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Journalism 1000 > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

The historical progression from the printing press to the Internet

A

printing press –> newspaper –> telegraph –> radio –> film –> TV –> internet

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2
Q

The five stages of being a critical media consumer

A
  1. Description: pay close attention, do research
  2. Analysis: discover/focus on significant patterns
  3. Interpretation: ask, “what does this mean?”
  4. Evaluation: put aside personal feelings, make judgements
  5. Engagement: take action, question institutions
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3
Q

What are the three types of criticism?

A
  1. Reflectionist
  2. Constructivist
  3. Narrativist
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4
Q

What is a Reflectionist?

A
  • reflects on what we get out of the media
  • focuses on how well media represents the world
  • argues media may be more violent, sexual, less diverse
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5
Q

What is a Constructivist?

A
  • understand what kind of consumer the media creates

- look at ideology and power in society and how it acts to create and sustain power relations (ex. product placement)

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6
Q

What is a Narrativist?

A
  • focus on media as a storyteller

- –> tells us our position in society

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7
Q

What is the Third-Person Effect?

A

when someone believes they aren’t affected by the media because of their level of intelligence, education, family, or training

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8
Q

What is the influence of capitalism on journalism?

A
  • vast majority of journalism is corporately owned
  • media are often seen as extensions of the economic system that are dependent on the political system
  • -> media are “for-profit” and rely on advertisers (must aim to satisfy their advertisers)
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9
Q

How does the media influence metaphors?

A

Media as…

  1. Information: “purveyor of info” to citizens
  2. Propoganda: intended to persuade
  3. Commerce: perceives public as merely consumers
  4. Distraction: way to spend leisure time escaping other influences
  5. Art: inadequate representation of culture
  6. Narrators: system for mediating change through narrative
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10
Q

What is the mirror metaphor?

A

the idea that it is media’s role to provide EXACT information, NO interpretation or analyzation

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11
Q

What is the watchdog metaphor?

A

idea that represents the need for journalists to hold those in power (public or private) accountable to the people
–> encourages change/criticism

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12
Q

What is the marketplace of ideas metaphor?

A

the idea that journalists should represent interests of all citizens and provide a place for deliberation/conflict resolution
–> ex. letters to the editor

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13
Q

What is the debate between Lippmann and Dewey?

A

–> over the role of citizens in democracy
Lippman: journalists cannot effectively serve as mirrors/watchdogs for democracy (we can’t know everything)
Dewey: agreed with Lippman but said that journalists can offer a marketplace of ideas

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14
Q

What is the definition of journalism?

A

a set of transparent, independent procedures aimed at gathering, verifying, and reporting truthful information of consequence to citizens in a democracy

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15
Q

How do you define what is journalism?

A
  1. engaged in investigative reporting
  2. gathered news
  3. had initial intention of making news public
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16
Q

How do you define who is a journalist?

A

always changing

  • anyone who owns media gathering equipment can play role of journalist
  • -> better to define WHAT is journalism
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17
Q

What is the Zapruder film?

A

accidental video captured by Abraham Zapruder of Kennedy’s assassination

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18
Q

What is news?

A

information constructed in a way that makes it newsworthy/of value to readers

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19
Q

What is information?

A

basic facts, data

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20
Q

How do the media serve as “political narrators”?

A

they inform citizens about public issues so they can make informed decisions about political choices
–> may “oversimplify”

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21
Q

What are political biases in the media?

A
  • dramatic stories
  • conflict
  • creating two sides of the story
  • powerful/connected sources
  • efficiency
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22
Q

Persuasive political advertising

A
  • TV has become political ad
  • free speech allowed organizations to spend money on direct political advertising independent of campaign
  • people hate political ads, but they work
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23
Q

Sex and violence in the media

A
  • Vchip: cut down on certain content

- Columbine 1999: media violence

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24
Q

The growth of objectivity in media

A

Two models:

  1. U.S. - stresses objective portrayal of events/issues from a seemingly neutral point of view
  2. European - stresses partisan approach, analyzes/interprets from a specific ideological perspective
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25
Q

What were the Penny Papers?

A

papers sold for a penny

  • reported on dramatic events to get attention
  • added advertisements –> less partisan approach
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26
Q

What is the Inverted Pyramid?

A

form of news writing that prefers fact-based information over descriptive language

  • most important stories at the beginning and least important at the end
  • most newsworthy information –> important details –> background information
27
Q

The internet and objectivity

A

harder to be objective on the internet because there are more outlets of expression (news, Facebook, blogs, etc)

28
Q

What is activist journalism?

A

journalists who fight for basic principals of freedom of the press and public right to information

  • may see it as journalistic duty
  • actively seeking to change people’s minds
29
Q

What is False Equivalence?

A

journalists get two sides of story with equal amounts o news value –> often are too careful not to look bias that they overlook facts (ex. climate change)

30
Q

What are the elements of newsworthiness?

A
  1. Timeliness
  2. Impact
  3. Currency
  4. Conflict
  5. Novelty/Emotions
  6. Prominence
  7. Proximity
31
Q

How do journalists make decisions on how to structure news stories?

A

decide what facts to make more prominent (ex. 9/11 news stories started with the facts on the plane crash and highlighted the death count because that’s what people wanted to know)

32
Q

What is the news reporting process?

A
  1. receive assignment
  2. initial research
  3. interviewing
  4. first draft
  5. editor checks over story –> may need to interview more or make changes
  6. copy editing
33
Q

Ethics scandal at The New York Times

A

Jayson Blair- NYT reporter who fabricated info in stories, made up quotes, said he was places that he never went to
-NYT wrote story investigating Blair –> Blair fired

34
Q

What are the steps in ethical decision making?

