Final

Question 1

Postmodern Identity

Answer 1

One’s identity is composed of diverse elements that do not always form a unified, consistent self (Schacter, 2005a; 2005b).
The postmodern identity changes across contexts, so that people may show a different identity to friends, family, coworkers, and others. It also changes continuously, not just in adolescence/emerging adulthood but through the life course, as people add new elements to their identities and discard others.

Question 2

Stigma

Answer 2

A physical mark symbolic of some negative status; or a reduction in one’s mind from a whole or usual person to a tainted, discounted one; or the realization that you are not just different but your difference is viewed negatively by others.

an attribute or status that has negative social implications or prompts in others stereotypic judgments, prejudice, or discriminationinclude social statuses (e.g., being black, gay, or poor), physical marks (e.g., obesity, blindness), and marks that are more characterological in nature (e.g., developmentally disabled, recovering addict

Question 3

Social Stigma

Answer 3

The experience of being socially discredited or flawed by a personal trait or characteristic

Question 4

Cultural Awareness

Answer 4

the implicit knowledge that individuals have of their cultures of origin and of their host cultures.

• proficiency in the language of each cultures
• knowledge of significant historical events that have shaped the cultures
• standards of behavior and values that have shaped how persons conduct themselves.

Question 5

). Cultural Competence

Answer 5

The learned ability to function in a culture in a manner that is congruent with the values, beliefs, customs, mannerisms, and language of the majority of members of the culture.

Question 6

Actual Identity

Answer 6

The “you” you know yourself to be

Question 7

). Virtual Identity

Answer 7

The “you” other people believe you are

Question 8

Stigma and Identity:

Answer 8

the realization that you are not just different but your difference is viewed negatively by others- involves an inconsistency between one’s actual and virtual identities

Question 9

Stigmatized individuals

Answer 9

chronic inconsistency between their own self-views and the negative views other people have of them. Thus stigma involves a mismatch of identities; when the “you” reflected in others’ behavior does not match the “you” you really are (Blaine, 2007).

Question 10

Others’ stereotypic knowledge of us

Answer 10

differs in three important ways from our self-knowledge:
1). Other people see us in more negative terms than we see ourselves
2). Other people explain our behavior more in terms of our inner dispositions and abilities than our situations.
3). Their understanding of us is more simplistic than is warranted, and if you have ever had the experience of being “reduced to a stereotype,” you know how other people oversimplify who you are.
recognizing that others see us in predominantly negative and characterological terms and that these terms are tied to just one (of your many) attributes.

Question 11

Stigma is Determined by Context//Situation

Answer 11

is to be in a situation that calls for a particular skill or attribute with people who (are believed to) hold negative beliefs about what that attribute means.
situation is stigmatizing if the situation reveals to others an attribute or part of yourself that is vulnerable to negative evaluation.

Question 12

Relational Resilienc

Answer 12

Growing in a relationship and being able to move forward despite setbacks.
Resilience also concerns recognizing when relationships are not mutual, and moving on from them

Question 13

Relational Competence

Answer 13

Being able to be empathic toward self and others.

ability to participate in and build a sense of strength in a community

Question 14

Mindfulness

Answer 14

recognizing that others see you more negatively than you see yourself, then stigmatized people should want to reduce or at least understand this discrepancy by taking others’ perspective on themselves

Question 15

Chronic mindfulness

Answer 15

tiring. Similarly, persisting to achieve in areas where other people believe you (or at least people like you) will struggle takes a toll on one’s motivation and achievement. The awareness that you, as a member of a negatively stereotypes group, are seen through the lens of a stereotype by others is threatening.

Question 16

Stereotypes Threat

Answer 16

The doubts that arise in one’s mind about one’s own competence and worthiness when faced with others’ negative beliefs about your character and ability.
involves facing the possibility that one’s failures may confirm those stereotypic beliefs

Question 17

stereotype threat lower academic performance

Answer 17

• Negative stereotypes reduce memory capacity.
• Negative stereotypes cause depression and anxiety
• Negative stereotypes increase stress.
• Negative stereotypes decrease self-control

Question 18

Social Neuroscience

Answer 18

An integration of biological and social perspectives that explores the neural and psychological bases of social and emotional behaviors
bio-psycho-social-organisms. Mind and body are one system. - stress hormones affect how we feel and act - social ostracism elevates blood pressure - social support strengthens the disease-fighting immune system.

