Final Flashcards
1
Q
“Little Englandism”
A
- those who wanted self-contained state
- believed colonies and dominions would mature and become independent - like fruit would ripen then fall from the tree
- would have sense of loyalty to Britain because of shared institutions
- an English person who believes the best interests of Britain are served by attention to Britain itself, rather than to the concerns of the empire 1890-95
2
Q
Joseph Chamberlin
A
- eminent imperial politician
- liberal politician
- high opinion of Britain
- secretary of state for the colonies (1895-1903)
-He was best known as the leading imperialist of the day in Britain, first in the radical wing of the Liberal Party then in the Liberal Unionist alliance partner of the Conservative Party. - He was the chief advocate and supervisor of the Second Boer War (1899–1902)
- ## He believed that there was “work to be done” as Colonial Secretary, to expand the British Empire and reorder imperial trade and resources
3
Q
Social Darwinism
A
- Darwin’s science transformed to social Darwinism
- believed Britain had to achieve greater efficiency if going to survive
- to be civilized had to be imperial race
- imperialists also social reformers
- Darwinists argued British were degenerate - had to make more virtuous
4
Q
Carl Pierson
A
j
5
Q
Benjamin Kidd
A
- argued for reforms of education and nutrition
- make stronger and healthier youth - in turn makes more effective soldiers
- came to effect in Boer War
- hoped to address issues of health, virtue, fitness to make youth stronger and create imperialist race
6
Q
“White Man’s Burden”
A
- 1899 poem
- points out how Britain’s should take it up
- raise children and send them off
- knew consequences too - “hate of those you guard”
7
Q
George Hemdy
A
- children’s imperialist writer
- wrote 82 novels for children
- told young British full of initiative, enthusiasm, “pluck”
8
Q
Boer War
A
- two phases 1. 1880-81 2. 1899-92
- B take over Dutch control of Africa before Napoleon could
- B tried to annex and control Boer and southern regions (important for fuel stations on way to India)
- 1880 Boer declared independent - Transuaal
- B tried to stop this - didn’t want to set precedent that others could declare independence
- 1st leads to stalemate in “81” at Majuba Hill - allowed independence
- 2nd Boer war in 2 phases
- Oct 1899 - Feb 1900 - B routinely defeated - Boer using Guerrilla warfare - impossible to fight against
- Summer 1900-01
- B change tactics - round up women and children into concentration camps
- B then fight soldiers - destroy crops and livestock - difficult to maintain food and supplies for camps - get illness and malnutrition (not starving)
- peace brought May 1902
- At end B. realize cost and maintenance of empire is difficult to bear
- some politicians argue maintenance of empire is key to B.
- Maintain empire to keep B. strong
- in 1900 election turns to a unionist government
- objected to I. home rule
9
Q
Legacy of Boer War
A
- mechanized warfare
- implications of modern weaponry
- life Boer population with distaste for empire of Britain
- Belgian interest in Africa
- reinforced bloody mindedness
- diamond interest in Southern Africa
10
Q
Difference between late Victorian (1870-1901) and Edwardian (1901-1914) periods
A
- late victorian was angst driven
- edwardian was upbeat and optimistic
11
Q
Emmeline Pankhurst and daughter Christabel
A
- create women’s social and political union
- working class women included
- a British political activist and leader of the British suffragette movement who helped women win the right to vote
- In 1903, five years after her husband died, Pankhurst founded the Women’s Social and Political Union (WSPU), an all-women suffrage advocacy organisation dedicated to “deeds, not words.” The group identified as independent from – and often in opposition to – political parties. It became known for physical confrontations: its members smashed windows and assaulted police officers. Pankhurst, her daughters, and other WSPU activists were sentenced to repeated prison sentences, where they staged hunger strikes to secure better conditions.
12
Q
Suffrage Movement
A
- 1905 becomes more radical - interrupt political meetings and demonstrations
- vocal political marches
- eve of WWI smash windows on high streets of London
- assault MPs on way to Parliament
- those violent thrown in jail
13
Q
“Busman’s Holiday”
A
- Working class couldn’t get holiday time
- Sundays not for church, but family and friends
- taking bus / coach to seaside for holiday
14
Q
Football Culture
A
- medieval village sport
- revived in 1860s by upper class
- how upper/working class could exercise
- 1880s formation of clubs - some professional - often from work places / unions
- unions = Manchester United, Sheffield United, etc
- created local pride and rivalry and source of identity
- provided a change from dismal industrial life
15
Q
Ulster
A
- The north of Ireland
- Presbyterian/Scottish background
- one of the three nationalistic and cultural divisions
- throughout 19th c. these different intensified by economic change
- Ulster industrialized in Belfast, while South and West underwent agricultural disaster
- by 1914 chief road block to home rule is in and around ulster:
- counties in north have majority protestant
- in non-catholic regions they rejected home rule because would cut them off from E. parliament
- argue shouldn’t be deprived of their parliament and UK citizenship - lead by Edward Carson (one of the creators of Ulster Unionist Council)
- argued in face of home rule would create own provisional gov and ignore home rule
16
Q
Eastern Ireland
A
- English Protestant perspective
- predominance of violence in these regions
- nationalistic
17
Q
Western Ireland
A
- Irish Catholic
- Predominance of violence in these regions
- nationalistic
18
Q
Sectarian Violence
A
- politicians couldn’t resolve it
- usually followed Nationalist movements
- 1874 when home rule league - violence surrounded those who supported and opposed it
- 1898 United Ireland League
- organizations who sought protection in violence also existed
- fear motivated much of the politics (Ireland)
- organizations sprung up to protect their regions (Ulster defence unit) (Irish socialist republican party by James Conolly)
- 1902 Sinn Fein: to protect Irish Nationalist
- Insured politics remained at best unstable and at worst violent
