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0
Q

Matched groups

A

Between subjects design using manipulated independent variable ; having 2 groups that are matched on similar variable before random assignment groups

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1
Q

Independent groups

A

Between subject design using manipulated independent variable ; having 2 groups of randomly assigned subjects

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2
Q

Ex post facto

A

Between subject design with 2 groups either use:
Subject variable or non- equal groups

Also called “non-equalivent groups”

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3
Q

Repeated measures

A

Another name for “ within subjects design”

  • participants tested in each experiment condition
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4
Q

Identify the 4 single varieties of single factor designs:

A

Independent groups
Matched groups
Ex post facto
Repeated groups

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5
Q

Single factor design

A

Basic research design with independent variable

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6
Q

Inter observer reliability

A

Agreement between 2 or more observers of same event

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7
Q

Homogeneity of variance

A

Variability of each set of scores being compared should be similar

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8
Q

Independent sample “t” test

A

Inferential stats analysis; comparing 2 samples of data in either independent groups or non equal vent groups design.

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9
Q

Dependent samples “ t” test

A

Inferential stats analysis; comparing 2 samples of data in either matched groups or repeated measures design

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10
Q

Using an independent t test which design is best?

A

Independent groups

Ex post facto

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11
Q

Using an dependent t test which design is best?

A

Matched groups

Repeated groups

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12
Q

Continuous variable

A

The variable exist on a continuum

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13
Q

Discrete variable

A

Represent distinct category ; no intermediate points occur

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14
Q

Single factor multi- level design

A

A single independent variable and more than 2 independent variable levels

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15
Q

Discrete variable

A

Each level represents a distinct category ; no intermediate points

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16
Q

One way ANOVA

A

One independent variable; overall presence of an significant effect existing between independent variables

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17
Q

ANOVA source table

A

It’s a method to portray inferential stats of the F ratio.

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18
Q

One way ANOVA for independent groups is best for which designs?

A

Multilevel independent groups design

Multilevel ex post design

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19
Q

One way ANOVA for repeated measures is best for what type of designs?

A

Multilevel matched groups design

Multilevel repeated measures design

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20
Q

Placebo

A

A pill form suggesting pharmacological effects, when it’s actually inactive

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21
Q

Placebo control group

A

Participant are lead to believe “ their treatment” is real when it’s not.

Method to observe behavior

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22
Q

Wait list control groups

A

Control group in which participants aren’t yet receiving treatment but will eventually

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23
Q

Yoked control group

A

A member of the control group is matched exactly with the treatment given a member of the experiment group

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24
Q

Factorial design

A

Study with more than one independent variable

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25
Q

Factorial matrix

A

Row/ column arrangement that characterizes independent variable and the total number of conditions ( cells)

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26
Q

Mixed factorial design

A

Mixture of within and between subjects facto sexist in same experiment

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27
Q

PxE factorial design

A

P= person, E= enviroment

Design with one subject factor and one manipulated factor

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28
Q

Mixed PxE factorial

A

See PxE factorial design

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29
Q

ATI design

A

It’s a form of PxE design; to examine possible interactions between aptitude variable ( p) and treatment variable ( e)

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30
Q

Simple effects analysis

A

Follow up test to significant interaction; comparing individual cells.

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31
Q

Main effect

A

Stats significance difference between the levels of an independent variable in a factorial design

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32
Q

Interaction

A

The effect when one independent variable depends on the other independent variable. (Factorial design)

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33
Q

Positive correlation

A

A relationship between variables “x” and “y”. “X” has high scores, so does “y” . If “x” has low scores , so does “y” .

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34
Q

Negative correlation

A

A relationship between variables “x” and “y”. A relationship between variables “x” and “y”. “X” has high scores, “y” has low scores. If “x” has low scores , “y” has high scores.

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35
Q

Pearson’s r

A

Measure of the size of the correlation between two variables; ranges from a perfect positive correlation of +1 to a perfect negative correlation of -1 . If “0”= no relationship.

