Final Flashcards
Cosmo de Medici ruled for ___ years
30
Medici
Mankind family ruling Florence in 1478. Almost assassinated by the Pazzi family. Part of the signory (a council ruling Florence). Giovanni payed for hospitals and churches. Usury.
Casino de medici’s grandsons name?
Lorenzo
Dante
Author of divine comedy.
What’s divine come day about
Virgil going through hell purgatory and heaven (with beatrice)
Dante importance
Wrote about real people
Interest in the common man
Wrote in the vernacular
Brought together religion and worldly views
Petrarch
Italian poet (considered first modern poet)
Petrarch importance
Broke from the Medieval courtly conventions and defined true love (with Laura)
Wrote with simplicity and purity
Studied classical texts and followed their example
Machiavelli
Author of the prince. One of Florence’s leading patriots. Soderini’s secretary for 14 years. Thrown in jail and tortured by Medici family.
In the prince what defeated Cesare
Bad luck
Didn’t kill the entire family that came before him
What does Machiavellian mean?
Cleverly dishonest
Ideal renaissance man
Not tall not short Understand that fights may happen Be quick to take advantage Courage Prudence Only fights for honor Daring
Idea renaissance woman
Prudence Magnanimity Continence Kindness Discretion Ability to manage property Smart Doesn't talk about shit she doesn't know about
Linear perspective
Use of parallel lines receding in the distance to create depth
Vernacular
Native language to the place it’s written
Da Vinci
Artist-painted Scientist-dissected bodies Engineer-inventions Known for wondering, exploring, and a curious mind Didn't complete most works
Da Vinci works
The last supper
Mona Lisa
Donatello
Known for being one of the greatest sculptors in both marble and bronze
Donatello works
David
Saint George
Equestrian
Michelangelo
Artist-painter Sculpture-marble Engineer Poet Known for ill temper, outbursts, very modest
Michelangelo works
Sistine chapel
David
Pieta
Raphael
Known for painting Madonna and child
Taught by Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo
Raphael works
School of Athens
Madonnas
Masaccio work
Trinity
Ghiberti work
Bronze doors of Baptistry in Florence
Brunelleschi work
Dome in Florence
Miguel de Cervantes country works and achievements
Spain
Don Quixote de La Mancha
Exposed inadequacies of the chivalratic idealism. Satire
Pieter Brueghel the elder country works and achievements
Netherlands (Fladers)
Village squares, landscapes, every day life
Painted with expert eye for detail. Realism.
Francois Rabelais country works achievements
France
Gargantua and Pantagruel
Showed hypocrisy in Church and Politics. Satire.
William Shakespeare country works and achievements
England
37 total
Showed real emotion, realism.
Alberect dürer country works and achievements
Germany
Numerous wood cuts and engravings
Realism, symbolism, gothic art
Jan Van Eyck country works and achievements
Netherlands (Flanders)
Arnolfini and wife
Perfected oil painting, realism
Paint made with egg and powder
Tempura
Chiaroscuro
Use of shadowing to inhabited and make more realistic
Visual effect that makes things far away look smaller
Foreshortening
Painting on wet plaster
Fresco
Humanism
Study and popularization of Classic Greek and roman texts
Painter of the ambassador
Holbein
Painter of the Tudors
Holbein
4 problems wit church during Reformation
War
Political power
Wasting money on luxuries
Selling of indulgences
Martin Luther
German monk and catholic priest
Disagree with abuses of church
1527 posted 95 theses in church door
It questioned and protested sale of indulgences and corruption
Invented of moveable type
Johann Gutenburg
Johannes tetzel
German Dominican friar. Preached indulgences. Sparked Luther’s reaction. In effect he became a salesman whose product revolved into the reformation.
Roman Catholic
Salvation comes from good deeds
Leaders pick next leaders
Pope’s interpretation of bible is law
Indulgences
Lutheran church
Salvation comes from belief in God
Bible is the only authority
Priests were allowed to marry and wear normal clothes
Calvinistic church
Predestination (predetermined fate at birth)
Theocracy
Doctrine of hard work
Similarities of Lutheranism and Calvinism
Christian
Simple humble lives
Choose church leader
Theocracy
Country is run by religious leaders
Predestination
Fate is decided at birth
Counter Reformation (Catholic Reformation)
Catholic Church trying to fix itself so people stop leaving.
Pope Paul IIII created the council of Trent-leads the reform from within, gets rid of indulgences.
Society of Jesus goes to war with the Protestants.
Founder of the society of Jesus
Ignatius Loyola
Society of Jesus
Jesuits
Copernicus
Refused the idea that the sun and planets orbited around the earth, had no proof. Polish churchman, heliocentric theory. Father of scientific revolution.
