Final Flashcards by Lee White

What is the shell?

interface that accepts and translates user input so that the kernel can process it.

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What are Daemons?

Programs that run in the background independently of the user
Called services in Windows

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What are applications?

Programs that require an OS to run

Give users a specific function, such as word-processing programs, media players, etc

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What is the Kernel?

Core of the OS.
Manages hardware, such as disk drives and memory.
Allows public access to the source code.

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What is the Resource Manager?

Manages processes and memory.

Can perform multiple processes at the same time.

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What is a “Process”?

program the kernel launches into memory for the purpose of performing specific tasks.

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What is RAM? (Random Access Memory)

Storage space where a computer reads and writes data.

Considered “volatile” storage – data is stored there but is erased when the computer shuts down.

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What linux desktop environments are available in openSUSE?

K Desktop Environment (KDE)

GNU Network Object Model Environment (GNOME)

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What is the top level of the linux file system?

Root

Indicated by / symbol.

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What are device files?

Special file stored in the /dev directory.

Represents a hardware device on the system.

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What are directory files?

Like a folder in Windows.

Can contain files and other directories.

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Features of Linux

What does the multiuser feature allow?

enables multiple users to log on to a single computer at the same time

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Features of Linux

What does multitasking mean?

multiple processes can run simultaneously

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Features of Linux

What is Preemptive multitasking?

schedule decides when a process stops and another process starts.

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Features of Linux

What is Network Connectivity?

uses Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) – internationally accept set of rules for connecting computers to the Internet and most other networks.

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Features of Linux

What security features does Linux offer?

Login and password authentication.
File ownership and permissions.
Firewall for protecting network resources from users outside the network.

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What shells are available in Linux?

Bourne, C, Korn, BASH

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Which shell is the original UNIX shell and has no history function?

Bourne Shell

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Which shell has an interface that is similar to C

Has a history function, but its incompatible with Bourne

C Shell

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This shell was developed to combine the best of the C and Bourne shell.
It has a history function and allows users to edit the history file while viewing it

Korn

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This shell is the default shell in most Linux distributions. Has a history function that can be used to remember commands entered in previous sessions, as well as the current session.

BASH

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What directory are the shells stored in?

/bin directory

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all files and subdirectories are placed under the this directory in a treelike structure.

root

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specifies requirements and guidelines for file and directory placement in UNIX-like operating systems

Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS)

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This directory contains static configuration files, which are also unshareable files, meaning they’re local to the machine

/etc

This directory contains the linux kernel and static files needed to boot the computer

/boot

This directory contains device files, such as the CD/DVD-ROM drive

/dev

This directory is an optional directory that might not be included in all Linux distributions; in openSUSE, it’s the user’s home directory

/home

This directory contains shared libraries that are loaded when a program starts

/lib

This directory contains shareable, read-only applications and files

/usr

This directory contains variable data files, such as log files

/var

This directory contains binary commands that can be used by system administrators, users, and scripts; this directory shouldn’t contain subdirectories and can be accessed in single user mode

/bin

This directory contains the mount point for removable media

/media

This directory is empty by default, but administrators can use it to mount other resources such as CD/DVD-ROM drives, USB drives

/mnt

This directory contains shareable add-on software packages

/opt

This directory contains system binaries used by the system administrator

/sbin

This directory contains data files for services.

/srv

This directory contains temporary files that system administrators should delete whenever the system is booted.

/temp

Linux Directory Commands | What does pwd do?

Shows where the current user is located in the file system

Linux Directory Commands | What does cd do?

Changes directories. | Ex: cd /home/images

Linux Directory Commands | What does ~ (tilde) do?

Represents the user's home directory. Ex: cd ~ this change directories to the home directory

Linux Directory Commands | What does ls do?

Lists the files and directories that are located in the directory that you are in.

Linux Directory Commands | What does mkdir do?

mkdir creates a directory | Ex: mkdir images

Linux Directory Commands | What does touch do?

touch creates an empty file | Ex: Dog.jpg

Linux Directory Commands | What does rm do?

rm removes a file.

Linux Directory Commands | What does rmdir do?

rmdir removes a directory

Linux Directory Commands | What does mv do?

Can be used to move a file, or rename a file. To rename a file, you would do: mv file newFileName To move a file, you would do:

Linux Directory Commands | What does cp do?

Copies a file

When writing a script to run under the BASH shell, the first line of the script should be:

#!/bin/bash

To make a script executable, you must...

must use the chmod command on the script and give it executable permission: chmod a+x (give everyone permission to the script)

What does the head command do?

Displays the first 10 lines of a text file

What does the tail command do?

Displays the last 10 lines of a text file

What does the more command do?

displays a file’s contents one screen at a time

How would you add a user named Lee?

useradd -m lee | the -m automatically creates a home directory for the user.

How would you change the password of the user named Lee?

passwd

How would you delete the user, Lee?

userdel

This file executes when you login.

.login

This file contains all other aliases and user information. Contains profile parameters for the C shell.

.cshrc

How do you set a prompt?

PS1=”characters here”

What is the difference between the shell, kernel, and hardware?

The shell is the interface that is used to communicate with the kernel and the kernel is the pathway to the hardware

How can you execute a shell script?

sh scriptName.sh or bash scriptName.sh

What is umask?

umask is used to set the default permissions of a file when it is created. The use of umask is to set the permissions for which the file will NOT have. Typing umask at a prompt will display the value of umask that will be given to newly created files.

What does the ps command do?

display processes that are in use by the current logged in user.

What does the "ps aux" command do?

can be used to display the process information of the entire system. A process can be stopped by issuing the kill -9 command at a prompt, followed by the process ID of the job that needs to be stopped. The process ID can be acquire by performing ps aux at the prompt.

What is piping?

The output is the input for the next command.

How would you check the permissions of a certain directory?

ls -ld directoryName