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36
Q

Restricting the range

A

In correlate real studies; when a limited range of scores for one or both of the variables is used. Ranger restrictions tend to lower correlations

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37
Q

Coefficient of determination

A

For two correlated factors, where the variance in one factor is proportional to the other second factor, found by squaring persons r

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38
Q

Regression analysis

A

Occurs when knowing the size of the correlation and value of “ x” in order to predict the value of “y”.

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39
Q

Criterion variable

A

The variable being predicted from the predictor variable. ( I.e. College grades from sat scores )

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40
Q

Predictor variable

A

The variable used to predict the criterion variable. ( I.e. Sat. Scores are used to predict College grades )

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41
Q

Third variable problem

A

The problem of drawing a conclusion from variables “ a” and “b” due to interference from a third variable ( “c”) that is an uncontrolled factor that could. Underline the correlation between “a” and”b”

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42
Q

Partical correlation

A

A multivariate stats procedure for evaluating the effects of third variables; if the correlation between “ x” and “y” remains high, even after the third factor was partialed out. The third variable can be eliminated.

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43
Q

What process to determine if a correlation study truly has a third variable problem is called?

A

Partial correlation

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44
Q

Split -half reliability

A

A form of reliability which half the items on the test are correlated with remaining items. (I.e. Odd numbered questions)

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45
Q

Test re-test reliability

A

A form of reliability in which a test is administered on two occasions and the correlation between them is calculated.

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46
Q

Intra class correlation

A

A form of correlation used when pairs of scores don’t come form the same indivdual, when correlations are calculated for pairs of twins.

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47
Q

Bi variate

A

Relationships among 2 variables

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48
Q

Multivariate

A

Relationship among more than two variables

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49
Q

Multiple regression

A

A multivariate analysis investigating the relationship among more than two variables

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50
Q

Quasi experimental design

A

Occurs when casual conclusions about the effect of an independent variable can’t be drawn due to:

Lack of random assignment
Different levels of independent variable.

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51
Q

Archival research

A

Existing records are used to test an hypothesis

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52
Q

No equalivant control groups

A

Quasi- experimental design. Control and experiment groups can’t be randomly assigned

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53
Q

Interrupted time series

A

Quasi- experimental design
Program / treatment is evaluated by measuring performance several times prior to the institution of the program and several times after the program is put into effect

54
Q

Trends

A

Predictable patterns of events that occur over time; evaluated in time series studies.

55
Q

Interrupted time series with switching replication

A

Program is replicated at a different time and location

56
Q

Content analysis

A

A procedure used to systematically categorize the content of the behavior being recorded.

57
Q

Reactivity

A

When participants behavior is influenced by knowledge they are being watched/ recorded.

58
Q

Program evaluation

A

Form of applied research; research activity designed to evaluate programs from planning to completation

59
Q

Community form

A

Program evaluation research: meeting open to community to discuss need for/ operation of some program

60
Q

Key informant

A

Community member with special info about the needs of that community

61
Q

Formative evaluation

A

Form of program evaluation the monitors the functioning of a program while it is operating to determine if it’s functioning as planned

62
Q

Program audit

A

Examination of whether a program is being implemented as planned

63
Q

Summative evaluations

A

Form of program evaluation ; completed at the close of a program ;

Determines if effectiveness in solving the problem for which it was planned

64
Q

Individual-subject validity

​

A

general outcome of research study characterizes behavior of the individual participants in study

65
Q

Operant conditioning

A

learning behavior modified by consequences

I.e. Positive consequence= strengthens / neg consequence = weakens

66
Q

Rate of response

A

favored dependent variable; how frequently a behavior occurs per unit of time

67
Q

Cumulative recorder

A

device for recording subjects cumulative rate of response in operant conditioning studies

68
Q

Applied behavior analysis

A

using various methods to evaluate the effectiveness of conditioning procedures to bring about rate change of behavioral responses.

