Final Flashcards
0
Q
Oxygen has an atomic number of 8. How many electrons are in its valence shell
A
6
1
Q
A _____ is the smallest unit of an element that retains the properties of the element
A
Atom
2
Q
_____ is the development of specialized cells from unspecialized stem cells
A
Differentiation
3
Q
The _____ level of the hierarchical organization of the human body falls between chemical and tissue levels
A
Cellular
4
Q
Which organelle is responsible for packaging proteins in vesicles and storage
A
Golgi Apparatus
5
Q
____ are numerous, short projections on the cell surface that beat in a coordinated manner to move extracellular fluid or particles outside the cell
A
Cilia
6
Q
The ____ represents the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom
A
Atomic number
7
Q
Which pH is closest to normal body pH
A
7
8
Q
Chemical reactions that yield energy, such as heat are said to be____
A
exergonic
9
Q
What is the smallest component of the cytoskeleton and mainly composed of the protein actin
A
Microfilaments
10
Q
____ is a complex lipid used by the human body to store chemical energy in adipose cells
A
Triglyceride
11
Q
Anatomy is to _____ as physiology is to ______.
A
Structure; Function
12
Q
A positively charged ion is a ____
A
Cation
13
Q
The monomers of proteins are
A
Amino Acids
14
Q
Fatty acid monomers can be joined together to form complex
A
Lipids
15
Q
What is the primary function of ATP
A
To store chemical energy
16
Q
Isotopes of an element would differ from one another in their
A
Mass Numbers
17
Q
A ____ is the smallest unit of a compound that retains the properties of the compound
A
Molecule
18
Q
What is the segment of DNA that codes for a particular protein
A
Gene
19
Q
The monomers of a nucleic acid are
A
Nucleotides
20
Q
Which organelle is responsible for the synthesis of fatty acids and steroids
A
Smooth ER
21
Q
Which organelle is responsible for protein synthesis
A
Ribosome
22
Q
What would happen if a red blood cell was placed in a hypotonic solution
A
It would swell and possibly burst
23
Q
____ is the movement of a substance from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration until equilibrium is reached
A
Simple Diffusion
24
What is the sequence of 3 nucleotides in DNA that code for particular amino acids
Base Triplet
25
Which organelle is the location of most ribosomes in the cell
Rough ER
26
A ____ solution has a higher concentration of solutes than the intracellular fluid of the cell
Hypertonic
27
____ is the transport of selected large particles such as bacterial cells, across the plasma membrane in vesicles.
Phagocytosis
28
The movement of a substance across the plasma membrane via a carrier protein, as the substance moves down its concentration gradient, is an example of
Facilitated diffusion
29
A ____ is a substance that dissociates in water to form a hydroxide ion and a cation
Base
30
Monosaccharide monomers can be joined together to form complex
Carbohydrates
31
____ is the transport of extracellular fluid across the plasma membrane in vesicles.
Pinocytosis
32
What nucleotide does not occur in RNA
Thymine
33
____ is the movement of solvent(water) across a selectively permeable membrane
Osmosis
34
What is the opening in a long bone that becomes filled with yellow bone marrow
Medullar Cavity
35
Which layer of the epidermis includes stem cells
Stratum Basale
36
Which hormone causes an increase in blood Ca2+ levels by stimulating osteoclasts to break down bone tissue
Parathyroid hormone
37
Which type of tissue membrane lines the cavities of movable joints
Synovial Membrane
38
The epidermis of the skin is composed of which type of tissue
Keratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium
39
What label best matches an osteocyte
Mature Bone Cell
40
Secondary ossification centers occur in the
Epiphysis
41
Which type of bone cell is a stem cell
Osteoprogenitor cell
42
What is the organizing unit of a compact bone tissue
Osteon
43
What is the organizing unit of spongy bone tissue
Trabeculae
44
What type of protein fiber in connective tissues is long, straight, unbranched, and flexible
Collagen Fiber
45
Primary ossification centers develop in long bones in the
Diaphysis
46
Which type of skin gland is located in the external ear canal
Ceruminous Gland
47
Which type of bone cell mainly secretes protein fibers
Osteoblasts
48
Epithelial cells of ____ exocrine glands secrete their products via exocytosis
Merocrine
49
Which type of membrane lines internal cavities that do open to the external enviroment
Mucous Membranes
50
Which type of cell junction includes membrane proteins that are anchored to the intermediate filaments of the cytoskeleton
Desmosome
51
Which layer of the epidermis is composed of connective tissues with embedded glands, hair follicles, etc.