Question 19

Social Phobia

Answer 19

marked or persistent fear of one or more social or performance situations in which the person is exposed to unfamiliar people or to possible scrutiny by others.
he/she will act in a way (or show anxiety symptoms) that will be humiliating or embarrassing

Question 20

Amygdala

Answer 20

structure in the brain that attaches emotion to memory; integrates, coordinates, and directs motivational and emotional activities.
“emotional computer” for evaluating weather stimuli represent a threat or danger

Question 21

The limbic system

Answer 21

of a set of structures in the brain located below the cerebral cortex that plays a key role in memory formation and processing of emotional responses.

Question 22

The Stereotype Connection

Answer 22

• From others’ perspective the associations between attributes and stereotypes make you known and somewhat predictable to other people. Other’s stereotypic knowledge of us differs in three important ways from our self-knowledge:
  1) . Other people see us in more negative terms than we see ourselves.
  2) . Other people explain our behavior more in terms of our inner dispositions and abilities than our situations and circumstances.
  3) . Others’ understanding of us is more simplistic than is warranted.

Question 23

Courtesy Stigma

Answer 23

Stigma could be experienced indirectly based on one’s association with a stigmatized individual. Courtesy Stigma is informed by what one’s association with a stigmatized person seems to say about you

Question 24

Stigma Controllability

Answer 24

Who caused or is responsible for the stigmatizing attribute, status, or condition or to what extent it could have been prevented
Stigmatizing marks range in their controllability from those that are uncontrollable and assigned, such as race, ethnicity, or genetically determined physical ailment, to those that are highly controllable, such as having a substance abuse problem, a criminal record, or a tattoo.

Question 25

Stigma Visibility

Answer 25

How apparent it is to others and how difficult it is to conceal from others. Stigmatizing marks range in their visibility from the completely invisible, such as being gay or paroled convict, to the completely visible such as physical disability, obesity, or racial minority status.

Question 26

Passing

Answer 26

Methods and strategies for concealing one’s stigmatizing, attribute or condition from others. To “pass” is to be known by others as normal, as if you possessed no discrediting or discreditable attribute.

Question 27

Obesity & Weightism

Answer 27

Weight discrimination exceeds race or gender discrimination and occurs at every employment stage - hiring, placement, promotion, compensation, discipline, and discharge

Question 28

Obese/Obesity

Answer 28

A specific population of people whose body mass index (BMI) is 30 or greater’’
A BMI of 30 is equivalent to a 5’4” woman who weighs 175 pounds or a 5’10”, 205 pound man

Question 29

). Weightism

Answer 29

Prejudice and discrimination against people because of their large size or extreme weight.

Question 30

Stigma

Answer 30

A reduction in one’s mind from a whole or usual person to a tainted, or discounted one.

Question 31

Internal Stressors

Answer 31

Stressors manifested within the individual often representing more chronic mental distress and leading to more physiological disorders:

• depression
• negative thoughts
• anxiety
• low self-worth
• stigma
• issues of vulnerability based on past trauma

Question 32

Primary Categorization

Answer 32

• Identifying someone’s race, sex, or age - are large based on identifiable physical characteristics

Question 33

Social Phobia (Social Anxiety)

Answer 33

A marked and persistent fear of social performance requirements that expose them to scrutiny and possible embarrassment.

Question 34

Obesity Research

Answer 34

Many millions of people are technically obese but healthy, whereas a small proportion of the obese population is morbidly fat and, as a result, has serious mobility problems and life-threatening health concerns.
Americans consume 815 billion calories of food each day, 200 billion calories more than necessary to maintain their weight at moderate levels of activity - the extra calories are enough to sustain a country of 80 million people.

