Final Flashcards
Behavior
interaction between conscious and unconscious mind
Freud psychodynamic theories
defense mechanisms, psychosexual development
Id
pleasure principle
Ego
reality principle, mediates conflict between id and superego
Superego
moral principle, counteracts id
Reaction formation
covering up feelings (feeling angry, acting overly friendly)
Projection
a person who is rude accuses other people of being rude
prevents ego from recognizing the truth
Displacement
shifting anger toward more acceptable target (angry at parent, kick wall/toys)
Psychosexual Stages: Oral
0-18 mos
sucking, biting, chewing
Psychosexual Stages: Anal
18-36 mos
bowel/bladder elimination, demands for control
Psychosexual Stages: Phallic
3-6 yrs
genitals, coping with incestuous sexual feelings
Psychosexual Stages: Latency
6 yrs - puberty
dormant sexual feelings
Psychosexual Stages: Genital
Puberty - on
maturation of sexual interests
Humanistic theories psychologists
Maslow
Rogers
Rogers (Humanistic theories)
people are born with self actualizing tendencies (genuineness, unconditional positive regard, empathy)
Trait tests
Meyers-Briggs
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
Big 5
conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism, openness, extraversion
Social-cognitive theory of personality
person + social context and how we think about others/our situation
Reciprocal determinism (social-cognitive)
behavior, personal factors, and environment influence eachother
Personal control (social-cognitive)
internal and external locus
Internal locus
behavior guided by personal decisions/efforts
External locus
behavior guided by fate/luck/others/external circumstances
Normative social influence
desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval
Informational social influence
willingness to accept others’ opinions
Obedience experiment
Stanly Milgram
teach and test word pairs, shock for wrong answers
Social thinking
how we think about, influence, and relate to one another
Fritz Heider
1958
attribution theory
Attribution theory
we tend to give casual explanations for someone’s behavior
we credit either the situation or the person’s disposition
Attribution theory example
teacher: is the child’s hostility reflective of
a) aggressive personality (dispositional)
b) reaction to stress/abuse (situational)
Dispositional (attribution theory)
personality
Situational (attribution theory)
situation/circumstances
Fundamental attribution error
overestimate impact of personal disposition and underestimate impact of the situations when analyzing behavior of others
Fundamental attribution error example
others people: it’s their personality
us: it’s the situation (when it’s bad)
us: it’s me (when it’s good)
Self-serving attribution
us: it’s me (when it’s good)
Attitudes and actions relationship
both influence each other
Central route to persuasion
information (from speech for example) changes our attitude, long lasting impact
Peripheral route to persuasion
indirect information, temporary impact (celebrity endorsements)
Foot-in-the-door phenomenon
tendency for people who have complied with a small request to comply with a larger one
Festinger’s cognitive dissonance theory
we act to reduce discomfort when we learn our thoughts and behaviors are inconsistent (say one thing, believe another)
change beliefs/attitudes so they match, discomfort removed
Automatic mimicry
tendency to unconsciously imitate others’ expressions, postures, and voice tones, is a form of conformity
Conformity
adjusting our behavior/thinking toward a group standard (mimicry is a subtype)
Asch (social influence)
conducted conformity experiments
Understanding PDOs
medical model
biopsychosocial approach
Medical model (PDOs)
brain biology, medical interventions
Biopsychosocial approach (PDOs)
bio: genes/brain chemistry
psycho: stress/trauma
social: roles/expectations
Classifying PDOs
organizing observed disorders into categories
DSM-5, ICD-10
Classifying PDOs goal
describe disorders, predict future course, imply appropriate treatment
labeling is downside
Classic categorical approach (PDOs)
all features must be present in everyone
1 cause of each disorder
Prototypical approach (PDOs)
presence of certain # of prototypical criteria and only some additional criteria (DSM-5)
Fear
reaction to real danger
not a bad thing
Anxiety
apprehension about the future
not all bad
Panic attack
abrupt surge of intense fear/discomfort, peaks within minutes
GAD
persistent anxiety
6+ months
autonomic arousal
Panic disorder
unpredictable panic episodes followed by worry over an additional attack or changes in behavior (avoiding grocery store where it happened)
Phobias
6+ months
irrational fear and avoidance of an object, activity, or situation
OCD
persistent unwanted thoughts (obsessions) and repetitive actions in response (compulsions)
time consuming, cause distress
PTSD
4+ weeks intrusion symptoms (flashbacks) have to have experienced real trauma avoidance of reminders of trauma becoming disconnected anger, sleep disturbances
Fear conditioning
classical conditioning
neutral stim + averse stim
(Baby Albert)
Observational learning (anxiety disorders)
parent models anxiety behaviors
Major depressive disorder
had episode at least once in life
2+ week episode
“common cold” of psych disorders
Bipolar disorder
high heritability
norepi: scarce during depression, abundant during mania
serotonin: decreased levels
Social-cognitive causes for mood disorders
self-defeating beliefs (learned helplessness)
negative explanatory styles for failures (stable, global, internal)
Mood disorder cycle
stressful experience, negative explanatory cycle, depressed mood, cog/beh changes, stressful experience…
Schizophrenia
delusions, hallucinations, inappropriate emotional expression
excess dopamine receptors
fetal-viral infection
Split mind (schizo)
split from reality
can’t take in reality and process properly
Psychosis
loss of contact with reality (presence of delusions/hallucinations)
Psychotherapy
assist client from 1 theoretical perspective or a blend of approaches
Biomedical therapy
medications to assist patient
psychiatry
Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic theory of treatment
repression, unconscious world, interpersonal psychotherapy
free association, transference, interpretation
Humanistic theory of treatment
potential for self-growth, self-acceptance
Carl Rogers client-centered therapy
Behavioral
only focus on observable behaviors, don’t delve deep
classical and operant conditioning
Exposure therapy
repeated exposure = reduced anxiety
Systematic desensitization
progression, show stimuli when relaxed, move up toward most scary stimulus
In vivo/imaginal exposure
stimulus exposure not paired with relaxation
Cognitive therapy
thinking explains our feelings
teaches adaptive ways of thinking and acting based on changing conditions
CBT
your thoughts, emotions, and behaviors
encouraged to engage in behavioral experiments