- B. politicians recognized this fact
- spent time agonizing over I. politics
- Parliament in London sought to use legislation to fix I. political issues - helpless in bringing peace
19
Q
Tariff Reform Program
A
3 main components
1. challenge question of protectionism
2. re-emphasize old colonial system: create protectionist measures to ensure colonial trade - challenge principle of free trade
- saw tariffs as way to pay for domestic reforms
PROBLEMS:
- splits unionist government
- 1906 people vote unionist government out because of tariff reform
- people objected to social measures as well i.e. education
- people disliked tariff reform
- B. disliked idea of _____ policies dictating domestic reform
20
Q
New Deal Years (for Britain)
A
- 1906: liberal government elected for Britain
- 1906-1912
- tried to establish system of today’s “welfare state” :
- a social safety net
- protect less fortunate in society through government
- realized charity not enough to help poor
- has whole set of legislative plans in mind
21
Q
Free Meals Act
A
- 1907
- Part of the new deal year’s legislation
- provided free school meals
- insured children fed at least once a day
22
Q
Old Age Pensions
A
- 1908
- part of the new deal year’s legislation
23
Q
National Insurance
A
- 1911
- part of the new deal year’s legislation
- like E.I
24
Q
“People’s Budget”
A
- 1909
- a product of then British Prime Minister H. H. Asquith’s Liberal government, introducing unprecedented taxes on the wealthy in Britain and radical social welfare programmes to the country’s policies
- It was championed by Chancellor of the Exchequer David Lloyd George and his strong ally Winston Churchill
- said it would eliminate poverty
25
Q
Lloyd George
A
- thought to pay for reforms - paid for by employers, employed and state
- As Chancellor of the Exchequer (1908–1915), Lloyd George was a key figure in the introduction of many reforms which laid the foundations of the modern welfare state.
- His most important role came as the highly energetic Prime Minister of the Wartime Coalition Government (1916–22), during and immediately after the First World War. He was a major player at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919 that reordered Europe after the defeat of Germany in the Great War
- post-war role in reshaping Europe and his partitioning Ireland
- Prime Minister 1916-1922
26
Q
Parliament Act
A
- December 1909
- in 1909 after George’s budget went to parliament they threw it out
- Following the rejection of the 1909 budget, the House of Commons sought to establish its formal dominance over the House of Lords, who had broken convention in opposing the Bill. The budget was eventually passed by the Lords after the Commons’ democratic mandate was confirmed by holding elections in January 1910. The following Parliament Act, which looked to prevent a recurrence of the budget problems, was also widely opposed in the Lords and cross-party discussion failed, particularly because of the proposed Act’s applicability to passing an Irish home rule bill. After a second general election in December, the Act was passed with the support of the monarch, George V, who threatened to create sufficient Liberal peers to overcome the present Conservative majority.
- The Act effectively removed the right of the Lords to veto money bills completely, and replaced a right of veto over other public bills with a maximum delay of two years. It also reduced the maximum term of a parliament from seven years to five.
- passed in 1911
1. MPs paid 400 pounds per year
2. house of lords could no longer veto money bills - could question it, but only for 2 years - as a result B. owed debt of gratitude to Ireland Nationalists
27
Q
Constitutional Crisis of 1911
A
- last time Britain constitution radically reformed
- B. constitution not as durable as assumed (proven by Ireland)
- Until 1908 nothing serious put B. at risk - but I. and constitution itself do
- Background: - started in 1908 with Lloyd George’s budget - created a super tax for truly wealthy
- Lloyd’s budget targets aristocracy: saw as challenge to wealth and status / lords saw budget as a challenge and outright rejected it
- second time around it passed in house of commons but lords again reject it
- creates constitutional problems - realize it might be a breaking point - did lords have right to interfere? technically no
- lords argued it was more than a budget - the budget was a bill for social and cultural change with financial clauses
- argued if house of commons could push it through financial issue, why not Ireland home rule? - threat
- argued the lords were using their power to keep Parliament in check
- concern 1908 - on
- most problematic was budget’s cost
- under liberal govt the policies of reform cost - taxation
28
Q
Navy Act
A
- 1909
- imposed because of German threat
- called for four Dreadnousht ships
- cost 2 million pounds each
- could either pay for old age pension or for battle ships
- by 1914 government spending 12.4 million pounds on old age pension, but 51 million on battle ships
- implications: social policy - liberals focus on opposition (aristocratic) - sought to raise money not so much from consumer but from private income
- could be said liberals already won this argument
- argument is more complex than first appears: powerful economic elements too - attacks wealth than commoners
- constitutional conundrum of crisis - lords routinely acted to protect their interests
- quickly became clear constitutional history flew off shelves of conflict between house of commons and lords
- no one doubted lords should intervene, but can they stand off a whole budget? - no
29
Q
Gallipoli
A
- base
- ideal place for force to place themselves
- Hamilton
- turning into war of trenches and stalemate
- between turks and Australians and Britain
- Turks not fighting just for homeland, fighting for their faith as well
- by summer ally ships still hadn’t moved
- in November thought was a waste of men - began to leave - got little further than beach head
- this proved onset of first world war
30
Q
Lucitania
A
- 1915 Germany declared civilian passenger ships could be shot without warning - it would have to be a total war
- May 1, 1915 Lucitania set sail for America
- 2000 passengers and crew
- May 6th captain had warning of u-boats
- the ship hit and sank
- 1200 people drowned
- showed that now everyone was a target