Dermis
52
which hormone causes a decrease in blood Ca2+ levels by inhibiting osteoclast activity
Calcitonin
53
The ____ is a cylindrical shaft of a long bone
Diaphysis
54
Which type of bone cell breaks down old bone tissue
Osteoclast
55
What is the main purpose of the sudoriferous glands
Sweat
56
Which type of cell junction prevents the passage of fluids between adjacent cells
Tight junction
57
What type of gland produces hormones that are released into the interstitial fluid
Endocrine
58
Which type of tissue membrane forms the external covering of the body
Cutaneous Membrane
59
Which region of the long bone includes the epiphyseal growth plate(epiphyseal cartilage)
Metaphysis
60
Which type of skin gland secretes oil
Sebaceous Gland
61
Which layer of skin is composed of epithelial tissue
Epidermis
62
Variations in hair color reflect differences in the pigment produced by
Melanocytes
63
Which type of cell junction allows for the rapid passage of chemical and electrical signals between cells
Gap Junctions
64
What is the layer of hyaline cartilage on the surfaces of the epiphysis of a long bone
Articular Cartilage
65
Which layer of the epidermis is found only in thick skin
Stratum Lucidum
66
Which layer of the dermis includes projections that extend into the overlying epidermis
Papillary Region
67
____ are formed when the Arrector pilli muscles contract
Goose Bumps
68
What is the most abundant type of cell in the epidermis
Keratinocytes
69
____ marrow is found between the trabeculae of spongy bone
Red
70
Which type of tissue membrane includes both connective and epithelial tissue and lines internal body cavities that do not open to the external enviroment
Serous Membrane
71
What type of ion channels open and closes at random
Leakage channels
72
A ___ is an extension of the connective tissue surrounding a skeletal muscle that is continuous with the periosteum of a bone
Tendon
73
_____ muscle contains thick, thin, and intermediate filaments
Smooth
74
What is the term for a single contraction/relaxation cycle of a skeletal muscle in response to a single nerve stimulus
Twitch Contraction
75
What is the typical resting membrane potential of a neuron
-70mV
76
Which region of a sarcomere extends the length of the thick filaments
A band
77
A ____ is a process of a neuron that is typically long and unbranched
Axon
78
What type of ion channel opens in response to a specific physical stimulus, such as pressure or vibration
Mechanically Gated Channel
79
___ is the contractile protein of the thick filament
Myosin
80
The ____ nervous system relays motor commands to smooth muscles and glands
Autonomic
81
What structure surrounds a myofibril and stores Ca2+ ions
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
82
What is a group of skeletal muscle fibers that are stimulated by a somatic motor neuron
Motor Unit
83
Which type of muscle tissue can contract without receiving a stimulus from a neuron
Cardiac Muscle
84
Which regulatory protein covers the active sites of actin when the muscle is at rest
Tropomyosin
85
A ____ neuron has more than two processes but the axon cannot be distinguished from the dendrites
Anaxonic
86
What is the name of the layer of connective tissue that surrounds an individual skeletal muscle fiber
endosteum
87
Which type of neuroglial cell produces a myelin sheath around the axon of the Central Nervous System
Oligodendrite
88
A ____ neuron has one axon and one dendrite that connects to the cell body separately
Bipolar
89
Which region of a sarcomere occurs at the center of each I band
Z Disc
90
What is the functional unit of a myofibril
Sarcomere
91
What structure is an invagination on the plasma membrane of a skeletal muscle fiber
Transverse Tubule
92
Which type of neuroglial cell produces the cerebrospinal fluid in the central nervous system
Ependymal Cell
93
The _____ nervous system relays sensory information from specialized sensory organs and from sensory structures in the body, wall, and limbs
Somatic
94
What type of ion channel opens in response to a specific ligand such as a neurotransmitter or a hormone
Chemically Gated Channel
95
Which region of a sarcomere includes only thin filaments
I band
96
Which type of neuroglial cell phagocytize pathogens and damaged tissue in the CNS
Microglial Cell
97
Which type of neuroglial cell supports and nourishes neurons in the Peripheral Nervous System
Satellite Cell
98
____ is a layer of connective tissue that separates skeletal muscle fibers into fascicles
Perimysium
99
What structure is the contractile organelle of a skeletal muscle
Myofibril
100
A ___ is a process of a neuron that is typically short and branched
Dendrite
101
Which of the following is a contractile protein of the thin filament
Actin
102
Which regulatory protein binds with Ca+2 to initiate muscle contraction
Troponin
103