A
  1. Start with an open mind
  2. Get all the facts you can
  3. Listen to what your gut is saying
  4. Identify the duties that are at stake
  5. Figure out what kind of conflict you’re facing
  6. Brainstorm and analyze
  7. Reach a conclusion
  8. Minimize harm
  9. Look towards the future
35
Q

Consequentialism vs. Deontology

A

Consequentialism: ends justifying means, one can decide the rightness or wrongness of an action according to produced consequences
Deontology: using strict rules (right/wrong, no middle), judge the action by how well it conforms to established rules

36
Q

Prima facie duties

A

“on it’s face” - absolutely right or wrong

-human intuition, self-evident, obvious, universal

37
Q

Alternative media online

A
  1. Aggregators: websites that bring together content from around the web and display it in one space in a new format
  2. Single Issue Sites: news websites focused on a single topic (ex. Politico, Bleacher Report)
  3. Disruptors: offer content in new ways that disrupt the market (ex. BuzzFeed = clickbait)
38
Q

Entrepreneurship in journalism

A
  1. learn from failures of others
  2. appreciate diversification
  3. learn to experiment
  4. if you want people to pay, give them a value-added experience
39
Q

What are paywalls?

A

only allowing a certain amount of access to news until they must pay

  • smaller base of engaged audience, decrease in traffic, more marketable audience
  • advertisers can choose market audience based on those who would pay to view a news site
40
Q

What is hyperlocal journalism?

A

small news organizations can’t compete in international/national level so they focus on a small geographic area

  • may scare off big advertisers with such a small specified audience
  • -> patch.com: went from 1000 sites to 600 (failed)
  • -> spot.us: allowed people to sponsor news stories of interest with small donations (failed)
41
Q

What is narrowcasting?

A

to pay smaller fees to get access to smaller, but more targeted audiences

42
Q

What is the digital divide?

A

the growing contrast between those with access to high-speed internet an those without it

  • -> “haves”: US, Europe, Australia
  • -> “have nots”: S. America, Africa, India
43
Q

What are the four phases of media innovation?

A
  1. Developmental Phase: earliest phase of invention/innovation, represented by most integral/basic functions of new technology
  2. Entrepreneurial Phase: taking the innovation and making it profitable/marketable (ex. internet going from military tool to educational tool to commercial tool)
  3. Mass Medium Phase: making product necessity in every home
  4. Convergence Phase: reconfiguring old mediums for new formats
44
Q

Search engines as media

A
  • key entry points for the web and serve us as an intermediary between customers and most content
  • revenue stream for companies
  • -> become their own “media company” when they decide what info specific consumers want to receive, sell ads
45
Q

What is cultural imperialism?

A

promoting and imposing a culture, usually of politically powerful nations over less potent societies
–> sending our culture to other countries and influencing who they are

46
Q

What is cultural assimilation?

A

take in other identities to create “blanket identity”, blended culture (ex. hard to find true american food)
–> learning norms of culture through media when entering a new culture

47
Q

Consumer control vs. Consumer choice

A

consumer control: consumer decides what media goods and products are produced (ex. Internet)
consumer choice: option to choose among many media goods and products (ex. TV)

48
Q

What are core and peripheral countries?

A

core countries: developed, powerful (produce/consume media)

peripheral countries: poor, powerless, developing (consume media only)

49
Q

What are positive and negative liberties?

A

positive liberty: granting rights to people
negative liberty: taking rights away from government (inalienable rights: can’t give a right to a person if they already have it)

50
Q

What is libel?

A

a published false statement that is damaging to one’s reputation

51
Q

What is actual malice?

A

knowing falsity or reckless disregard for the truth

52
Q

Who are public figures?

A

elected officials, celebrities –> must show actual malice

53
Q

Who are public officials?

A

“average Joe” –> only have to show mere negligence

54
Q

Privacy

A
  • naturally occurring concept that evolves

- personal/unique to individuals

55
Q

Stereotypes of women

A

can vary based on time of day

-happy, white homemakers that are submissive to husbands

56
Q

Hegemony

A

dominant perspective ideology that doesn’t accurately represent public (ex. overarching protestant christian values)

57
Q

Stereotypes in TV shows

A

Modern Family

  • two female homemakers
  • latin stereotyping
  • stereotypical gay couple
58
Q

Master narratives

A

accepted/representative societal interpretation (ex. American Dream)

59
Q

Race and ethnicity in media

A
  • black males = comedic entertainers/criminals
  • black women = sassy comedic characters
  • asian males = geeky tech nerds
  • asian women = subservient
  • latinos portrayed through violence/sexuality, short-tempered
60
Q

Amazon and The Washington Post

A

?

61
Q

Monopoly vs. Oligopoly vs. Pure competition

A
  1. Monopoly: domination by a single company
  2. Oligopoly: domination by a few big companies
  3. Competition: many companies vying in the marketplace
62
Q

Media consolidation

A

major media companies buying up smaller media companies (ex. Disney)

63
Q

Direct and indirect revenue for media corporations

A
  • direct: consumer pays directly for product/service (ex. Netflix)
  • indirect: consumer takes in media that seems free (ex. YouTube)
64
Q

The information economy online

A

new ways of cultivating info about people online in order to draw them in on a specific basis

Journalism 1000 (1 decks)

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