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A&P 1 > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

0
Q

Oxygen has an atomic number of 8. How many electrons are in its valence shell

A

6

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1
Q

A _____ is the smallest unit of an element that retains the properties of the element

A

Atom

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2
Q

_____ is the development of specialized cells from unspecialized stem cells

A

Differentiation

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3
Q

The _____ level of the hierarchical organization of the human body falls between chemical and tissue levels

A

Cellular

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4
Q

Which organelle is responsible for packaging proteins in vesicles and storage

A

Golgi Apparatus

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5
Q

____ are numerous, short projections on the cell surface that beat in a coordinated manner to move extracellular fluid or particles outside the cell

A

Cilia

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6
Q

The ____ represents the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom

A

Atomic number

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7
Q

Which pH is closest to normal body pH

A

7

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8
Q

Chemical reactions that yield energy, such as heat are said to be____

A

exergonic

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9
Q

What is the smallest component of the cytoskeleton and mainly composed of the protein actin

A

Microfilaments

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10
Q

____ is a complex lipid used by the human body to store chemical energy in adipose cells

A

Triglyceride

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11
Q

Anatomy is to _____ as physiology is to ______.

A

Structure; Function

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12
Q

A positively charged ion is a ____

A

Cation

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13
Q

The monomers of proteins are

A

Amino Acids

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14
Q

Fatty acid monomers can be joined together to form complex

A

Lipids

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15
Q

What is the primary function of ATP

A

To store chemical energy

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16
Q

Isotopes of an element would differ from one another in their

A

Mass Numbers

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17
Q

A ____ is the smallest unit of a compound that retains the properties of the compound

A

Molecule

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18
Q

What is the segment of DNA that codes for a particular protein

A

Gene

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19
Q

The monomers of a nucleic acid are

A

Nucleotides

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20
Q

Which organelle is responsible for the synthesis of fatty acids and steroids

A

Smooth ER

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21
Q

Which organelle is responsible for protein synthesis

A

Ribosome

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22
Q

What would happen if a red blood cell was placed in a hypotonic solution

A

It would swell and possibly burst

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23
Q

____ is the movement of a substance from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration until equilibrium is reached

A

Simple Diffusion

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24
Q

What is the sequence of 3 nucleotides in DNA that code for particular amino acids

A

Base Triplet

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25
Q

Which organelle is the location of most ribosomes in the cell

A

Rough ER

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26
Q

A ____ solution has a higher concentration of solutes than the intracellular fluid of the cell

A

Hypertonic

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27
Q

____ is the transport of selected large particles such as bacterial cells, across the plasma membrane in vesicles.

A

Phagocytosis

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28
Q

The movement of a substance across the plasma membrane via a carrier protein, as the substance moves down its concentration gradient, is an example of

A

Facilitated diffusion

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29
Q

A ____ is a substance that dissociates in water to form a hydroxide ion and a cation

A

Base

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30
Q

Monosaccharide monomers can be joined together to form complex

A

Carbohydrates

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31
Q

____ is the transport of extracellular fluid across the plasma membrane in vesicles.

A

Pinocytosis

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32
Q

What nucleotide does not occur in RNA

A

Thymine

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33
Q

____ is the movement of solvent(water) across a selectively permeable membrane

A

Osmosis

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34
Q

What is the opening in a long bone that becomes filled with yellow bone marrow

A

Medullar Cavity

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35
Q

Which layer of the epidermis includes stem cells

A

Stratum Basale

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36
Q

Which hormone causes an increase in blood Ca2+ levels by stimulating osteoclasts to break down bone tissue

A

Parathyroid hormone

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37
Q

Which type of tissue membrane lines the cavities of movable joints

A

Synovial Membrane

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38
Q

The epidermis of the skin is composed of which type of tissue

A

Keratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium

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39
Q

What label best matches an osteocyte

A

Mature Bone Cell

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40
Q

Secondary ossification centers occur in the

A

Epiphysis

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41
Q

Which type of bone cell is a stem cell

A

Osteoprogenitor cell

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42
Q

What is the organizing unit of a compact bone tissue

A

Osteon

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43
Q

What is the organizing unit of spongy bone tissue

A

Trabeculae

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44
Q

What type of protein fiber in connective tissues is long, straight, unbranched, and flexible

A

Collagen Fiber

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45
Q

Primary ossification centers develop in long bones in the

A

Diaphysis

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46
Q

Which type of skin gland is located in the external ear canal

A

Ceruminous Gland

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47
Q

Which type of bone cell mainly secretes protein fibers

A

Osteoblasts

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48
Q

Epithelial cells of ____ exocrine glands secrete their products via exocytosis

A

Merocrine

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49
Q

Which type of membrane lines internal cavities that do open to the external enviroment

A

Mucous Membranes

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50
Q

Which type of cell junction includes membrane proteins that are anchored to the intermediate filaments of the cytoskeleton

A

Desmosome

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51
Q

Which layer of the epidermis is composed of connective tissues with embedded glands, hair follicles, etc.