Which type of neuroglial cell maintains the blood-brain barrier in the CNS
Astrocyte
104
Skeletal muscle tissue can develop the maximal force of contraction when sarcomeres begin at a ____ length
Intermediate
105
What is the term for sustained, but wavering contraction of a skeletal muscle
Incomplete Tetanus
106
What is the term for sustained, unwavering contraction of skeletal muscle
Complete Tetanus
107
What type of ion channel opens in response to a specific change in membrane potential
Voltage Gated Channel
108
A _____ neuron has one axon and several dendrites
Multipolar
109
The spinal cord and brain are components of the ____ nervous system
Central
110
A ___ is a branching tip at the terminal end of a neuron
Telodendrion
111
Which type of neuroglial cell produces a myelin sheath around the axons of neurons of the PNS
Schwann Cell
112
A ____ neuron has one axon and one dendrite that fuse before connecting to the cell body
Unipolar
113
A ___ area of the cerebral cortex receives input from various body tissues
Sensory
114
What type of propagation is accomplished by the generation of an action potential at successive nodes along a neural axon, jumping over myelinated sections
Saltatory Propagation
115
Which structure within the cerebrum contributes to the generation of emotion and is involved in memory
Limbic System
116
Within the cerebral hemispheres, grey matter is found in the
Cortex
117
A ___ is a raised ridge on the surface of the cerebral cortex
Gyrus
118
What is the typical threshold that causes a graded potential to trigger an action potential in a neuron
-55mV
119
A ___ is a shallow valley between the gyri of the cerebral cortex
Sulcus
120
During the depolarization phase of an action potential:
Na+ channels are open
121
Which layer of connective tissue surrounds the entire nerve
Epineurium
122
The ____ is a branch of spinal nerve that serves muscles of the skin and the ventral trunk and the limbs
Anterior Ramus
123
During the after-hyperpolarizing phase of an action potential, the membrane potential may reach___
-90mV
124
The dorsal root of a spinal nerve contains
Axons of Sensory Neurons
125
Which region of the brain contributes to the regulation of heart rate, stroke, volume, and ventilation rate
Medulla Oblongata
126
The ___ is a branch of a spinal nerve that serves muscles and skin of the dorsal trunk
Posterior Ramus
127
What is the name of the delicate inner layer of meninges
Pia Mater
128
What is the name of the middle layer of the meninges characterized by a network of collagen and elastic fibers
Arachnoid Mater
129
The ____ is a group of branches of a spinal nerve that serves internal organs
Rami Communicantes
130
Which region of the brain contributes to the regulation of the biological clock by releasing melatonin
Pineal Gland
131
The specialized membranes that surround the spinal cord are called the
Spinal Meninges
132
Which layer of connective surrounds the axon of an individual neuron within a nerve
Endoneurium
133
Which type of neuroglial cell produces the cerebrospinal fluid
Ependymal Cell
134
Which region of the brain relays information between the spinal cord and the cerebrum
Midbrain
135
Within the cerebral hemispheres, white matter is
Deep
136
Ependymal cells are associated with blood capillaries within a structure called a
Choroid Plexuses
137
The ventral root of a spinal nerve contains_____
Axons of Motor Neurons
138
Drugs such as novocaine block Na+ channels and act as pain relievers by preventing
Action Potentials
139
Which layer of connective tissue surrounds a bundle of axons (a fascicle) within a nerve
Perineurium
140
The ___ is a group of spinal nerves running together through the vertebral column beyond the end of the spinal cord
Cauda Equina
141
What is the name of the tough, outer layer of meninges
Dura Mater
142
The spinal cord terminates in a structure called
Conus Medullaris
143
During the repolarization phase of an action potential
K+ (potassium) channels are open
144
Which region of the brain has a major role in regulating homeostasis
Hypothalamus
145
A ___ area of the cerebral cortex sends output to various body tissues
Motor
146
Which region of the brain contributes to the regulation of ventilation rate and is responsible for communication between the cerebellum and other parts of the brain
Pons
147
Which structure within the cerebrum regulates body movements and muscle tone
Basal Nuclei
148
Which Region of the brain is responsible for higher-order mental funtions
Cerebrum
149
What is the typical peak amplitude of an action potential in a neuron
+30mV
150
The dorsal root ganglion mainly contains
Cell bodies of sensory neurons
151
Which structure within the cerebrum links the two cerebral hemispheres
Corpus Collosum
152
Which region of the brain is responsible for balance, posture, and skilled movements
Cerebellum
