Final Flashcards
0
Q
Matched groups
A
Between subjects design using manipulated independent variable ; having 2 groups that are matched on similar variable before random assignment groups
1
Q
Independent groups
A
Between subject design using manipulated independent variable ; having 2 groups of randomly assigned subjects
2
Q
Ex post facto
A
Between subject design with 2 groups either use:
Subject variable or non- equal groups
Also called “non-equalivent groups”
3
Q
Repeated measures
A
Another name for “ within subjects design”
- participants tested in each experiment condition
4
Q
Identify the 4 single varieties of single factor designs:
A
Independent groups
Matched groups
Ex post facto
Repeated groups
5
Q
Single factor design
A
Basic research design with independent variable
6
Q
Inter observer reliability
A
Agreement between 2 or more observers of same event
7
Q
Homogeneity of variance
A
Variability of each set of scores being compared should be similar
8
Q
Independent sample “t” test
A
Inferential stats analysis; comparing 2 samples of data in either independent groups or non equal vent groups design.
9
Q
Dependent samples “ t” test
A
Inferential stats analysis; comparing 2 samples of data in either matched groups or repeated measures design
10
Q
Using an independent t test which design is best?
A
Independent groups
Ex post facto
11
Q
Using an dependent t test which design is best?
A
Matched groups
Repeated groups
12
Q
Continuous variable
A
The variable exist on a continuum
13
Q
Discrete variable
A
Represent distinct category ; no intermediate points occur
14
Q
Single factor multi- level design
A
A single independent variable and more than 2 independent variable levels
15
Q
Discrete variable
A
Each level represents a distinct category ; no intermediate points
16
Q
One way ANOVA
A
One independent variable; overall presence of an significant effect existing between independent variables
17
Q
ANOVA source table
A
It’s a method to portray inferential stats of the F ratio.
18
Q
One way ANOVA for independent groups is best for which designs?
A
Multilevel independent groups design
Multilevel ex post design
19
Q
One way ANOVA for repeated measures is best for what type of designs?
A
Multilevel matched groups design
Multilevel repeated measures design
20
Q
Placebo
A
A pill form suggesting pharmacological effects, when it’s actually inactive
21
Q
Placebo control group
A
Participant are lead to believe “ their treatment” is real when it’s not.
Method to observe behavior
22
Q
Wait list control groups
A
Control group in which participants aren’t yet receiving treatment but will eventually
23
Q
Yoked control group
A
A member of the control group is matched exactly with the treatment given a member of the experiment group
24
Factorial design
Study with more than one independent variable
25
Factorial matrix
Row/ column arrangement that characterizes independent variable and the total number of conditions ( cells)
26
Mixed factorial design
Mixture of within and between subjects facto sexist in same experiment
27
PxE factorial design
P= person, E= enviroment
Design with one subject factor and one manipulated factor
28
Mixed PxE factorial
See PxE factorial design
29
ATI design
It's a form of PxE design; to examine possible interactions between aptitude variable ( p) and treatment variable ( e)
30
Simple effects analysis
Follow up test to significant interaction; comparing individual cells.
31
Main effect
Stats significance difference between the levels of an independent variable in a factorial design
32
Interaction
The effect when one independent variable depends on the other independent variable. (Factorial design)
33
Positive correlation
A relationship between variables "x" and "y". "X" has high scores, so does "y" . If "x" has low scores , so does "y" .
34
Negative correlation
A relationship between variables "x" and "y". A relationship between variables "x" and "y". "X" has high scores, "y" has low scores. If "x" has low scores , "y" has high scores.
35
Pearson's r
Measure of the size of the correlation between two variables; ranges from a perfect positive correlation of +1 to a perfect negative correlation of -1 . If "0"= no relationship.
36
Restricting the range
In correlate real studies; when a limited range of scores for one or both of the variables is used. Ranger restrictions tend to lower correlations
37
Coefficient of determination
For two correlated factors, where the variance in one factor is proportional to the other second factor, found by squaring persons r
38
Regression analysis
Occurs when knowing the size of the correlation and value of " x" in order to predict the value of "y".