Question 35

Potential life threatening diseases associated with obesity

Answer 35

heart disease, stroke, diabetes, respiratory disease, and some forms of cancer.
300,000 people in the U.S. die prematurely because of obesity-linked diseases

Question 36

Black, Latino/a, and Native American children

Answer 36

greater risk of being overweight that their Caucasian peers - Mexican American - 23% of children ages 6-11 and 16% of teens are obese; Blacks - 22% of children ages 6-11 and teens are obese; Caucasian - 18% of children ages 6-11 and 17% of teens are obese

Question 37

Endomorphic Body Shapes

Answer 37

Plump or overweight, were believed to be associated with complacency and the love of physical comforts.

Question 38

Mesomorphic Body Shapes

Answer 38

Muscular body types were associated with traits such as aggressiveness and love of adventure

Question 39

Ectomorphic Body Shapes

Answer 39

Thin body types were believed to be restrained and socially inhibited.

Question 40

Weight Controllability, Weight-based Prejudice & Discrimination

Answer 40

People can control their weight, so fat people must be doing something that makes them fat, like not exercising (lazy) or overeating (gluttonous). Therefore, fat people are to blame for their plight
are grounded in traditional American values for personal responsibility, individualism, and self-discipline

Question 41

Obesity beliefs

Answer 41

combines beliefs about people with physical disabilities (e.g., unattractiveness, mobility problems, beliefs about dependence and inactivity) with the character flaws associated with other “controllable” behavioral deviations (e.g., alcoholism, homosexual orientation.
targets of two converging streams of stereotyping and prejudice

Question 42

causes obesity

Answer 42

caloric intake exceeds energy output, the excess calories are stored in the body in the form of fat, leading to obesity
Genetic influences on one’s body size and basic metabolic rate suggest that weight is not very controllable

Question 43

Dieting

Answer 43

90% of people who lose weight on a diet gain all or most of the weight back within a year
permanent weight loss is rare

Question 44

Attributing Negative Outcomes to Prejudice

Answer 44

face the assumption that they are responsible for their obesity, and hence their minority group statu
self-fulfilling prophecy predicts - as see themselves as at least somewhat deserving of others’ negative treatment of them.

Question 45

Overweight Women

Answer 45

led to believe that weight is uncontrollable attributed their rejection from a male to his obesity prejudice. - Attributing negative outcomes to others’ prejudice can be an effective strategy for coping with others’ negative treatment,

Question 46

Maladaptive Eating Patterns

Answer 46

Disturbed patterns of eating and maladaptive ways of controlling body weight
often accompanied by other forms of psychopathology

Question 47

Binge Eating Disorder

Answer 47

characterized by recurrent eating binges without purging. - 2 days a week for a period of 3 months- these people will continue to eat despite feeling uncomfortably full. They are embarrassed to be seen during a binge and feel guilty afterwards. - associated with depression and with a history of unsuccessful attempts at losing excess weight and keeping it off

Question 48

A BINGE

Answer 48

typically lasts from 30 to 60 minutes and involves consumption of forbidden foods that are generally sweet and rich in fat
may consume 5,000 to 10,000 calories at a sitting
, suffers painful stomach distention, induces vomiting, or runs out of food. - Drowsiness, guilt, and depression usually ensue

Question 49

Psychological & Social Consequences of Obesity

Answer 49

Weightism results in poorer psychological adjustment of obese compared with thin people, and much research attests that obese people have greater rates of depression than thin people
have lower self-esteem, greater loneliness, and more personal dissatisfaction than thin people
people evoke feelings of disgust, contempt, fear, and hostility in others, and these reactions interfere with normal social relations with them

Question 50

Three concerns arise for obese people in their efforts to cope with others’ stereotyping and prejudice:

Answer 50

1) . Because others assume weight is controllable, obese people must deal with others blaming them for their own condition, whether that condition is loneliness, sickness, unemployment, or some other undesirable outcome.
2) . Because of the highly visible nature of obesity, obese people must manage the impact of their weight on interactions with others.
3) . Weightism combines negative reactions based on obesity and physical disability (e.g., slow moving, not athletic) with those based on obesity as a disorder of character (e.g., lazy irresponsible, undisciplined).

