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20th Century > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

0
Q

Satellite Nations

A

countries that were installed with communist governments by Stalin and dominated by the Soviet Union

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1
Q

U-2 Incident

A

incident in which a US spy plane was shot down by the Soviets over Soviet territory

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2
Q

Brinkmanship

A

willingness of the US to go to the edge of all out war

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3
Q

East Germany

A

also named the German Democratic Republic after WWII

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4
Q

Iron Curtain

A

phrase that came to stand for the division of Europe

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5
Q

Loyalty Review Board

A

designed to investigate government employees and dismiss those who were found to be untrue to the US government

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6
Q

Hollywood Ten

A

witnesses that decided not to cooperate with hearings being held by the gov and were sent to prison

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7
Q

Potsdam Conference

A

Final WWII wartime conference of the Big Three: Soviet Union, Great Britian, and the US

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8
Q

Nikita Khrushchev

A

this soviet leader believed that Communism would take over the world by economic and scientific means

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9
Q

Cold War

A

conflict between the US and the Soviet Union in which neither nation directly confronted the other on the battlefield

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10
Q

West Germany

A

also named the Federal Republic of Germany after WWII

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11
Q

blacklist

A

people who were condemned and placed in an “inventory” for having a communist background/because they were labeled they could not get work in the entertainment industry

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12
Q

Alger Hiss

A

this man was accused by a former Soviet spy of passing down documents to the Soviet Union/ he was put in prison for perjury because too much time had passed to charge him with espionage

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13
Q

Joseph McCarthy

A

anti communist activist who charged that Communists were taking over the US government

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14
Q

Sputnik

A

Worlds first artificial satellite/ soviet made

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15
Q

containment

A

political policy by which measures were taken to prevent any extension of communist rules to other countries

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16
Q

John Foster Dulles

A

Secretary of State to Dwight D. Eisenhower, staunch anti-communist, who promised use of all US force, including nuclear, against any aggressor nations

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17
Q

McCarthyism

A

attacks on suspected Communists in the early 1950s

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18
Q

Julius Rosenberg

A

one of the first US citizens to be convicted and executed for espionage

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19
Q

House Un-American Activites Committee

A

agency that investigated possible Communist influence both inside and outside the US government/first made headlines with attempts to remove persons with anti-American views from the movie industry

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20
Q

United Nations

A

this organizations charter was signed on June 26,1945, as 50 nations met together to establish a new peace keeping body

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21
Q

NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)

A

This defensive military alliance was formed by 10 Western European nations along with Canada and the US

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22
Q

Warsaw Pact

A

this military defensive alliance linked the Soviet Union with 7 Eastern European countries

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23
Q

Truman Doctrine

A

this policy of the US was to support all free peoples who were resisting attempted takeover by the Soviet Union

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24
Q

Marshall Plan

A

this US policy was against hunger, poverty, and desperation. It was to provide aid to all European nations that needed it

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25
Q

Eisenhower Doctrine

A

This US policy said that the US would defend the Middle East against and attack by a communist country

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26
Q

McCarren Internal Security Act

A

this ruling made it unlawful to plan any action that might lead to the establishment of a totalitarian dictatorship in the US

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27
Q

Chiang Kai-shek

A

this man was the nationalist leader of China who had to flee from Communism to the island of Taiwan

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28
Q

Mao Zedong

A

this communist leader of China over threw the nationalist government and spread Communism throughout China

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29
Q

Kim II Sung

A

this man was leader of North Korea during the Korean Conflict

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30
Q

Nuclear Arms Race

A

The Soviet Union had been improving their nuclear arms which worried US citizens encouraging them to make donations to the US development of Nuclear weapons. This was important to the US because it was just one more way the Soviets were indirectly attacking the US and the US further grew to fear communists and the Soviets and what they were capable of.

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31
Q

Changes in China after WWII

A

After WWII the communists, under the lead of Mao Zedong and the Nationalists, under the lead of Chiang Kai-shek and financial aid from the US, went into a civil war. The communists won despite US aid to the nationalists and the nationalists were forced to flee and establish Taiwan. This effected Korea by further supporting the communist leader Kim II Sung of North Korea because China wanted that communist border, further establishing the split of Korea.