A

Dermis

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52
Q

which hormone causes a decrease in blood Ca2+ levels by inhibiting osteoclast activity

A

Calcitonin

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53
Q

The ____ is a cylindrical shaft of a long bone

A

Diaphysis

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54
Q

Which type of bone cell breaks down old bone tissue

A

Osteoclast

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55
Q

What is the main purpose of the sudoriferous glands

A

Sweat

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56
Q

Which type of cell junction prevents the passage of fluids between adjacent cells

A

Tight junction

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57
Q

What type of gland produces hormones that are released into the interstitial fluid

A

Endocrine

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58
Q

Which type of tissue membrane forms the external covering of the body

A

Cutaneous Membrane

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59
Q

Which region of the long bone includes the epiphyseal growth plate(epiphyseal cartilage)

A

Metaphysis

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60
Q

Which type of skin gland secretes oil

A

Sebaceous Gland

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61
Q

Which layer of skin is composed of epithelial tissue

A

Epidermis

62
Q

Variations in hair color reflect differences in the pigment produced by

A

Melanocytes

63
Q

Which type of cell junction allows for the rapid passage of chemical and electrical signals between cells

A

Gap Junctions

64
Q

What is the layer of hyaline cartilage on the surfaces of the epiphysis of a long bone

A

Articular Cartilage

65
Q

Which layer of the epidermis is found only in thick skin

A

Stratum Lucidum

66
Q

Which layer of the dermis includes projections that extend into the overlying epidermis

A

Papillary Region

67
Q

____ are formed when the Arrector pilli muscles contract

A

Goose Bumps

68
Q

What is the most abundant type of cell in the epidermis

A

Keratinocytes

69
Q

____ marrow is found between the trabeculae of spongy bone

A

Red

70
Q

Which type of tissue membrane includes both connective and epithelial tissue and lines internal body cavities that do not open to the external enviroment

A

Serous Membrane

71
Q

What type of ion channels open and closes at random

A

Leakage channels

72
Q

A ___ is an extension of the connective tissue surrounding a skeletal muscle that is continuous with the periosteum of a bone

A

Tendon

73
Q

_____ muscle contains thick, thin, and intermediate filaments

A

Smooth

74
Q

What is the term for a single contraction/relaxation cycle of a skeletal muscle in response to a single nerve stimulus

A

Twitch Contraction

75
Q

What is the typical resting membrane potential of a neuron

A

-70mV

76
Q

Which region of a sarcomere extends the length of the thick filaments

A

A band

77
Q

A ____ is a process of a neuron that is typically long and unbranched

A

Axon

78
Q

What type of ion channel opens in response to a specific physical stimulus, such as pressure or vibration

A

Mechanically Gated Channel

79
Q

___ is the contractile protein of the thick filament

A

Myosin

80
Q

The ____ nervous system relays motor commands to smooth muscles and glands

A

Autonomic

81
Q

What structure surrounds a myofibril and stores Ca2+ ions

A

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

82
Q

What is a group of skeletal muscle fibers that are stimulated by a somatic motor neuron

A

Motor Unit

83
Q

Which type of muscle tissue can contract without receiving a stimulus from a neuron

A

Cardiac Muscle

84
Q

Which regulatory protein covers the active sites of actin when the muscle is at rest

A

Tropomyosin

85
Q

A ____ neuron has more than two processes but the axon cannot be distinguished from the dendrites

A

Anaxonic

86
Q

What is the name of the layer of connective tissue that surrounds an individual skeletal muscle fiber

A

endosteum

87
Q

Which type of neuroglial cell produces a myelin sheath around the axon of the Central Nervous System

A

Oligodendrite

88
Q

A ____ neuron has one axon and one dendrite that connects to the cell body separately

A

Bipolar

89
Q

Which region of a sarcomere occurs at the center of each I band

A

Z Disc

90
Q

What is the functional unit of a myofibril

A

Sarcomere

91
Q

What structure is an invagination on the plasma membrane of a skeletal muscle fiber

A

Transverse Tubule

92
Q

Which type of neuroglial cell produces the cerebrospinal fluid in the central nervous system

A

Ependymal Cell

93
Q

The _____ nervous system relays sensory information from specialized sensory organs and from sensory structures in the body, wall, and limbs

A

Somatic

94
Q

What type of ion channel opens in response to a specific ligand such as a neurotransmitter or a hormone

A

Chemically Gated Channel

95
Q

Which region of a sarcomere includes only thin filaments

A

I band

96
Q

Which type of neuroglial cell phagocytize pathogens and damaged tissue in the CNS

A

Microglial Cell

97
Q

Which type of neuroglial cell supports and nourishes neurons in the Peripheral Nervous System

A

Satellite Cell

98
Q

____ is a layer of connective tissue that separates skeletal muscle fibers into fascicles

A

Perimysium

99
Q

What structure is the contractile organelle of a skeletal muscle

A

Myofibril

100
Q

A ___ is a process of a neuron that is typically short and branched

A

Dendrite

101
Q

Which of the following is a contractile protein of the thin filament

A

Actin

102
Q

Which regulatory protein binds with Ca+2 to initiate muscle contraction

A

Troponin

103
Q

Which type of neuroglial cell maintains the blood-brain barrier in the CNS

A

Astrocyte

104
Q

Skeletal muscle tissue can develop the maximal force of contraction when sarcomeres begin at a ____ length