Copernicus works
On the revolution of heavenly spheres
Galileo
Made the telescope. Verified Copernican theory. Father of experimental science. Discovered the moon has craters. 2 different objects of different weights hit the ground at the same time. Forced to deny his works were valid
Galileo works
De Monty
Starry messenger
System of the world
Telescope
Newton
Gravity. Optics. Light consists of a spectrum of colors. Newtons cannon. Gravity keeps moon in orbit. Calculus.
Newtons 3 laws
Object in motion will stay in motion.
Force=mass*acceleration
Every action has a counter action.
Newtons works
Principia
Wollstonecraft
Moshe stressed equal woman’s rights and opportunity
Right to education
Wollstonecraft works
Vindication on the rights of women
Kepler
German Astronomer. Developed logarithms to calculate rudolphine tables.
Laws of planetary motion. Mathematically proved planet moved in an eclipse not and orbit. Proved Copernican theory.
Laws of Motion
Elliptical orbit (not circular). A line joining planets sweep out equal ares of intervals of time. Square of orbital period of planet is proportional with axis if orbit
Hobbes
Questioned if women were naturally subordinate men. People are naturally cruel, greedy, selfish.
Hobbes works
Leviathan
The social contract (similar to absolute monarchy)
Voltaire (+works)
I disagree with what you say but will defend to the death your right to say it. Freedom of speech
Candide
Smith
Scottish father of economics
Free market should regulate business
Laissez Faire
Smith’s work
On the wealth of nations
Sun is center
Heliocentric
Earth is center
Geocentric
Bacon
Successful political career. New system if thought. Scientific method. Inductive reasoning (based in experiments)
Bacon’s work
Novum Organum
Descartes
Rejected every accepted idea he could. I think therefore I am. Math/human consciousness. Animals don’t have souls. Deductive reasoning (based on widely accepted rules)
Descartes works
Principles of philosophy. Discourse on method.
Locke
Refused Devine right. Tried to destroy absolute monarchy. People are basically reasonable and moral. Right to liberty and property. Government protects people. Right to overthrow leaders.
Locke works
Second treatise on civil government
Essay concerning human understanding.
Rousseau
Glorified human impulses. Heart over mind. Democracy. Naturally good, community comes first. “Born free but everywhere are chains”. Believed women were naturally below men, belong in house, no education.
Rousseau works
Philosophe
The social contract
Discourse in science and arts
Montesquieu
One of the earliest critics of absolutism. Separation of powers protects liberty. Branches of government.
Montesquieu works
Persian letters
The spirit of laws
Diderot work
Encyclopédie
Natural rights
Laws govern human nature
You are born with certain rights
Boyle
Better volume formula. Amount if space has uses depends in pressure. Corrected idea that everything was made of 3 or 4 elements. Proved chemistry a science.
Boyle works
New experiments physicomechanical, touching the spring air and it’s effects, the skeptical chemist
Lavoisier
French chemist. Got gold medal from kind. Theory of combustion.
Lavoisier works
Traitor elementrine de chimie
Priestly
Discovered CO2+water= soda water. Said to have discovered oxygen (first to publish about it). Mouse under cup experiment.
Priestly works
Experiments and observations on different kinds of air, over 150 total works.
Cavendish
First to recognize hydrogen as a gas. Composition of water. Measured sir Issac Newtons gravitational constant. First accurate measurement of density of earth. Discovered electric potential.
Cavendish’s first paper
Factitious airs
Leeuwenhoek
Microscope. Discovered bacteria, cells, protazoa. Father of microbiology.
Hooke’s law
Amount of elastic material will stretch when external stress is placed on it
Maria merian
Butterflies.
Works: insects in Surinam, never blimenbuch, wonderful transformation.
Vesalius
Human anatomy. Dissections. Scientific experiments must be repeated for accuracy.
Work: on the fabric of the human body
Harvey
Embryology and blood flown heart is a pump
Works: de montu cordis, de generations
Fauchard
Father of modern dentistry. Designed dentures.
Work: lechirugien
Spanish adventurers
Conquistadors
Aztec agricultural system
Chinampas
Quipus
Multi colored tangles if string possibly used by the Inca for writing.