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32
Q

Dixicrats

A

Southern democrats that were against truman and his civil rights stand

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33
Q

planned obsolescence

A

products that are made to wear out or become outdated

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34
Q

franchise

A

company that offers similar products or services in many locations

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35
Q

Federal Communications Commision

A

gov agency that regulates and licenses television, telephone, telegraph, radio, and other communications industries

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36
Q

White flight

A

mass movement of middle class white americans to the suburns

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37
Q

Rock ‘N’ Roll

A

music that is both black and white

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38
Q

jazz

A

a style of black music characterized by the use of improvisation

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39
Q

mass media

A

a means of communication that reaches a large audience

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40
Q

conglomerate

A

a major corporation that includes a number of smaller companies in unrelated areas

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41
Q

Serviceman’s Readjustment Act

A

another name for the GI Bill of Rights- for the purpose of helping to ease veterans return to civilian life

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42
Q

beatnik

A

prototype of the “hippy;” wanted to express social nonconformity by using poetry. Shunned regular work and sought a high consciousness sometimes through drugs

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43
Q

Beat Movement

A

This “philosophy of life” expressed its social and literary nonconformity by using poetry. People who belonged to this group shunned regular work and sought a higher consciousness sometimes through drugs

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44
Q

consumerism

A

buying of material goods- became focus of the 1950’s

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45
Q

suburbs

A

small residential communities built around cities

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46
Q

Fair Deal

A

Truman’s economic program that was an extension of FDRs program

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47
Q

Harry S. Truman

A

won the election of 1948 and drew criticism from his party because of his stance on civil rights

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48
Q

Dwight D. Eisenhower

A

this man won the election of 1952 for the Republican Party and was a successful general before becoming president

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49
Q

New labor saving devices and shortened work hours led to the increase in this:

A

Leisure time in the 50’s

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50
Q

Eisenhower’s term in office

A
  1. Rosa Parks-civil rights began
  2. Interstate Highway Systems
  3. Brown v. Board of Education
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51
Q

Richard M. Nixon

A

Vice Presidential candidate in 1952 on the Republican ticket. He used television and his “checkers” speech to help him win the nomination.

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52
Q

Jonas Salk

A

this man developed a life saving vaccine for the crippling disease- polio

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53
Q

Edward R. Murrow

A

this man led the way in the new medium “television” by creating the first news show as well as the first interview program

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54
Q

Benjamin Spock

A

Parents of the 50s raised their children according to the advice of this man. (not to spank children and hold family meetings in which children could express themselves)

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55
Q

Benefits included in GI Bill of Rights (1944)

A

Paid tuition, Guaranteed federal low interest loans

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56
Q

Elvis Presley

A

this man was known as the white boy singing black music. He was known for his swiveling hips.

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57
Q

Chuck Berry

A

black entertainer that led the way in the development of the new style of music in the 50s with hits like “Johnny B. Good”

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58
Q

Marlin Brando

A

movie idol of the 50s that set the style with his white teeshirt, blue jeans, leather jacket, and rebellious attitude

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59
Q

Truman’s Civil Rights

A
  1. antilenching laws
  2. prevention of racial discrimination in work and school
  3. ridding of pole taxes
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60
Q

Crisis facing returning veterans in ‘45 and 46 was met with what solution?

A

not enough homes built for them:

suburbs started popping up with thousands of small low cost homes

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61
Q

Baby Boom

A

a period of time in the 60s in which children were being born rapidly after the soldiers came back from WWII. (‘57 child born every 7 seconds)

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62
Q

Role of Automobile in 50s

A

Luxury:no one had one
Necessity: Building of suburbs
Luxury: social conformity

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63
Q

After the invention of the tv what changes had to be made for radio and movie industries to survive?

