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Bio 100: BYU Adams > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the History of Evolutionary thought?

A

1) Natural Theology - all creation from God, discover nature = discover God ; 2) Hierarchical Organization of species - non-being to God and minerals ; 3) Fixity of Species - species did not change over time = no extinction

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2
Q

What ideas go against Darwin’s thoughts?

A

No extinction, no hierarchy, no single species

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3
Q

Charles Lyell

A

Uniformitarianism - Earth’s present landscape was produced by past actions of the same gradual geological processes that we observe today. “Principles of Geology” Book had big impact on Darwin (he took it on the beagle)
Geology and long periods of time

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4
Q

Lamarke

A

1) Principles of similarity - Environment led to variation (giraffes) 2) Use and disuse principle (cut rats tail off) 3) Inheritance of acquired characteristics - • Gain of train through environmental interaction – this was important for Darwin to work with
helped establish the idea of common ancestor and organism transmutation

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5
Q

George LeClarc

A

Wrote History Naturelle - helped establish variation. He thought variation was a result of degeneration from the ideal and that the common ancestor was the ideal form. Helped establish that species change.

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6
Q

Charles Darwin

A

5 yr mission on Beagle, lots of fossils, species doing same things in different locations , variations of organisms between islands

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7
Q

4 Postulates

A

1)• Individuals of a population will vary 2) • The variance is heritable 3) • In each generation some individuals survive and reproduce successfully and others do not 4) • The fate of individuals is not determined entirely on chance. Instead, individuals with advantageous traits survive the longest and reproduce the most offspring.

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8
Q

Artificial Selection

A

human interference with evolution- breeding dogs

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9
Q

Homologous structures

A

from same anscestors but used in different ways (bats, dogs, fishes)

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10
Q

Comparative Anatomy

A

comparing forelimbs on birds humans

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11
Q

Embryological similarity

A

We start life all looking similar (Serres and Meckel)

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12
Q

Marcupials vs. Placentals

A

Marcupial - kangaroo pouch - baby grows outside. Placental - baby gets nourishment from the inside - (humans)

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13
Q

Fossils

A

shows how species evolved

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14
Q

Population

A

all individuals of same species living in a given geographical area

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15
Q

Gene

A

discreet segment of DNA that codes for a particular trait

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16
Q

Gene Pool

A

all genes in population

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17
Q

Allele Frequency

A

relative proportion of each allele in the population

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18
Q

Evolution

A

change of allele frequencies within a population over time/generations

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19
Q

Hardy-Weinberg principle

A

1) No mutation 2) No gene flow 3) No natural selection 4) Random Mating 5) Very large population

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20
Q

Describe in detail principles in HW - give examples

A

Mutation - rare ; gene flow - rampant in humans ; population - genetic drift ; Random mating - nope - behavioral stuff ; All genotypes equally successful - any trait with advantage will increase. (Elk- big rack)

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21
Q

Natural Selection = success =

A

survival and reproduction (Natural selection acts on phenotypes only)

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22
Q

Competition

A

struggle for scarce resources (among same species)

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23
Q

Predator Prey interaction

A

put pressures on each other - coevolution

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24
Q

Sexual selection

A

Peacocks - preferences of females

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25
Q

3 effects of Natural Selection

A

Directional ; Stabilizing (baby too skinny, fat ; Disruptive (bi-model - in the middle doesn’t work)

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26
Q

Biological Species Concept)

A

groups of actually or potentially interbreeding natural populations, which are reproductively isolated from other such groups

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27
Q

Pre-mating mechanisms (give examples)

A

1) Geography 2) Ecology 3) Temporal 4) Behavior 5) Mechanical

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28
Q

Post mating mechanisms

A

Gametic incompatibility ; Hybrid inviability ; Hybrid infertility

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29
Q

Speciation depends on 2 things

A

Population isolation and Genetic Divergence (development of large genetic differences)

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30
Q

Population effects

A

Founders effect and bottleneck

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31
Q

Ways to Speciate

A

Allopatric Speciation and Sympatric, and mutations

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32
Q

Allopatric

A

geographically separated

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33
Q

Sympatric

A

ecological niche (fruit flies on different fruit)

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34
Q

Mutations

A

rare, but can lead to instant speciation

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35
Q

Adaptive Radiation

A

One ancestor diverges into many different ones becuase of many speciations evenst in a short time (new habitat, mutations…finches)

