Final 250 Flashcards by Olivia Haas

Parameter

The actual value for a specified metric (age, weight, length)

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Arithmetic mean =

(Sum of all observations)/(total # of observations)

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Statistics

Compares mean values and variances of data among populations of samples; compares distributions of two data sets under different assumptions; commonly use t, z, F tests

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Catch per Unit Effort (CPUE)

Commonly used by fisheries, biologists as an index to fish population density (not a true estimate)
CPUE: # of animals caught/ unit of effect

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Fixed sites

Practical considerations, reduce variation due to location; most long term surveys use fixed sites

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Modeling

A tool that helps us visualize what might happen in a population under specified conditions. Not a source for answers, but a framework for thinking. Need info on dynamics, abundance and structure

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Wetlands

Transitional areas between terrestrial and aquatic systems (hydrology that results in surface saturation, hydric soils, hydrophytic plants

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Importance of Wetlands

Essential wildlife and fish habitat (spawning, nursery, migration)
Ecosystem Services ( water storage, reduce nutrients and sediment to improve water quality, sequester atmospheric carbon, groundwater recharge)

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Management to enhance wetlands

Preserve existing and reclaim altered wetlands
Maintain food and cover for desired species
Manipulate water levels and vegetation (Flooding: raising water increases open water and deepens pool, control invasion of woody species, attract water birds)
Manipulate water levels and vegetation (Drawdown: lowering water levels to encourage growth of moist soil plants, speed up plant succession, release nutrients, attract shorebirds and terrestrial wildlife)

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Wetland Habitat Loss

Ephemeral wetlands are only wet in spring
Human population is expanding on the west shore
No wetlands=No Pike, sediment loading, nutrient enrichment

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Stream Orders (1-3)

1st Order: Small cold, low species diversity
2nd Order: Moderate size, cool water, higher species diversity
3rd Order: Larger, warmer water, high species diversity

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Browns Biology

Spawn in late fall, build redds
Higher tolerance for lower DO and elevated temperatures
More piscivorous (mainly eats fish)
Sometimes outcompete brookies

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Brookies Biology

Prevalent in headwater
More susceptible to anglers

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Management Strategies

Population Surveys
Habitat
Stocking
Regulations

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Population Assessments

Backpack or barge electrofishing
June-September
Count, measure, age
CPE, IBI, Size Structure
Qualitative habitat evaluation

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Stream Degradation Problems

Sedimentation
Habitat Loss (physical and thermal)
Increased BOD
Altered channel morphology
Flooding
Fish passage
Toxins
Poor fishing

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Point Source

A problem that can be directly attributed to a specific location

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Non Point Source

Problem might be obvious, but not one single source can be directly identified (high atrazine levels)

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In-Stream Habitat Improvements

Bank stabilization (trees, riprap)
Narrowing (Brush bundles, boulders)
Pool creation (Boulders)
Sinuosity (create point bars)

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Goals to Improve Watershed

Creation of public fishery areas
Prioritize watersheds
Landowner programs (Incentives improving land use, riparian corridors are returned to natural vegetation eg buffer strips, reduce use of fertilizers and chemicals to improve water quality
Improve tillage practices to control erosion

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Forestry - Stream Connections

Forest management critical to stream health
Forests provides erosion control and thermal benefits
Woody debris important stream habitat
Clear cutting - increased sediment loads and stream temperatures
Develop better strategies (Smaller cuts, strategic placement)

Stocking

Widespread
Extensive hatchery systems
Propagation is expensive
Wisconsin had 8 hatcheries/rearing systems just for stream trout

Stocking in WI Brookies

Native but lots of introductions
Reproduction often limited due to habitat issues
Extensive maintenance stocking
Natural Reproduction often not sufficient to maintain a fishery
Goal is more naturally reproducing populations

Stocking in WI: Brown and Rainbows

All introductory at some point
Reproduction often limited (rainbows)
Extensive maintenance stocking (put grow and take (both)) (Put and take (mostly rainbow)

Wild vs Domestic Trout

Survival is 2-4 times greater for wild Wild and domestic trout may grow at similar rates, but wild trout start out smaller Benefit:cost ratio for wild trout is based on combination of survival, growth, and rearing costs

Funds for Stocking

Trout Stamps (Rehab) License Dollars Private Dollars

Harvest Regulations for Trout

Creel and length limits Gear restrictions Many stream-specific Many specific to stream segments or reaches Trophy Regulations

Gear Restrictions for Trout

Fly-fishing only, artificial only, single hook Premise - less harm to fish, higher survival Reality - often socially oriented

Why remove fish or wildlife

Overpopulation Nuisance Exotic species Disease control Increase growth/size structure Undiresable effects on habitat Reduce competition/predation with desirable species Rescue operations

Partial Removal

Remove a portion of a population (remove fish from pond by netting)

Complete Removal

Remove the entire population (drain the pond) Often impossible

Fish Removals - Piscicides

Fish toxins Rotenone, TFM, Bayuscide Small lakes, ponds, stream reaches Lake reclamation or renovation Sea lamprey control

Fish Removal Techniques (Mechanical)

Nets, electrofishing Partial removal Lots of effort Commercial fishing Disposal? Short term benefits

Fish Removal Techniques (anglers)

Liberalized regulations Derbies or reward tags Insufficient harvest often a problem

Wildlife Removal - Projectiles and Traps

Liberalized hunting Bounties Sharpshooters Urban archery hunts Trapping (especially nuisance animals)

Wild life remove - Other methods

Poison (at least historically) Egg treatments Goose "round ups" (during molt)

Introductory Stockings

Think 'new' New or renovated body of water or area New species Trap-and-transfer operations Pheasants, turkeys, muskies, Brown trout

Maintenance Stocking

Think 'help' Limited or no natural reproduction Maintenance often follows introductory Recovery effects Stream trout, lake trout, sturgeon

Supplement Stockings

Think 'bonus' Natural reproduction occurring Stock in response to poor recruitment Public hunting areas or hunt clubs Often a public relations measure Walleyes, pheasants

Put and Take

stock animals at harvestable size, often with the hope they get harvested

Put, grow and take

Stock animals at sub-harvestable size, let them grow, then harvest them

How is stocking funded?

License dollars Special permits or stamps Private groups

Stocking Considerations

Biological vs Social Cost Benefit Genetic integrity Effects on ecosystem Objectives and evaluation Perceived success = increased demand

Types of Harvest

Recreational Commercial Subsistence Mixed

Why regulate harvest

Prevent overexploitation Improve or alter population Distribute resource among users Protect public Attach value

Arboriculture

Care of trees

Urban and Community Forestry

Care of tree populations

Benefits of trees

Shade, aesthetics, water interception, air pollution reduction, energy conservation, reduction in Violence, human health

Urban

Densely developed territory and encompass residential, commercial and other non-residential urban land uses account for about 3% of Earths surface

Climate in Urban areas

Urban heat island Humidity lower, precipitation greater, less wind Migration reduced, winter survival increased

Wildlife Conflicts

Diseases, Feces, Vehicle collisions, overpasses, trap and kill, exclusion, habitat modification