation, behavioral isolation

68
Q

Postzygoti barriers

A

Sterile hybrids, genes of the different parent species may impair hybrid’s development

69
Q

Tundra

A
  • Found further north
  • Not a lot of rain
  • Pretty cold
  • Boggy
  • Layer of permafrost that never melts
70
Q

Boreal Forest

A
  • Largest biome
  • Still north
  • Conifers (Pine trees)
  • Canada
71
Q

Temperate Forest

A
  • Very seasonal
  • Canopy and shrub layers
    *
72
Q

Temperate Grassland

A
  • No trees, lots of shrubs
  • Capable of supporting large herbivores
  • Seasonal Variation
  • Colorado
73
Q

Desert

A
  • Capable of storing water
  • Sporadic rainfall
  • Nocternal mammals
  • Variable tempertures
74
Q

Tropical Forest

A
  • Lots of rain
  • Little plants
  • No severe seasonal change
  • Brazil

Biology 105 (1 decks)

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