Question 51

Racial Microaggression(s)

Answer 51

easier for people of color and women to deal with the overt and deliberate forms of bigotry than the subtle and unintentional forms, because no guesswork is involved
unconscious and unintentional forms of bias that create the overwhelming problems for marginalized groups in our society

Question 52

President Clinton’s Race Advisory Board

Answer 52

a) . racism is one of the most divisive forces in our society;
b) . racial legacies of the past continue to haunt current policies and practices that create unfair disparities between minority and majority groups;
c) . racial inequities are so deeply ingrained in American society that they are nearly invisible; and
d) . most White Americans are unaware of the advantages they enjoy in this society and of the how their attitudes and actions unintentionally discriminate against persons of color.

Question 53

Delimma 1: Clash of Racial Realities

Answer 53

White Americans tend to believe that minorities are doing better in life, that discrimination is on the decline

Question 54

Delimma 1: Clash of Racial Realities

Answer 54

Minorities on the other hand, perceive Whites as (a) racially insensitive, (b) unwilling to share their position and wealth, (c) believing they are superior, (d) needing to control everything, and (e) treating them poorly because of their race.
reenacted everyday in their interpersonal interactions with Whites, oftentimes in the form of microaggressions

Question 55

Modern Racism, Symbolic Racism, and Aversive Racism

Answer 55

a). are more likely than ever to be disguised and covert and (b). have evolved from the “old fashioned” form, in which overt racial hatred and bigotry is consciously and publicly displayed, to a more ambiguous and nebulous forms that is more difficult to identity and acknowledge
sexism and heterosexism have not decreased, but instead have become more ambiguous and nebulous, making them more difficult to identify and acknowledge

Question 56

Modern and symbolic racism

Answer 56

closely associated with political conservatives, who disclaim personal bigotry by strong and rigid adherence to traditional American values, whereas aversive racism is more characteristic of White Liberals.

Question 57

Aversive racists

Answer 57

strongly motivated by egalitarian values as well as anti-minority feelings. Their egalitarian values operate on a conscious level, while their anti-minority feelings are less conscious and generally covert

Question 58

Invisibility and Dynamics of Racial Microaggressions

Answer 58

power of racial microaggressions lies in their invisibility to the perpetrator and, oftentimes, the recipient
well-intentioned people, who are strongly motivated by egalitarian values, who believe in their own mortality, and who experience themselves as fair-minded and decent people who would never consciously discriminate

Question 59

unconscious-unintentional oppressors or bigots

Answer 59

). On a conscious level they may endorse egalitarian values, but on an unconscious level, they harbor either pro-majority feelings (Dovidio et al., 2002) or anti-minority feelings

Question 60

Racial Microaggressions defined

Answer 60

brief and commonplace daily verbal, behavioral, or environmental indignities, whether intentional or unintentional, that communicate hostile, derogatory, or negative racial slights and insults toward people of color
described as “subtle insults” (verbal, non-verbal, and/or visual) directed toward people of color, women, and Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, &/or Questioning (LGBTQ) often automatically or unconsciously
everyday exchanges that send denigrating messages to people of color because they belong to racial minority groups
detrimental to persons of color, women, and LGBTQ’s because they impair performance in a multitude of settings by sapping the psychic and spiritual energy of recipients and by creating inequities (ie, Mindfulness).

Question 61

Microassault

Answer 61

Explicit racial derogation characterized primarily by a verbal or nonverbal messages meant to attack the group identity or the person or to hurt/harm the intended victim through name calling, avoidant behavior, or purposeful discriminatory actions (Miller & garran, 2008; Nelson, 2006).
intent of these messages is to threaten, intimidate, and make the individuals or groups feel unwanted and unsafe because they are inferior, subhuman, and lesser beings that do not belong on the same levels as others in this society.

Question 62

Verbal micro assaults

Answer 62

use of racial epithets: referring to African-Americans as “niggers,”
intent is to assail one’s racial, gender, or sexual identity and to communicate to the recipient that they are “lesser human beings.”
they are unworthy to be served and/or that they are not the “right kind of people” and do not belong.