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36
Q

Becoming Extinct

A

Localized Distribution - sand lizard only lives in sand dunes…if that is gone…so is the lizard

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37
Q

Systematics

A

discovering of evolutionary relationships

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38
Q

Taxonomy

A

naming things

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39
Q

Phylogeny

A

classification based on evolutionary history

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40
Q

Clade

A

Family tree portion

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41
Q

Hierarchy

A

Domain, Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

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42
Q

How do we decide how to organize

A

Homologous structures, vestigial structures, convergent evolution with Analogous structures

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43
Q

Analogous Structures

A

: structures with similar function, bit dissimilar anatomy

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44
Q

Convergent Evol

A

anatomical similarities not derived from common ancestry

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45
Q

Homo sapiens

A

bipedal, meant for endurance

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46
Q

Progression of humans

A

better tools, chin protruding, smaller incisors, smaller skull, upper pallet (more space in mouth), growing crops, now us!

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47
Q

Categories of data that would Falsify Darwin

A

1) Fossil Record 2) Genetic Analysis 3) Relative dating 4) Absolute dating 5) Cultural Artifacts

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48
Q

Neanderthals

A

230,000-30,000 yrs ago, buried dead, brain larger, hunted with weapons, cowboy lives

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49
Q

Chimp / Human

A

DNA code very similar, fossil calibration, human-chimp divergence

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50
Q

Synapomorphies

A

similar traits with chimp (no tail, erect posture, flexibility of wrists and ankle, molecular data)

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51
Q

Leaves

A

benefit = broad surface area full of chloroplasts (Like solar panels)

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52
Q

Cost of leaves

A

large surface area for evaporation; solution = waxy, H2O-proof cuticle

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53
Q

Stoma

A

leaf pores for capturing CO2; can open/close to control evaporation

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54
Q

Mesophyll

A

(Middle leaf) contain most of the cholorplasts o Fed by vascular bundles (pipes) that shuttle water and minerals to and sugars away. (Circulatory System)

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55
Q

Photosynthesis (reactants and products)

A

o 6 CO2 +6 H2O + light energy → C6H12O6 + 6 O2

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56
Q

Light RXN

A

• Light (photon) hits a pigment molecule
o Captured for photosynthesis
o Reflected back

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57
Q

What colors are absorbed and reflected?

A

o Every color besides green is being absorbed

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58
Q

Pigments

A

• Chlorophyll a: most common – it makes the plant green!

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59
Q

Carotenoids

A

not as fragile to light hours and temperatures (that way leaves change colors because Chloro a goes away with the lower temp

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60
Q

More Light RXN

A
  • Electron releases energy to form ATP and others
  • All this happens in the thylakoid membrane of chloroplast.
  • Light (photon)_transferred by chlorophyll to electron
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61
Q

Calvin Cycle

A

Dark RXN” because it doesn’t require light, but it can’t work without the Light RXN products (• ATP from light RXN fuels synthesis of sugar (sugar production)

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62
Q

Linnaeus

A

made Classification system, Two part system Genus species. Also put them Heirarchy, each species was immutable creation of God

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63
Q

Key observations while on the beagle

A

Variation of organisms between islands (separate creations); Lots of fossils ; Species doing same things in different locations ; Saw different forms of the same animal (finches) ; CLams in line of sediment

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64
Q

How would you disprove evolution?

A

Found Homo sapien skull dated 6 million years ago. Or find cultural evidence of tools made much longer before neanderthals?

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65
Q

Fixity of species

A

1) Natural Theology - creation by God 2) Hierarchal Organization of Species - Aristotles view (non-being to perfect being “God”) 3) Fixity of Species - No extinction, species not change over time, discreet boundaries between species, empirical evidence and philosophical ideas

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66
Q

Genetic analysis and DNA

A

Helps us to know about evolution and evidence of it.

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67
Q

Behavior

A

any observable activity of a living animal

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68
Q

Innate Behavior

A

behavior is completed correctly the first time without instruction.

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69
Q

Learned Behavior

A

behavior requires experience to complete ; or the capacity to make changes in behavior on the basis of experience

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70
Q

Habituation

A

getting “used” to a stimulus ; decline in response to a given stimulus (helps with conserving energy)

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71
Q

Conditioning (trial and error) learning

A

animals acquire new and appropriate responses to stimuli through experience. (rewards and punishments)

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72
Q

Insight learning

A

problem solving without experience ; chimps and boxes

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73
Q

Imprinting

A

learning only at a specified development ; special form of learning where an animal’s nervous system is rigidly programmed to learn a certain thing only at a certain period of development. (ducks)

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74
Q

communication

A

the production of a signal by one organism that causes another organism to change its behavior in a way beneficial to both.