A

Intermediate

105
Q

What is the term for sustained, but wavering contraction of a skeletal muscle

A

Incomplete Tetanus

106
Q

What is the term for sustained, unwavering contraction of skeletal muscle

A

Complete Tetanus

107
Q

What type of ion channel opens in response to a specific change in membrane potential

A

Voltage Gated Channel

108
Q

A _____ neuron has one axon and several dendrites

A

Multipolar

109
Q

The spinal cord and brain are components of the ____ nervous system

A

Central

110
Q

A ___ is a branching tip at the terminal end of a neuron

A

Telodendrion

111
Q

Which type of neuroglial cell produces a myelin sheath around the axons of neurons of the PNS

A

Schwann Cell

112
Q

A ____ neuron has one axon and one dendrite that fuse before connecting to the cell body

A

Unipolar

113
Q

A ___ area of the cerebral cortex receives input from various body tissues

A

Sensory

114
Q

What type of propagation is accomplished by the generation of an action potential at successive nodes along a neural axon, jumping over myelinated sections

A

Saltatory Propagation

115
Q

Which structure within the cerebrum contributes to the generation of emotion and is involved in memory

A

Limbic System

116
Q

Within the cerebral hemispheres, grey matter is found in the

A

Cortex

117
Q

A ___ is a raised ridge on the surface of the cerebral cortex

A

Gyrus

118
Q

What is the typical threshold that causes a graded potential to trigger an action potential in a neuron

A

-55mV

119
Q

A ___ is a shallow valley between the gyri of the cerebral cortex

A

Sulcus

120
Q

During the depolarization phase of an action potential:

A

Na+ channels are open

121
Q

Which layer of connective tissue surrounds the entire nerve

A

Epineurium

122
Q

The ____ is a branch of spinal nerve that serves muscles of the skin and the ventral trunk and the limbs

A

Anterior Ramus

123
Q

During the after-hyperpolarizing phase of an action potential, the membrane potential may reach___

A

-90mV

124
Q

The dorsal root of a spinal nerve contains

A

Axons of Sensory Neurons

125
Q

Which region of the brain contributes to the regulation of heart rate, stroke, volume, and ventilation rate

A

Medulla Oblongata

126
Q

The ___ is a branch of a spinal nerve that serves muscles and skin of the dorsal trunk

A

Posterior Ramus

127
Q

What is the name of the delicate inner layer of meninges

A

Pia Mater

128
Q

What is the name of the middle layer of the meninges characterized by a network of collagen and elastic fibers

A

Arachnoid Mater

129
Q

The ____ is a group of branches of a spinal nerve that serves internal organs

A

Rami Communicantes

130
Q

Which region of the brain contributes to the regulation of the biological clock by releasing melatonin

A

Pineal Gland

131
Q

The specialized membranes that surround the spinal cord are called the

A

Spinal Meninges

132
Q

Which layer of connective surrounds the axon of an individual neuron within a nerve

A

Endoneurium

133
Q

Which type of neuroglial cell produces the cerebrospinal fluid

A

Ependymal Cell

134
Q

Which region of the brain relays information between the spinal cord and the cerebrum

A

Midbrain

135
Q

Within the cerebral hemispheres, white matter is

A

Deep

136
Q

Ependymal cells are associated with blood capillaries within a structure called a

A

Choroid Plexuses

137
Q

The ventral root of a spinal nerve contains_____

A

Axons of Motor Neurons

138
Q

Drugs such as novocaine block Na+ channels and act as pain relievers by preventing

A

Action Potentials

139
Q

Which layer of connective tissue surrounds a bundle of axons (a fascicle) within a nerve

A

Perineurium

140
Q

The ___ is a group of spinal nerves running together through the vertebral column beyond the end of the spinal cord

A

Cauda Equina

141
Q

What is the name of the tough, outer layer of meninges

A

Dura Mater

142
Q

The spinal cord terminates in a structure called

A

Conus Medullaris

143
Q

During the repolarization phase of an action potential

A

K+ (potassium) channels are open

144
Q

Which region of the brain has a major role in regulating homeostasis

A

Hypothalamus

145
Q

A ___ area of the cerebral cortex sends output to various body tissues

A

Motor

146
Q

Which region of the brain contributes to the regulation of ventilation rate and is responsible for communication between the cerebellum and other parts of the brain

A

Pons

147
Q

Which structure within the cerebrum regulates body movements and muscle tone

A

Basal Nuclei

148
Q

Which Region of the brain is responsible for higher-order mental funtions

A

Cerebrum

149
Q

What is the typical peak amplitude of an action potential in a neuron

A

+30mV

150
Q

The dorsal root ganglion mainly contains

A

Cell bodies of sensory neurons

151
Q

Which structure within the cerebrum links the two cerebral hemispheres

A

Corpus Collosum

152
Q

Which region of the brain is responsible for balance, posture, and skilled movements

A

Cerebellum

A&P 1 (5 decks)

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