Question 63

, microassaults or blatant racism

Answer 63

easier to deal with by marginalized groups because their intent is clear and the psychological energies of people of color, for example, are not diluted by ambiguity.

Question 64

Microinsult -

Answer 64

Characterized by communication that convey rudeness and insensitivity and demean the person’s racial heritage or identity.
represent snubs, frequently outside the conscious awareness of the perpetrator, but they convey an oftentimes hidden insulating message to the recipient of these three groups.
also occur nonverbally, as when a White teacher fails to acknowledge students of color in the classroom or when a White supervisor seems distracted during a conversation with a Black employee by avoiding eye contact or tuning away.

Question 65

Microinvalidation

Answer 65

characterized by communication or environmental cues that exclude negate, or nullify the psychological thoughts, feelings, or experiential reality of certain groups, such as people of color, women, and LGBTs
represent the most damaging form of te three micro-aggressions because they directly and insidiously deny the racial, gender, or sexual-orientation reality of these groups

Question 66

Microinvalidation

Answer 66

When Blacks are told that “I don’t see color” or “We are all human beings,” the effect is to negate their experience as racial/cultural beings.

Question 67

Assumption of Abnormality

Answer 67

Microaggression theme is related to the perception that something about the person’s race, gender, or sexual orientation is abnormal, deviant, and pathological.
LGBT groups experience these micro-insults frequently, especially in the area of sexual behavior

Question 68

Sexual Objectification

Answer 68

is the process by which women are transformed into “objects” or property at the sexual disposal or benefit of men
quality in this process because women are stripped of their humanity and the totality of their human essence
Asian American females often experienced micro-insults related to eroticization equated to that of passive companions to White men.

Question 69

Color, Gender, and Sexual Orientation Blindness

Answer 69

Being color, gender, or sexual orientation blind, simply stated, is the unwillingness to acknowledge or admit to seeing race, gender or sexual orientation

Question 70

Color blindness

Answer 70

one of the msot frequently delivered micro invalidations toward people of color.
people of color should assimilate and acculturate. But they are also on one hand intended as defensive maneuvers not to appear racist

Question 71

Denial of Individual Racism/Sexism/Heterosexism

Answer 71

Another theme of denial which involves an individual denial of personal racism, personal sexism, and personal heterosexism.
“I am not homophobic may possess the following hidden messages: “I am immune to heterosexism,”

Question 72

Myth of Meritocracy

Answer 72

a theme that asserts that race, gender, and sexual orientation do not play a role in life successes
groups have an equal opportunity to succeed, and that we operate on a level playing field.
success and failure are attributed to individual attributes like intelligence, hard work, motivation, and family values.
Blaming the victim is the outcome of the myth of meritocracy.

Question 73

Microaggression Themes:

Answer 73

Assumption of Abnormality
Sexual Objectification
color, Gender, and Sexual Orientation Blindness
Denial of Individual Racism/Sexism/Heterosexism
). Myth of Meritocracy

Question 74

Micro-Insult Themes

Answer 74

Pathologizing Cultural Values/Communication Styles

Cultural Assumption of Criminal Status

Question 75

Pathologizing Cultural Values/Communication Styles

Answer 75

has two components: a belief that the cultural values/communication styles of White, male, and heterosexual/straight groups are normative and that those of people or color, women, and LGBTs are somewhat abnormal.