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75
Q

Visual Communication

A

silent, fast, quickly changed, ATP expensive, conspicuous, rely on sight

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76
Q

Audio communication

A

fast, long distance, don’t have to see it, variety of messages, conspicuous, rely on hearing

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77
Q

Pheromones

A

chemical signals between the same species; chemical substances that are produced by individuals and that influence the behavior of other members of same species. (Long distance, hard to modify, cheap to make)

78
Q

Aggression

A

antagonistic behavior between same species.

79
Q

Finding Mates

A

Through Acoustics (noises), visual displays (dances,colorful) , chemicals (pheromones)

80
Q

Dominance Heirarchy

A

each animal establishes a rank that determines its access to resources

81
Q

Territoriality

A

the defense of an area where important resources are located

82
Q

DNA

A

contained in Chromosomes, holds genes and hereditary material.

83
Q

Adaptations

A

structures or behaviors that aid in survival and reproduction

84
Q

Genes

A

units of heredity that provide info required to control life

85
Q

organelles

A

structures in cells that are specialized to carry out specific functions (like obtaining energy)

86
Q

homeostasis

A

organisms must “stay the same” or keep conditions in their body fairly constant

87
Q

Prokaryotic Cell

A

Cell Wall, Outer Capsule, Flagella, Pili (for transfering gametes), Unbound Nucleiod, Plasmid (free floating DNA rings), Ribosomes, Mesosomes (for ATP)

88
Q

Eukaryote

A

Cytoskeleton, Nucleus, Ribosomes, Golgi Apporatus, Vesicles, Lysosomes, Endoplasmic reticulum, Mitochondria

89
Q

Autotrophic

A

Self-feeding

90
Q

Heterotrophic

A

“other feeding”

91
Q

Molecule

A

2 or more atoms held together with chemical bonds

92
Q

compound

A

2 different atoms held together with chemical bonds (Different is the key between molecules and compounds)

93
Q

Ionic Bond

A

electrical attraction, weak

94
Q

Covalent Bond

A

Electrons shared, strong

95
Q

Hydrogen bond

A

bonded through polarized hydrogen atoms, weak

96
Q

Water

A

surface tension, adhesion (sticky), solvent, hard to heat up, hard to vaporize

97
Q

Hydrophilic vs Hydro phobic

A

love water vs. fear water

98
Q

Acid vs Base

A

0-6.9 (acid) vs. 7.1 - 14 (base)

99
Q

Carbohydrate

A

carbon plus water, = sugars

100
Q

Sugars

A

monsaccharide, polysaccharide, disaccharide, GLUCOSE! (C6H12O6)

101
Q

Lipids

A

fatty acid, fats, oils, (glycerol, triglycerides)

102
Q

Saturated fats

A

carbon atoms that contain as much hydrogen atoms as they can chain to. Making it really fatty!

103
Q

Steriod

A

cholesterol. Structurally different. Have four rings of carbon, fused together with other functional groups protruding from them (Estrogen and Testosterone)

104
Q

Proteins

A

molecules composed of one or more chains of amino acids, (and ENZYMES)

105
Q

Principles and Inquiry

A

• Natural Causality- we have to assume that things are caused by natural things; • Natural Laws- assume that these causes are from natural laws; • See things similarly- assume that all scientists see the data in the same way

106
Q

Scientific Method

A

Observation, Question, Hypothesis, Experiment, Conlcusion

107
Q

Being ALIVE

A

Homeostasis, growth, getting energy from environment, reproduction, capacity to evolve

108
Q

Phospholipid bilayer

A

Hyrdophilic heads, phobic tails

109
Q

Dehydration synthesis and Hyrdolosis

A

breaking down of covalent bonds through means of adding water, or removing it

110
Q

Fats

A

more energy storage than sugars, weogh less. Solid at room temp

111
Q

Oils

A

liquid at room temp.

112
Q

Unsaturated:

A

double bonds..kinks…oils mostly. Kinks in chaings, keep molecules apart, hence liquid at room temp

113
Q

Denaturation

A

chemically or thermally breaking protein bonds

114
Q

Primary Structure of protiens

A

refers to the sequence of amino acids that make up the protein

115
Q

Secondary structures

A

folding, bending, pleating (helix)

116
Q

Tertiary Sructures

A

hydrogen and disulfide bonds that make 3D structure

117
Q

Quaternary

A

different 3D structures put together.