39
Criterion variable
The variable being predicted from the predictor variable. ( I.e. College grades from sat scores )
40
Predictor variable
The variable used to predict the criterion variable. ( I.e. Sat. Scores are used to predict College grades )
41
Third variable problem
The problem of drawing a conclusion from variables " a" and "b" due to interference from a third variable ( "c") that is an uncontrolled factor that could. Underline the correlation between "a" and"b"
42
Partical correlation
A multivariate stats procedure for evaluating the effects of third variables; if the correlation between " x" and "y" remains high, even after the third factor was partialed out. The third variable can be eliminated.
43
What process to determine if a correlation study truly has a third variable problem is called?
Partial correlation
44
Split -half reliability
A form of reliability which half the items on the test are correlated with remaining items. (I.e. Odd numbered questions)
45
Test re-test reliability
A form of reliability in which a test is administered on two occasions and the correlation between them is calculated.
46
Intra class correlation
A form of correlation used when pairs of scores don't come form the same indivdual, when correlations are calculated for pairs of twins.
47
Bi variate
Relationships among 2 variables
48
Multivariate
Relationship among more than two variables
49
Multiple regression
A multivariate analysis investigating the relationship among more than two variables
50
Quasi experimental design
Occurs when casual conclusions about the effect of an independent variable can't be drawn due to:
Lack of random assignment
Different levels of independent variable.
51
Archival research
Existing records are used to test an hypothesis
52
No equalivant control groups
Quasi- experimental design. Control and experiment groups can't be randomly assigned
53
Interrupted time series
Quasi- experimental design
Program / treatment is evaluated by measuring performance several times prior to the institution of the program and several times after the program is put into effect
54
Trends
Predictable patterns of events that occur over time; evaluated in time series studies.
55
Interrupted time series with switching replication
Program is replicated at a different time and location
56
Content analysis
A procedure used to systematically categorize the content of the behavior being recorded.
57
Reactivity
When participants behavior is influenced by knowledge they are being watched/ recorded.
58
Program evaluation
Form of applied research; research activity designed to evaluate programs from planning to completation
59
Community form
Program evaluation research: meeting open to community to discuss need for/ operation of some program
60
Key informant
Community member with special info about the needs of that community
61
Formative evaluation
Form of program evaluation the monitors the functioning of a program while it is operating to determine if it's functioning as planned
62
Program audit
Examination of whether a program is being implemented as planned
63
Summative evaluations
Form of program evaluation ; completed at the close of a program ;
Determines if effectiveness in solving the problem for which it was planned
64
Individual-subject validity
|
general outcome of research study characterizes behavior of the individual participants in study
65
Operant conditioning
learning behavior modified by consequences
| I.e. Positive consequence= strengthens / neg consequence = weakens
66
Rate of response
favored dependent variable; how frequently a behavior occurs per unit of time
67
Cumulative recorder
device for recording subjects cumulative rate of response in operant conditioning studies
68
Applied behavior analysis
using various methods to evaluate the effectiveness of conditioning procedures to bring about rate change of behavioral responses.
69
Baseline
initial stage of small N design ; behavior to be changed to determine rate response
70
A-B design
small N design in which a baseline period (a) is followed by the treatment period (b)
71
Withdrawal design
small N design which treatment is in place for time and then removed to determine if behavior returns to baseline
72
A-B-A design
small N design in which a baseline period (a) is followed by the treatment period (b) followed by a period reverse of previous treatment or withdrawal
73
A-B-A-B design
similar to "a-b-a" design, except second treatment is established
74
Multiple baseline design
small N design in which treatment is introduced at staggered intervals when trying to alter (1) behavior of many individuals (2) more than one behavior of same individual (3) behavior of individual in more than one setting.
75
Changing criterion design
small N design ; criterion for receiving reinforcement begins at a modest level and becomes more stringent as study progresses.
76
Shaping
developing a new behavior that underlies the changing criterion design ; behaviors are reinforced as they become progressively close to final desired behavior.
77
Social validity
analysis program that can improve society; it's value is perceived by the studies participants and weather program is used.
78
A-B-C-B design
?
79
A-A1-B-A1-B design
?
