Final! Flashcards
Things to avoid
Avoid gender pronouns and stereotyping jobs by gender.
What is identification?
Formation of common bonds between the speaker and the audience
4 parts of any story
- Plot
- Character
- Setting
- Thyme
Target audience
People who your speech is aiming to affect.
Problem/solution structure
- Informative - Problem and it affects you.
2. Persuasive - Doing something about the situation.
Monroe’s motivated sequence
- Attention - Intro
- Need - Body
- Satisfaction - Body
- Visualization - Body
- Action - Conclusion
Connotative meanings
Meanings people associate with words.
Denotative meanings
Precise, literal meanings.
How to use language?
- Accurately
- Clearly
- Vividly
Use language appropriate to
- Audience
- Occasion
- Topic
- Speaker
Simile
Comparison that uses like or ASS
Metaphor
Comparison that does not use like or as
Rhythm and rhyme
Rhyming words/ using tempo and what not to make words sound pleasant.
Parralellism
Using similar arrangements of words like rich and poor, wise and foolish.
Repetition
Reusing the same words/phrases.
Alliteration and assonance
Using words that have similar firs/last vowels.
Antithesis
Putting together opposing ideas and thoughts.
Personification
ascribing human qualities to non human things.
Allusion
An indirect reference using a situation with similar premise.
Irony
The expression of one’s meaning by using language that normally signifies the opposite, typically for humorous or emphatic effect.
Genre
Types of speech.
*General doctrine of probability
Protagorus
*Manuscript speech
Completely planned out; essay style.
Ex: State of the union speech by the president.
*Extemporaneous speech
NOT completely planned out speeches, like what we do in class. No speech presentations… (the fuq?)
*The first systematic approach
Aristotle
*3 basic purposes of public speaking
- Entertaining
- Informing
- Pursuading
*3 modes of persuasion
- Ethos -
- Pathos -
- Logos -
*Biggest benefit of a well planned preparation outline?
Helps discover which points have sufficient or insufficient supporting material.
*When a speaker tries to disprove or dispute arguments?
Conversion
*Deliberative speech
Deals with the future/action.
*Forensic speeches
Concerned with judicial practices.
*Most significant resource for creating en effective speaking style?
Language
*7 patterns of reasoning
- Principle -
- Example - Examples bro… duh.
- Analogy - Comparing 2 things. US being compared to China.
- Signs - Infers the existence of one thing, because of the existence of something else. When there’s fire, there’s smoke.
- Causes - Identifying one thing as the cause and another as the effect. When you replace light bulbs with florescent ones, you’re not just changing a light bulb, you’re changing the world.
- Testimony - Testimony from an expert. Police chief said that burglary rates are exceptionally high.
- Narrative - Speaker tells a story.
*Rhetorical proof
- Claims
- Supporting material
- Reasoning
Ex: Established through interactions between the speaker and the listeners. The speaker and audience come up with proof together. Not always correct but offers support.
*Oral style
Less complex than write style.
*How can you increase the clarity of your message?
Using concrete words, maxims, and active voice.
*Reflexivity
Tendency of speakers to refer to themselves and to the audience more than writers.
*An example of defining informative strategy?
Informative speech focused on clarifying information.
*What is NOT persuasion?
Increasing listeners understanding of the topic.
*Building a strategic purpose allows?
Allows the speakers to respond to the rhetorical situation.
*What is the biggest draw back to visual aids?
Distracts the audience from the message.
*Who developed the concept of dramatism in humans as symbol users?
Burke!
*What is the purpose of a deliberative speech?
What should we do?
*Ethnocentrism
The tendency to believe your own culture’s views as being superior than everyone else’s.
*What are characteristics of an effective delivery?
- Natural
2. Uncontrived
*Audience demographics
Comes from the audience analysis. Consists of audiences gender, age range, and education level.
*Most audiences are ___?
Heterogeneous (Diverse in their thoughts, beliefs, and interests).
*Examination of audience culture is?
An analysis of the audience’s beliefs, values, and interests.
*Ciceros
Created the 5 cannons.
*5 cannons
- Invention
- Organization
- Language
- Memory
- Delivery
*What creates opportunities and constraints?
Audience and occasion.
*Example of target audience selection
Taget neutral.
*4 Basic modes of presentation
- Manuscript - Prepared word for word. Commencement address by the president.
- Impromptu - Little or no preparation. Someone in a meeting says something that makes you want to speak up so you come up with a speech out of no where.
- Memory - Fuckin’ duh.
- Extemporaneous - Prepared but not memorized word for word. Like what we do in class.
5 part scheme called pentad
- The act - What took place.
- The scene - Where it took place.
- The agent - Person speaking.
- The agency - The means employed by the agent.
- The purpose - Why the act was performed.
Maslow’s hierarchy of motivation
- Biological needs - Air, food, water.
- Safety needs - Security of body, employment, health.
- Identity needs - Friendship, family, sexual intimacy.
- Relationship needs - Self esteem, confidence, and respect.
- Self actualization needs - Morality, creativity.
Selective perception
- Denial - Refusing to believe something even though extensive evidence supports it.
- Dismissal - They dispute that the truth applies SPECIFICALLY to them. Smokers; “it won’t happen to me.”
- Belittling the source - Attacking the credibility of the source.
- Compartmentalization - 2 conflicting believes. Hypocrite; believe everyone should be able to speak but getting mad that a person with conflicting ideals is allowed to speak.
Selective influence
Audiences can be selective on how they’re influenced by a message.
- Multiple meanings polysemy - A statement can be interpreted in more than one way.
- Boomerang effect - The opposite effect of what the speaker intends actually happens.
2 basic structures for persuasive speeches
- Problem-solution structure
2. Monroe’s motivated sequence
Benefits of using visual aids
- Interest
- Credibility - Helps audience believe what you’re talking about.
- Comprehension - Helps audience see what you’re talking about.
- Retention
- Argument
4 parts of the rhetorical situation
- Occasion (where it’s given)
- Audience (who it’s given)
- Speech (message give)
- Speaker (who gives it)
Audience and occasion create what?
Opportunities and constraints
Formal methods of audience analysis
- Market research
- Focus groups
- Surveys
Informal methods of audience analysis
- Demographics
- Talking to other speakers on of the same subject.
- Talking to a host, moderator, or teacher
Agenda setting
Give speech to get people to think about a particular thing. Speech about Glaciers to get people to think about global warming.
Creating positive or negative feeling
Not trying to get people to actually do something, just sharing a happy/sad feeling. Usually at a funeral or wedding.
Strengthening/weakening commitment
Usually in political speeches.
Conversion
Trying to get people to think another way about something.
Simplicity
Main ideas should be stated in short, to-the-point ways.
Discreteness
Main points should not overlap and should be separate.
Parallel structure
Main points should be stated in similar fashion
The United Way is effective.
The United Way is efficient.
The United Way is humane.
Balance
If you have 3 main points that talk about values of the United Way and one that talks about finance, it’s not balanced.
Coherence
Main points should deal with the topic as a whole. All topics should be about the United Way.
Completeness
If you want to convince ppl to donate to the United Way but fail to tell what is done with the money than it’s not complete.