118
Q

Nucleic Acids

A

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorous (DNA and RNA)

119
Q

Nucleotide

A

ATP, act as energy carriers

120
Q

RNA

A

G to C; A to U

121
Q

DNA

A

G to C; A to T

122
Q

Cell Theory

A

Cell is the fundamental unit of an organism; Organisms can be single celled or made of a lot; All cells come from preexisting cells

123
Q

plant cells

A

Chloroplasts, Plastids (contain seasonal pigments) , Centroul Vacoule (turger pressure)

124
Q

Membranes

A

Semi-Permeable membranes- Some shall pass ;
Proteins embedded in membrane
Fluid Mosaic

125
Q

Functions of Membrane

A

Separate in from out, Gatekeeper, provides shape, Cell to cell communication, Senses changes in environment, protection, movement?

126
Q

Receptor Protein

A

: some molecule fits into protein, then causes a response inside the cell.

127
Q

Recognition Protien

A

cellular I.D. tags, self from not self (blood, transplants

128
Q

Enzymes

A

proteins that help chemical reactions (amylase) anything that ends in “lase” is usually an enzyme

129
Q

Attachment Proteins

A

: holds cytoskeleton to membrane and attach cells together

130
Q

Transport Proteins

A

regulate movement of molecules across the membrane (Channel- no ATP, Carrier - lock and key = ATP used)

131
Q

Diffusion

A

Movement from area of high concentration to area of low concentration; It will continue until equally dispersed.

132
Q

Diffusion Continued…

A

Heat speeds it up, also greater concentration ; Can be simple, or facilitate (through channels and carrier proteins)

133
Q

Osmosis

A

Diffusion of H2O down a gradient ( an area of high concentrated water to low)

134
Q

Active Transport

A

moement of individual small molecules or ions against their concentration gradients throuhg membrane spanning protiens

135
Q

Endocytosis

A

Movement of particales or large molecules into a cell; plasma membrane engulfs the substance in a sac that pinches off.

136
Q

Exocytosis

A

Movement of particles our of a cell; enclosed material appraoches membrane and fuses with it thus letting it all out.

137
Q

Properties of Energy

A

1st law of thermodynamics - Energy never created nor destroyed ; 2nd law - Disoder (entropy) always increases (entropy is less useful energy)

138
Q

Chemical Reaction

A

Builds or breaks bonds

139
Q

exergonic vs endergonic

A

Energy out vs energy in

140
Q

Glucose + Oxygen =

A

ATP (energy), CO2, and water

141
Q

Coupled Reaction

A

Exergonic provides energy for endergonic

142
Q

Catalyst = Enzymes

A

Speed up reaction; inlude subrates and active sites, Lower activation energy needed, lock and key - key changes causes reactions

143
Q

Enzyme Regulation

A

Competitive, Non-competitive, and Feedback inhibition

144
Q

Competitive

A

molecule blocks the active site- won’t work (TB bacterium and vaccine (inhibits the inhibitor), toxin of Parkinson’s

145
Q

Non-competitive

A

some other molecule binds to enzyme and distorts it

146
Q

Feedback inhibition

A

: end product of multi-enzyme RXN inhibits start of RXN

147
Q

Behavior

A

observable activity of a living animal

148
Q

Innate Behavior

A

behavior is completed correctly the first time without instruction

149
Q

Learned Behavior

A

behavior requires experience to complete

150
Q

Habituation

A

decline in response to a repeated stimulus (getting “use” to a stimulus)

151
Q

Conditioning

A

learning from Trial and Error, also from rewards and punishment (pavlov’s dogs)

152
Q

Insight

A

Problem solving without experience

153
Q

Imprinting

A

learning only at a specified development (ducks, moose mom)

154
Q

Nature vs. Nurture (innate vs. Learned)

A

no real distinction, behaviors are not static, they can change

155
Q

Types of communication

A

Visual, Audio, Chemical (pheromones), and touch; What are the differences? Advantages and disadvantages

156
Q

Competition

A

Not enough resource to keep up with reproductive potential

157
Q

Intra and Inter

A

Intra -within same species Inter - other species. (try to display so they don’t have to fight - visual/audio “size-up”)

158
Q

Dominance Heirarchies (Ranking)

A

Wolves - leader has more resources (more mates, food, space)

159
Q

Territories

A

individuals defend a resource area, Energy to maintain. (Sight, sound, smell) Examples?