A
  • radio stations became more local

- movies now were in color and had surround sound

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64
Q

Economic Opportunity Act

A

a program providing $1 billion dollars for anti poverty measure and youth programs in the US

65
Q

Neil Armstrong

A

first man to walk on the moon

66
Q

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

A

gov division that was developed to help the US win the space race

67
Q

Lyndon Baines Johnson

A

36th president of the US who was sworn in on Air Force 1 after the previous president had been assassinated

68
Q

Robert Kennedy

A

Attorney General under JFK

69
Q

Miranda Rights

A

statement read to accused offenders before questioning to protect their civil liberties

70
Q

Great Society

A

Johnsons plan and vision for US

71
Q

Richard M. Nixon

A

VP that ran in 60 election and lost after a bad showing in the first televised debate

72
Q

Limited Test Ban Theory

A

agreement between US and Soviet Union that barred nuclear testing in the atmosphere

73
Q

Barry Goldwater

A

republican candidate in the ‘64 election- proposed using nuclear weapons against Cuba and N. Korea

74
Q

Camelot

A

nick name for Kennedy years in office

75
Q

John F. Kennedy

A

35th president of the US who was elected in 1960 and was later assassinated

76
Q

mandate

A

a clear indication that voters approved of a certain plan of a pres

77
Q

Berlin Wall

A

concrete structure built in Germany to keep communist controlled citizens from escaping to the west

78
Q

hot line

A

phone connection between the leaders of the US and USSR should a crisis arise

79
Q

Fidel Castro

A

communist rebel that overthrew the gov in Cuba and aligned with USSR

80
Q

Earl Warren

A

Chief Justice of the Supreme Court under Kennedy and Johnson

81
Q

Peace Corps

A

Kennedys desire to end poverty abroad included this program of volunteer assistance to the developing countries of Asia, Africa, and Latin America

82
Q

Flexible Response

A

Kennedys military policy:

  1. Increased defense spending in order to boost conventional military forces
  2. doubled the overall nuclear capabilities of the US
  3. created an elite branch of the army called the special forces
83
Q

Medicare

A

(Johnson) hospital insurance and low-cost medical insurance for almost every American 65 or older

84
Q

Immigration Act of 1965

A

(Johnson) ended quotas based on nationality

85
Q

Bay of Pigs

A

a failed attempt by the CIA, Cuban exiles and the US military to free Cuba from Soviet domination and the new rebel leader that had taken the country

86
Q

New Frontier

A 
Kennedys plan
1. Stimulate the economy
2. Poverty Abroad
3. Science and Space
4.
87
Q

Kennedys Assassination

A

November 22, 1963
Dallas, TX
Lee Harvey Oswold
Investigated by: Warren Commision

88
Q

Two reforms under Warren Court:

A

No more prayer in school

89
Q

3 Areas in Johnson’s Great Society:

A

Education-
1.Economic Opportunity Act- Head Start

Healthcare-

  1. Medicare 65 and older with no insurance
  2. Medicaid- provided healthcare to those that had welfare

Environment-
1. “Keep America Beautiful”

90
Q

Mapp v. Ohio 1961

A

this prosecution ruling delcared that no evidence obtained by an illegal search could be used (5th amend)

91
Q

Gideon v. Wainwright 1963

A

this court ruling declared that any person accused of a felony has the right to an attorney and if they cant afford one, one must be appointed by the gov

92
Q

Escobedo v. Illinois 1964

A

this court case ruled that any person suspected of a crime has the right to an attorney when the questioning begins

93
Q

Miranda v. Arizona 1963

A

this court case ruled that any person arrested and taken in for a crime must be advised of their rights before the questioning begins

94
Q

Civil Rights Act of 1964

A

prohibited discrimination because of race, religion, national origin, and gender

95
Q

freedom riders

A

people whose goal was to test the Supreme Courts decision to ban segregation on the nations bus system

96
Q

Black Panthers

A

black political part that was formed to fight police brutality in the ghetto

97
Q

Plessy v. Ferguson

A

Supreme Court ruling that upheld the “separate yet equal” philosophy

98
Q

Brown v. Board of Edu

A

Supreme Court ruling that struck down school segregation

99
Q

Nation of Islam

A

Org that believed whites were the cause of all black problems and that blacks should separate from white society

100
Q

Black Power

A

a call for black people to begin to define their own goals- symbolozed by a raised fist in the air

101
Q

Thurgood Marshall

A

NAACP lawyer who fought against “Plessy v. Ferguson” and later became the 1st black Supreme Court Justice

102
Q

Rosa Parks

A

Montgomery, Al. black woman who refused to give up her seat on a bus to a white man and spearheaded the bus boycott for civil rights

103
Q

Martin Luther Kings, Jr.

