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Final Flashcards

0
Q

Gene expression

A

Transcription. Translation. DNA directs the synthesis of proteins

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1
Q

Gene

A

Segment of DNA that codes for a protein

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2
Q

Transcription

A

Synthesizing RNA using DNA. mRNA is the messenger. Completed in the nucleus.

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3
Q

Translation

A

Synthesis of a polypeptide chain (protein). Done in cytoplasm

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4
Q

Codon

A

4 nitrogenous bases for 20 AA. Triplet code. 3 combination on mRNA. 64 possible combinations

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5
Q

Anticodon

A

Sequence of 3 nucleotides in tRNA that recognizes a triplet code in mRNA during translation. Base pairs to mRNA codon

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6
Q

RNA polymerase

A

Binds to promoter site. Sequence of DNA. Initiation sequence. Determined DNA template

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7
Q

Transcription factors

A

Collection of proteins that mediates the binding of RNA polymerase and the initiation of transcription

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8
Q

mRNA

A

Carries messages from DNA to protein synthesizing machinery of the cell

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9
Q

tRNA

A

Transfers amino acids from cytoplasm of amino acids to a growing polypeptide chain

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10
Q

rRNA

A

Together with proteins make up ribosomes. Most abundant type of RNA

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11
Q

Polyadenylation signal

A

Section of DNA read by RNA polymerase in eukaryotic cells that stops transcription of RNA

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12
Q

5’ cap

A

Guanine base complex

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13
Q

Poly - A tail (3’ end)

A

50-250 A bases. Exports mRNA from the nucleus, protects it, helps ribosomes attach to 5’ end

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14
Q

Introns

A

No coding regions. Has no genetic info. (Junk)

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15
Q

Exons

A

Coding regions. Contains genetic code

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16
Q

E site

A

Discharged tRNA’s leave the ribosome

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17
Q

P site

A

Holds tRNA carrying the growing polypeptide chain

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18
Q

A site

A

Holds tRNA carrying the next amino acid to be added to the chain

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19
Q

Hybridization

A

Mating 2 contrasting true breeding varieties

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20
Q

P Generation

A

True breeding parents

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21
Q

F1 generation

A

Hybrid off spring

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22
Q

F2 generation

A

Hybrid offspring from F1 generation breezed together

23
Q

Allele

A

Alternative version of a gene

24
Q

Dominant allele

A

Determined organism’s appearance, and can mask the recessive allele

25
Q

Recessive allele

A

No noticeable effect on the organism appearance

26
Q

Law of Segregation

A

The 2 alleles fora heritable trait separated during gamete formation and end up in different gametes

27
Q

Homozygous

A

Identical alleles

28
Q

Heterozygous

A

Different alleles

29
Q

Phenotype

A

Physical appearance of an organism determined by genetic makeup

30
Q

Genotype

A

Genetic makeup

31
Q

Law of independent assortment

A

States pairs of alleles segregate independent of their pair during gamete fermentation

32
Q

Complete dominance

A

Phenotype of heterozygous and dominant homozygotes identical

33
Q

Incomplete dominance

A

Phenotype between parents

34
Q

Codominance

A

Two dominant alleles affect the phenotype

35
Q

Heredity

A

Transmission of traits to future generations

36
Q

Genetics

A

Scientific study of heredity

37
Q

Genes

A

Sequence of DNA that codes for protein protection

38
Q

Types of cells

A

Gametes. Somatic cells.

39
Q

Gametes. Somatic cells.

A

Reproductive cells. 23 chromosomes.

Regular cells. 46 chromosomes

40
Q

Chromosomes

A

Carriers of genes and pistones

41
Q

Loci

A

Locations of genes on chromosomes

42
Q

Homologous chromosomes

A

2 chromosomes of the same type

43
Q

Sex chromosomes

A

Determines sex. 23rd pair

44
Q

Autosomes

A

Chromosomes (1-22)

45
Q

Diploid (2n)

A

Cells with both chromosomes of homologous pair (somatic cells)

46
Q

Haploid (n)

A

Cells with 1 chromosomes of homologous pair (sex cells)

47
Q

Crossing over

A

Exchange of DNA segments

48
Q

Chiasma

A

Location of a segment exchange (where crossing over occurs)

49
Q

Random fertilization

A

There is 70 trillion combinations of type of kid

50
Q

Independence assortment

A

Random orient ion of homologous pairs during metaphase

51
Q

Name stop codons

A

UAA, UAG, UGA

52
Q

Name start codon

53
Q

Three types of RNA

A

mRNA, tRNA, rRNA

54
Q

RNA splicing

A

Introns and exons

Bio 101 (1 decks)

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