80
Alternating treatments design
small N design comparing same study& participants ; two or more forms of treatment for changing some behavior.
81
Case study
descriptive method in which an in depth event or event that clearly exemplifies some phenomenon.
82
Naturalistic observation
|
descriptive research method in which the behavior of people or animals is studied as it occurs in natural enviroment
83
Participant observation
behavior of people is studied as it occurs in its everyday natural environment & researcher become apart of group observed.
84
Observer bias
preconceived ideas held by researcher affect observations of study
85
Behavior checklist
list of behavior w/ predefined defintions used in operational studies.
86
Interobserver reliability
degree of agreement between two or more observers of same event
87
Time sampling
procedure in observational research; sampled behavior during predefined times only ( frog experiment)
88
Event sampling
only certain types of behaviors occurring under precise conditions are sampled
89
Reactivity
occurs when participants is influenced by knowledge they are being recorded and observed
90
Unobtrusive measures
measures of behavior that can be recorded without participants knowing their behavior is observed
91
Survey
participants are asked a series of questions or response to a series of statements about a topics
92
Convenience sample
non probability sample in which researcher request volunteers from group to meet study requirements
93
Population
all members of identifiable group
94
Sample
portion or subset of a population
95
Probability sampling
?
96
Representative sample
sample w/ aspects that match those attributes as they exist in population.
97
Biased sample
sample not representative of population
98
Self-selection bias
?
99
Simple random sample
each member of population has an equal chance of being selected as a member of the sample
100
Stratified sample
random probability sample; restricted subgroups that are represented within proportionally.
101
Quota sample
no probability sample in which proportions of some subgroups in the sample are the same as those subgroups proportions in population.
102
Cluster sample
randomly selects clusters of people having a feature in common& test people of common cluster
103
Interview survey
face to face I death interview with participants.
104
Phone survey
survey questions asked via phone
105
Sugging
market strageity to sell a product but appear to be a survey
106
Electronic survey
survey conducted over Internet via-email.
107
Written survey
written questionaire
108
Nonresponse bias
survey research; people return surveys w/different response than those who don't.
109
Social desirability bias
response bias; participants try to answer questions so they are seen in favorable light.
110
Open-ended question
essay survey question
111
Closed question
survey question that is (y/n) or marking point on scale
112
Response acquiescence
participants respond positively/neutrally to survey questions
113
DK alternative
assessing participants knowledge ; means " don't know".
114
Demographic information
data that classifies/ id's individuals
115
Double-barreled question
survey question that states two things in a single item
116
Leading quest ion
question asked gets clear answer.
117
Sample frame
list of individuals ; w/cluster sampling; list of groups which a sample is pulled
118
Ethics
Set of principles prescribing morally correct behaviors
119
Critical incidents
ethic committee method; surveying psychologist to ensure there is no unethical behavior by psychologist
120
Research participants
a person who takes part in a research study in psych.
121
Subjects
animal or human participant used in a research experiment
122
Institutional Review Board (IRB)
university committee that evaluates research purposeless ; weather they are protecting rights of participants ; exist in federal funded colleges/universities
123
Risk
ethical planning of study; chance of more cost than benefits to participants.
124
Informed consent
ideology that person should be given prior information about a study to make their de scion truly voluntary.
125
Deception
post experimental session in which experiment doesn't tell participants the nature of the study ; to avoid demand characteristics
126
Assent
to say "yes" ; in the scrod code of ethics for research in children , refers to the willingness of the child to participate in the study.
127
Debriefing
post experimental session in which experiment or tells participants what the nature of the study to relieve any discomfort and answer any lingering questions.
128
Participant crosstalk
tendency for previous participants of study to inform incoming participants of same study ; the purpose of the study
129
Dehoaxing
portion of study where true nature of study is reveled to participants
130
Desensitizing
portions of debriefing; experimenter tries to reduce distress felt by participants as a a result of research experience.
131
Confidentiality
an agreement by the researcher not to divulge the indemnity of those participating in the study
132
Plagiarism
deliberating taking ideas from someone else and using as ones own original idea.
133
Falsifying data
manufacturing data to bring about desired results
