Final

Question 1

1. On what continents do we find remains of premodern humans?

Answer 1

Africa, Asia, Europe

Question 2

2. When and where were the earliest modern human fossils located/discovered?

Answer 2

Africa - Approx. 200,000

Question 3

3. Where have Neanderthal remains been found?

Answer 3

Middle east and Europe

Question 4

4. What are the cranial capacities of Neanderthal and modern human?

Answer 4

Neanderthal = 1250-1740 cc

H. Sapiens sapiens = 1400 cc (range 950-1800 cc)

Question 5

5. Be able to define, compare and contrast the morphological characteristics Neanderthals and modern humans.

Answer 5

H. sapiens sapiens

• Brow Ridge Gone
• Defined chin
• Smaller face, larger forehead
• More “gracile” skeleton

H. neanderthalensis

• Pronounced Brow Ridge
• less chin
• less forehead
• bulges at the sides

Question 6

6. When does cave and portable art first appear? What created them?

Answer 6

Upper Paleolithic -

Question 7

7. What’s most represented in cave art?

Answer 7

Predator animals, important animal,

Question 8

8. What and when are the Aurignacian, Solutrean, Gravettian, and Magdalenian?

Answer 8

Upper paleolithic (50ka - 10ka) tool types

Question 9

9. What are the characteristics of the Upper Paleolithic?

Answer 9

Trade, travel, advanced tools, working together, technology, language, Portable art and cave art.

Question 10

10. What is the relationship between language, motor functions and spatial memory functions of the brain? **

Answer 10

better or bigger memory and motor functions, the more complex a language you can know.

Question 11

11. What are the major linguistic components of language?

Answer 11

Phonemes - Smallest unit of sound

Morphemes - Smallest combination of sounds that convey meaning

ex; un + true = 2 morphemes

Syntax - Standard conventions for combining words

Question 12

12. What are Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas?

Answer 12

Areas of the brain related to speech/language.

Wernicke - understanding (back of brain)

Broca - production (front of brain)

Question 13

13. What are the major stone tool traditions? With what species are they associated?

Answer 13

Olduwan - basic stone tools (Lower Paleolithic period, 2.6 million years ago up until 1.7 million years ago, by Homo habilis)

Acheulean - hand axes (Homo erectus)

Question 14

14. What is the difference between a core tool technology and a flake tool technology?

Answer 14

Core = Any piece of material that has had flakes removed from it.

Flake = Any material removed from a core (intentional or not).

Question 15

15. What is the Levallois technique? Who used it? **

Answer 15

Tortoise-shaped core with CONVERGENT FLAKE SCARS
Can use poorer material
Produces very straight edges (Knives)
Curved and steep-angle edges: SCRAPERS
Requires STRATEGIZING THE STONE
This Mousterian Stone Tool kit (associated with Neanderthal) may have had as many as 100+ tool types.

Question 16

16. What is the importance of stone blades? Who used them?

Answer 16

Tools to make other tools. Used by modern humans.

Question 17

17. What is an atlatl?

Answer 17

spear-thrower - uses leverage to achieve greater velocity

Question 18

18. Arguments for and against Out-of-Africa hypothesis and Multi-Regional hypothesis ***

Answer 18

OUT-OF-AFRICA - Modern humans evolved from a population of archaic Homo sapiens in Africa, then spread throughout the rest of the world and replaced archaic Homo sapiens everywhere.

Multi-Regional Model - Archaic Homo sapiens populations gradually evolved into anatomically modern humans in different areas.

Question 19

19. Characteristics of hunter-gatherer groups ***

Answer 19

• Small groups 25-45 in number

Question 20

20. Diet of hunter-gatherers vs. agriculture

Answer 20

Hunter-gatherer: more varied diet

Agriculture: More grains, starches, higher carbs

Question 21

21. What did humans need to do in order to domesticate animals?

Answer 21

• Need to Alter Behavior
• Reduction of Intelligence
• Reduction of Aggressive Behavior
• Eliminate Defensive Mechanisms

Question 22

22. What are the benefits and problems of agriculture?

Answer 22

Benefits: Stability, productivity, technological progress

Problems: narrowing of diet, loss of genetic variation,

Question 23

23. When agriculture first appear?

Answer 23

12ka - 10ka

Question 24

24. Centers of initial domestication?

Answer 24

• SW Asia: Sedentary Hunter-Gatherers, Mixed Farming of grains and animals.
• China: Sedentary Hunter-Gatherers, Rice Farming (Yellow River Delta).
• Americas: Mobile Hunter-Gatherers, Bottle-Gourds, Corn & Beans

Question 25

25. What did humans need to do in order to domesticate wild grains, such as wheat?

Answer 25

• Manipulation of wild grains
• Sowing grain to supplement wild harvest
• Reduce travel time during harvest
• Changes in plants (GENETIC ALTERATION)
• MORE seeds, fruit, root, leaf
• LARGER seeds, fruit, root, leaf

Question 26

26. Hunter-gatherer vs agricultural production: cost and efficiency

Answer 26

Hunter gatherers work a little and get a lot of food where as agricultural make extra food but takes a lot of effort.

Question 27

27. Basic theoretical models for the origins of agriculture ***

Answer 27

• Nuclear Zone

- Lightbulb Theory

Question 28

28. Characteristics & differences between mitochondrial (mtDNA) and Y-Chromosome DNA.

Answer 28

Y-chromosome only comes from the man and mtDNA comes from mother.

We track the markers between the chromosomes to see relationships and population.

Question 29

29. Eve Hypothesis

Answer 29

Following mitochondrial DNA back to a single common female ancestor

Question 30

30. What are the major biological and behavioral trends in human evolution from 4 million to 30,000 years ago?

Answer 30

• Reduction in sexual dimorphism
• Use of tools - bigger brain / smaller body
• Increased cooperation
• “Insurance” water containers, grain stores

Question 31

31. What was remarkable about the hominids discovered on Flores Island, Indonesia?

Answer 31

Homo floresiensis - hobbits, 3’3” ft tall

Question 32

32. Denisovians. What’s significant about them?

Answer 32

• Paleolithic-era species of the genus Homo
• Denisova Cave in Siberia
• genetically distinct from the mtDNAs of Neanderthals and modern humans
• common origin with Neanderthals, interbred with the ancestors of some present-day modern humans

Question 33

33. Know and be able to describe the periods and stages of (life history) human development (pre-natal through old age). ***

Answer 33

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Question 34

34. Menarche

Answer 34

When woman’s period starts. Age trends down over time. 11-13 in US.

Question 35

35. What are rain forests? Why are they important?

Answer 35

The Amazon. Earth’s lungs.

Question 36

36. Modern diet and affects on health. Type II Diabetes.

Answer 36

Inadequate exercise, combined with more sugars and refined carbohydrates.

Question 37

37. How have humans modified the natural environment?

Answer 37

Infrastructure (roads, buildings, bridges), agriculture, pollution, damming, introduction & eradication of species

Question 38

38. What is Behavioral Ecology?

Answer 38

Evolutionary basis for animal behavior due to ecological pressures.

Question 39

39. History and trajectory of human population growth?

Answer 39

Exponential.

Question 40

40. What is Global Warming? What are the causes?

Answer 40

Climate Change is cyclical.

Question 41

How is water similar to oil?

Answer 41

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