160
Q

Finding a mate

A

Identifying - same species, opposite sex, receptiveness

161
Q

Groups (Benefits vs. Costs)

A

Benefits -Anti-predator, Hunting/gathering, Division of labor, Easier to find mates ; Costs- Competition, disease, infanticide (mufasa), Conspicuous

162
Q

Altruism

A

sacrifice individual success fro the good of the group

163
Q

Kin Selection

A

: sacrifice individual success fro the good of the relatives

164
Q

Why are plants important?

A

Photosynthesis creates Glucose, maintains atmosphere, provides carbon matter to soil, (Shelter, fuel, medicine)

165
Q

Algae

A

not in the plant kingdom, but in the protest “group” (Likely resulted in symbiotic relationship between bacteria with mitochondria and blue-green algae with chloroplasts)

166
Q

Alternation of Generations

A

switching between haploid (n) structure and diploid (2n) structure in one life cycle

167
Q

Alternation of Generations process

A
  • Sperm (n) and egg (n) meet = fertilization into sporophyte generation
  • Meiosis occurs = haploid (n) spore
  • Spore (n) develops into gametophyte generation (male and female)
  • Mitosis occurs = sperm (n) and egg (n) released.
168
Q

Problem: Each cell needs to be in water

A

Solution:– small= osmosis, big = pipes

169
Q

Prob:• Desiccation while allowing gas exchange

A

o Solution – waxy coating, stomata, reduced surface area

170
Q

Prob-• Moving photosynthate around

A

o Solution – Vasculatization - PIPE

171
Q

Prob - • Support against gravity

A

o Solution – “skeleton” lignon

172
Q

Prob • Withstand temp. fluctuations

A

o Solution – Chlorophyll a , having other chlorophylls that are stronger (b,c,)

173
Q

Prob• Getting sperm to egg

A

o Solution – Swimming sperm, pollinators. (these can be so tightly related that they can co-evolve together

174
Q

Non-vascular plants

A

No pipes = small plant, need moist habitat to get egg and sperm together, *Gametophyte is dominant

175
Q

Sporophyte

A

body consists of diploid cells (splits into 4 haploid cells through Meiosis)

176
Q

Gametophyte

A

Haploid spores devlop into multicellular, haploid bodies called gametophytes (ultimately produces male and female haploid gametes by mitosis)

177
Q

Vascular plants

A

Sporophyte is dominant, are capable of growing on land thanks to support from lignon and pipes for nutriets (roots, leaves)

178
Q

Xylem

A

move water and minerals upwards against gravity; found in interior of stem.

179
Q

Phloem

A

move sugars and other nutrients from leaves to rest o plant; found towards outside of stem

180
Q

Seedy Plants

A

further complexity to the plant species, Wind born gametes, Animal carriers (bees), • Seeds contain embryonic sporophyte (2n), food supply (fruit), and protective coat (skin or husk)

181
Q

Pollen

A

grains are tiny male gametophytes that carry sperm-producing cells

182
Q

Female gametes in seedy plants

A

inside sporophyte - fruit (fruit we eat is ovarian tissue)

183
Q

Conifers

A

“Evergreen” = decreased leaf loss year-round instead of massive loss during fall.
Reduced leaves = reduced evaporation (reduced solar panel)

184
Q

Flowers

A

attract/use pollinators as pollen (sperm) transporters; Cost -expensive to build and maintain, attract cheaters and predators (deer like tulips)

185
Q

Law of segregation

A

the principle that each gamete receives only one of each parent’s pair of alleles of each gene.

186
Q

intron

A

a segment of DNA in a eukaryotic gene that does not code for amino acids in a protein. (These introns are actually tossed out and exons are meshed together to form RNA copy)

187
Q

inductive reasoning

A

creating a generalization based on many specific observations that support the generalization

188
Q

deductive reasoning

A

process of generating hypotheses about the results of a specific experiment or the nature of a specific observation.

189
Q

4 things about natural selection/ evolution

A

1) NS does not cause genetic changes in individuals (antibiotics only favors the survival of bacteria that can resist it) 2) NS acts on individuals, but populations are change by evolution 3) evolution is the change in allele frequencies 4) Evolution is not progressive, it does not make organisms better.

190
Q

transcription

A

the synthesis of an RNA molecule from a DNA template.

Bio 100: BYU Adams (1 decks)

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