A

Twenty six year old Baptist preacher who led the non- violent segment of the civil rights movement. He was later assassinated.

104
Q

Malcolm X

A

Radical militant black leader who was a member of the Nation of Islam and changed his stand later voicing the need for ballots not bullets

105
Q

Affirmative Action

A

Quota system developed to include a certain number of each majority to help equalize education and job opportunities

106
Q

MLK’s guidelines for change:

A
  1. Change by love
  2. refuse unjust law
  3. organize demonstrations
  4. resist oppression without violence
107
Q

War Powers Act

A

this new law stated that the pres must inform congress within 48 hours of sending forces into a hostile area without a declaration of war

108
Q

Vietnamization

A

the gradual withdrawal of US troops in order for the S. Vietnamese to take on a more active combat role in the war

109
Q

Richard M. Nixon

A

this man ran and lost against Kennedy in 1960, ran for gov of CA in ‘62 and lost, and then became pres in ‘68

110
Q

Ho Chi Minh

A

leader of the Indochinese Communist Party and later leader of communist N. Vietnam

111
Q

Vietminh

A

org whose goal was to win Vietnams independence from foreign rule

112
Q

domino theory

A

Pres. Eisenhower’s comparison of countries on the brink of communism likened to a particular game

113
Q

Ngo Dinh Diem

A

S. Vietnams corrupt pres who persecuted Buddhists and was later assassinated

114
Q

JFK

A

US Pres who first involved the US in Vietnam by sending financial aid as well as thousands of military advisors

115
Q

Vietcong

A

a communist group that was sympathetic to the north and lived in the south- they worked regular jobs by day and set about murdering S. Vietnamese and fighting US soldiers by night

116
Q

Ho Chi Minh Trail

A

road or path along the countries of Vietname, Laos, and Cambodia used for moving arms from the north into the south

117
Q

Robert Kennedy

A

senator from NY who was a strong Democratic nominee for pres in ‘68- was assassinated on June 5, ‘68

118
Q

Hawks

A

those in US who believed US should release as much of its military forces as needed to win the war

119
Q

Tonkin Gulf Incident

A

August 2, ‘64, a N. Vietnamese patrol boat fired at an American destroyer located in N. Vietnamese waters- this was used as a tool to help move us to all out was in Vietnam

120
Q

Napalm

A

a gas based bomb that would set fire to the jungle and everything around it

121
Q

Agent Orange

A

a leaf killing Toxic chemical used for making paths in the Jungle

122
Q

Search and Destroy

A

uprooting civilians with suspected ties to the secret N. Vietnamese supporters, killing livestock, and burning their villiages

123
Q

attrition

A

the gradual wearing down of the enemy by continuous harrassment

124
Q

credibility gap

A

the difference between what the Johnson administration reported and what was really happening

125
Q

Lyndon B. Johnson

A

the man who took over the presidency in ‘63 and ordered the first sustained bombing of N. Vietnam

126
Q

Operation Rolling Thunder

A

code name for the first sustained bombing of N. Vietnam

127
Q

George Wallace

A

democrat that ran as an independent in the 1968 election helping to elect the Republican candidate by splitting the votes of the Democrats

128
Q

Dean Rusk

A

Secretary of State under Johnson

129
Q

Robert McNamara

A

First secretary of Defense under Johnson

130
Q

New Left

A

growing youth movement of the ’60s that demanded sweeping changes in American Society much like another group that had pushed toward socialism in the 30s

131
Q

Students for a Democratic Society

A

a ’60s group that called for participatory democracy and greater individual freedom

132
Q

Free Speech Movement

A

this group evolved out of Berkeley, CA and was against Americas “machine” of powerful business and gov institutions

133
Q

Hubert Humphrey

A

was the VP under Johnson and ran as democratic nominee for pres in ‘68- he lost

134
Q

Henry Kissinger

A

german emigrant who earned 3 degrees from Harvard and became Nixon’s National Security Adviser

135
Q

William Westmoreland

A

West Point Graduate, WWII and Korean Conflict veteran and the American commander in S. Vietnam over the 500,000 troops there

136
Q

Geneva Accords

A
  1. divided Vietnam along the 17th parrallel
  2. planned an election to unify the country
  3. set up Hanoi as the capital of the North and Saigon, the south
137
Q

My Lai Massacre

A

incident in which US troops, in trying to destroy Vietcong strongholds, killed an entire village of innocent people. The soldiers claimed they were not guilty because they were just following orders.