Question 76

Cultural Assumption of Criminal Status

Answer 76

appears to be very race specific and relates to beliefs that a person of color is presumed to be dangerous, potentially a criminal, likely to break the law, or antisocial
assumptions of criminal status is seldom attributed to Asian Americans. Indeed, they are often viewed as law abiding, conforming , unlikely to rock the boat, and less prone to violence

Question 77

Microinvalidation Themes

Answer 77

. Alien in One’s Own Land

Question 78

Alien in One’s Own Land

Answer 78

theme involves being perceived as a perpetual foreigner or being an alien in one’s own country
Asian Americans and Latino Americans are most likely to experience them. When Asian Americans are complimented for speaking “good English,” and persistently asked where they were born, the miscommunication is that “You are not American” or “You are a foreigner.”
When Latino Americans are told, “If you don’t like it here, go back to where you Mexico,”

Question 79

Responding to Micro aggressions

Answer 79

found that the cumulative effects can be quite devastating with Microaggressions resulted in a negative racial climate and emotions of self-doubt, frustration, and isolations on the part of the victim.
reacts to microaggression may have differential effects, not only on the perpetrator but on the person of color as well. Deciding to do nothing by sitting on one’s anger is one response that occurs frequently in people of color

Question 80

React to Microagressions

Answer 80

Deciding to do nothing by sitting on one’s anger is one response that occurs frequently in people of color. This response occurs because persons of color may be (a) unable to determine whether a microaggression has occurred, (b) at a loss for how to respond, (c) fearful of the consequences, (d) rationalizing that “it wont do any good anyway,” or (e) engaging in self-deception through denial (“It didn’t happen.”).

Question 81

The Cost of Racism

Answer 81

People of color face distinct disadvantages, many of which have to do with discrimination and violence
The disadvantage of being a person of color in the U.S. today include:
- personal insults - cultural exploitation - intimidation
- harassment - stereotypes - violence
- discrimination - invisibility
- economic exploitation - threats
Not every person of color has experienced all the disadvantages, but they each have experienced some of them, and they each experience the VULNERABILITY to violence

Question 82

The Cycle of Oppression:

Answer 82

1) Stereotypes =>
(2) Prejudice => (No Discussion)//Underneath Anger is Hurt =>
(3) Racism =>
(4) Internalized Racism/Oppression*//(Unconscious Entitlement) =>
(5) Self-fulfilling Prophecy =>
(6) Self Hatred =>
(7) Self-Destructive Behaviors.

Question 83

Ancestry

Answer 83

• A person’s origin, heritage, or descent that is associated with birthplace or self or ancestors.

Question 84

Culture

Answer 84

A group of people who share common: language, beliefs, customs, mores, values, ceremonies, rituals, and ideals of a people that distinguish them and their behavior as distinctly separate from another cultural group.

Question 85

Ethnicity

Answer 85

A group of people who share the same race or nationality, and a common and distinctive culture which is passed down from one generation to the next generation.

Question 86

Nationality

Answer 86

A person’s country or birth or descent

Question 87

Race

Answer 87

A group of people related by common descent, blood, or heredity; physical features, skin pigmentation, facial features and stature.

Question 88

Stereotypes

Answer 88

The false beliefs or pictures we have in our heads of the qualities and attributes of racial, ethnic, cultural, religious, and other social categories. Such images are learned through social learning.

Question 89

Prejudice

Answer 89

Beliefs and attitudes about distinguishable groups of people who are different from oneself usually involving prejudgment and misjudgments often without real knowledge and experience of the target group(s

Question 90

Discrimination

Answer 90

Negative behaviors or actions towards other people based on prejudice assumptions. Discrimination results in unfair and injurious treatment of a given group of people.

Question 91

Racism

Answer 91

Prejudice + Power = Racism - Mistreatment of a group of people based upon their racial differences or “perceived” racial inferiority that provides the dominant group with a sense of personal adequacy and security at the expense of the oppressed group

Question 92

Internalized Oppression

Answer 92

A result of the psychological and ideological domination of one group over another in which the oppressed incorporate into their own belief system the negative stereotypes, attitudes, biases, and distorted perceptions held by the dominate group about their own ethnic, racial, or cultural group

Question 93

Self-Hatred

Answer 93

A lack of appreciation for one’s self due to the negative stereotypes, attitudes, biases, and distorted perceptions about one’s ethnic, racial, or cultural group

Question 94

Self-Destructive Behaviors

Answer 94

Any negative behavior that can hinder a successful, complete, or healthy sense of self. Self-destructive behaviors can lead to an early death or an unhealthy lifestyle, e.g., addiction, promiscuity, or other acting out behaviors