Magellan year sailing for place reached claim to fame
1519
Spain
East coast of South America, Pacific Ocean
1st to circumnavigate the world
Prince Henry the Navigator date sailing for place reached claim to fame
Early 1400’s
Portugal
Azores, Madeira Islands, care verde
Navigation school, sponsored voyages
Columbus date sailing for place reached claim to fame
1492
Spain
Caribbean
“Discovered” the new world
John Cabot date sailing for place reached claim to fame
1497
England
Newfoundland
Newfoundland
Cortes date sailing for place reached claim to fame
1519
Spain
Mexico
Spain ruled Mexico, conquered Aztecs
Pizarro date sailing for place reached claim to fame
1532
Spain
Peru
Ruled west coast of South America, conquered incas
Inca height of empire
1500’s
At height inca population/languages
10million people
200 languages
Incan empire was between
Ecuador and chile (3500 miles)
Incan capital
Cuzco
Incan cultural foundations turned into
Art
Agriculture
Engineering
Imperial organization
Inca has continuos ____
War
Incan nobles had ____
Royal lineage
Incan woman shared ____ with husbands
Values
Incans had ___ on every ____
Regulations
Aspect of life
Incan homes were
Circular
Edict of Nantes
Henry IV
1598
Gave Protestants rights
Mercantilism
More goes out than comes into economy
Elizabeth I
Youngest daughter of Henry VIII Last Tudor monarch Ended war with France Improved economy Restored Anglican Church English Renaissance reached peak during her reign Golden age Excommunicated in 1570
Laissez Faire
Free market
Patron
Person who gives financial support to a person, organization, cause, activity, ect.
City-state
A city that with it’s surrounding territory forms an independent state
Renaissance
Rebirth
Why Renaissance began in Italy
There were ruins of Ancient Rome
City states
Wealth
Invention of printing press
French Protestant
Huguenot
Author of the Prince
Machiavelli
“Better to be hated than loved”
Said by____
Machiavelli
Giotto
Italian painter
In which painting was linear perspective perfected?
Trinity
How renaissance spread
Printing press
Books in the vernacular
Merchants
What renaissance led to
Reformation
Northern Renaissance
Religious reformation
How printing press affected reformation
Allowed for mass production and distribution of reformation ideas
Protestant reformation
16 century movement
Created new sects of Christianity
Council of Trent
Catholic church’s attempt to fix itself
95 theses
Martin Luther’s attack on indulgences, put on church door
Why Henry VIII split church
For a divorce
Index of forbidden books
List of books banned by church
Instruments used for astronomical measurements
Calculates latitude
Astrolabe
Middle passage
A sea journey undertaken by slave ships from West Africa to the West Indies
Were Aztecs lived
Central America
caravel
A small, fast Spanish or Portuguese ship
Armada
Fleet of ships
Divine right
Right to rule from god
30 year war
A series of wars in Central Europe beginning in 1618 starting from conflicts between Protestants and Catholics and political struggles between the Holy Roman Empire and other powers.
Versailles
Hunting place turned palace by Louis XIV
Parliament
Legislature
Characteristics of an absolute monarch
Ruled by one person
Power is hereditary
Complete rule
Abuse of power
Catherine the Great
Empress of Russia
Louis XIV
Revoked Edict of Nantes Wasted money Wasted money Versailles Unified France Got new territory Lots of war
Philip II
Defeated at battle of Rocroi War exhausted Spain and England Rebelled in Aragon Fought Pope Clement VIII Died in 1598 Made peace with France Bankrupt Spain Edict of Nantes
James I
Believed in Divine right Hated parliament Perseud unpopular opinions Accused of being procatholic Clashed with Protestants Raised taxes to go to foreign war
Charles I
Accepted petition of rights in 1628 No parliament from 1629-1640 Tried to force Anglican prayer books into Scottish church Parliament forced itself on him in 1642 Beheaded by his people
Oliver Cromwell
"lord Protector" Supported demands for back pay Abolished House of Lords "Rump parliament" Thinly veiled dictatorship Increased trade
Roundheads
Parliaments army
Cavileers
Charles’s army
Charles II
Doesn't push religion on England Ruled along with parliament Manipulated political system Accepted petition of rights Forced ministers to resign
James II
Determined to be absolute
Openly catholic
Forced into exile
Bill of righs
Free Market
An economic system in which prices are determined by unrestricted competition between privately owned businesses
Philosophes
French intellectuals
Physiocrat
18th century French economists
Social contract
Hobbes Locke and Rousseau wrote some
Said you should sacrifice some indivisible freedom for state protection
Brahe
Danish astronomer
Designed instruments to plot accurately positions of planets, sun, moon, and stars
John Calvin
French theologian and reformer. Leader of Protestant reformation
John Knox
Scottish theologian who wrote a history of the reformation in Scotland
Pope Paul III
Italian pope who excommunicated Henry VIII
Initiated council of Trent
Pope Paul IV
Set up Roman Inquisitiom