138
Q

Living Room War

A

Vietnams combat footage was shown nightly on tv even with body-count statistics

139
Q

Tet

A

a name for the Vietnams new year (January 30th)

140
Q

Japan was ruled by:

A

French: 1800s-WWII
Japanese: WWII

141
Q

The majority of American servicemen were in Vietnam to do what?

A

Stop the spread of communism

142
Q

Kent State

A
  • Students were protesting
  • Students burn ROTC building
  • National guard steps in
  • students attack
  • guardsmen fire live ammunition
  • 9 wounded 4 killed
143
Q

Feminism

A

belief that women should have the same econommic, social, and political rights as men

144
Q

counterculture

A

movement of white middle and upperclass youths just out of college to establish a perfect society based on peace and love

145
Q

Haight-Ashbury

A

San Francisco; hippie capital of the world

146
Q

Timothy Leary

A

Harvard Philosophy Professor

  • Slogan- “Tune in, Turn on, Drop out”
  • caused tens of thousands to leave home, work, and school in search of a peaceful loving and perfect society
147
Q

Betty Friedan

A

leader in womens liberation movement; wrote: The Feminine Mystique

148
Q

4 areas of Hippie culture

A
  1. Clothing Revolution
  2. Rock ‘N’ Roll
  3. Drugs
  4. Sexual Freedom
149
Q

2 positive ways in which “Hippie” culture affected society:

A

Arts

Rock ‘N’ Roll

150
Q

Woodstock

A

most famous concert of all time that brought 400,000 people to a farm in NY in August of ‘69

151
Q

Beatles

A

took America by storm in’64

152
Q

What attitude, widely seen in the 60’s, is still present and damaging to our country today?

A

“Do your own thing”

153
Q

Richard Nixon

A
  • Imperial Pres- office of president gained power

- was for law-and-order and politics

154
Q

Nixons Foreign Policy

A
  1. real politik- political realism, policy based on realism
  2. Detente- a flexible approach to deal with communism and ease cold ward tension
  3. two major accomplishments:
    1. opened economic and diplomatic relations with china
    2. first us pres to visit Moscow in USSR
  4. SALT One Treaty- limited # of intercontinental missiles in US and USSR
155
Q

Watergate

A
  • Spiro Agnew- Nixons VP who resigned for taking bribes

- impeach formally charge an official in office with misconduct

156
Q

3 charges brought on Nixon:

A
  1. Obstruction of Justice
  2. abuse of power
  3. contempt of Congress
157
Q

Gerald Ford

A

(1974-1977) Republican

  • Helsinki accords- led a meeting to gain greater cooperation b/w eastern and western parrallel
  • pardoned Nixon to spare US
158
Q

Jimmy Carter (‘77-‘81)

A

A. Camp David Accords (peace agreement)
1. brought peace b/w Egypt and Israel w/ Egypt recognizing Israel as a country
2. Egypt’s leader was assassinated b/c of the agreement
B. Main Problems
1. Energy Crisis
2. Economy
C. Iran Hostage Crisis
1. radical students took over our embassy
2. 52 hostages were held for 444 days
3. carter planned a rescue that failed and embarrassed the US further

159
Q

Ronald Reagan (‘81-‘89)

A 
A. Great Communicator
B. Goals of Conservative movement:
  1. Shrink federal gov
  2. stimulate business by lowering taxes
  3. family values and patriotism
  4. strengthen national defense
C. Presidential Programs
  1. Supply side economics (reganomics or trickledown)
  2. SDI- Strategic Defense Initiative
D. Remembered for:
  1. Ends Cold War and USSR
  2. brought US back to its roots
  3. brought US back to greatness
  4. humor and optimism
  5. known for his strength and courage

20th Century (3 decks)

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