69
Q

Baseline

A

initial stage of small N design ; behavior to be changed to determine rate response

70
Q

A-B design

A

small N design in which a baseline period (a) is followed by the treatment period (b)

71
Q

Withdrawal design

A

small N design which treatment is in place for time and then removed to determine if behavior returns to baseline

72
Q

A-B-A design

A

small N design in which a baseline period (a) is followed by the treatment period (b) followed by a period reverse of previous treatment or withdrawal

73
Q

A-B-A-B design

A

similar to “a-b-a” design, except second treatment is established

74
Q

Multiple baseline design

A

small N design in which treatment is introduced at staggered intervals when trying to alter (1) behavior of many individuals (2) more than one behavior of same individual (3) behavior of individual in more than one setting.

75
Q

Changing criterion design

A

small N design ; criterion for receiving reinforcement begins at a modest level and becomes more stringent as study progresses.

76
Q

Shaping

A

developing a new behavior that underlies the changing criterion design ; behaviors are reinforced as they become progressively close to final desired behavior.

77
Q

Social validity

A

analysis program that can improve society; it’s value is perceived by the studies participants and weather program is used.

78
Q

A-B-C-B design

A

?

79
Q

A-A1-B-A1-B design

A

?

80
Q

Alternating treatments design

A

small N design comparing same study& participants ; two or more forms of treatment for changing some behavior.

81
Q

Case study

A

descriptive method in which an in depth event or event that clearly exemplifies some phenomenon.

82
Q

Naturalistic observation

​

A

descriptive research method in which the behavior of people or animals is studied as it occurs in natural enviroment

83
Q

Participant observation

A

behavior of people is studied as it occurs in its everyday natural environment & researcher become apart of group observed.

84
Q

Observer bias

A

preconceived ideas held by researcher affect observations of study

85
Q

Behavior checklist

A

list of behavior w/ predefined defintions used in operational studies.

86
Q

Interobserver reliability

A

degree of agreement between two or more observers of same event

87
Q

Time sampling

A

procedure in observational research; sampled behavior during predefined times only ( frog experiment)

88
Q

Event sampling

A

only certain types of behaviors occurring under precise conditions are sampled

89
Q

Reactivity

A

occurs when participants is influenced by knowledge they are being recorded and observed

90
Q

Unobtrusive measures

A

measures of behavior that can be recorded without participants knowing their behavior is observed

91
Q

Survey

A

participants are asked a series of questions or response to a series of statements about a topics

92
Q

Convenience sample

A

non probability sample in which researcher request volunteers from group to meet study requirements

93
Q

Population

A

all members of identifiable group

94
Q

Sample

A

portion or subset of a population

95
Q

Probability sampling

A

?

96
Q

Representative sample

A

sample w/ aspects that match those attributes as they exist in population.

97
Q

Biased sample

A

sample not representative of population

98
Q

Self-selection bias

A

?

99
Q

Simple random sample

A

each member of population has an equal chance of being selected as a member of the sample

100
Q

Stratified sample

A

random probability sample; restricted subgroups that are represented within proportionally.

101
Q

Quota sample

A

no probability sample in which proportions of some subgroups in the sample are the same as those subgroups proportions in population.

102
Q

Cluster sample

A

randomly selects clusters of people having a feature in common& test people of common cluster

103
Q

Interview survey

A

face to face I death interview with participants.

104
Q

Phone survey

A

survey questions asked via phone

105
Q

Sugging

A

market strageity to sell a product but appear to be a survey

106
Q

Electronic survey

A

survey conducted over Internet via-email.

107
Q

Written survey

A

written questionaire

108
Q

Nonresponse bias

A

survey research; people return surveys w/different response than those who don’t.

109
Q

Social desirability bias

A

response bias; participants try to answer questions so they are seen in favorable light.

110
Q

Open-ended question

A

essay survey question

111
Q

Closed question

A

survey question that is (y/n) or marking point on scale

112
Q

Response acquiescence

A

participants respond positively/neutrally to survey questions

113
Q

DK alternative

A

assessing participants knowledge ; means “ don’t know”.

114
Q

Demographic information

A

data that classifies/ id’s individuals

115
Q

Double-barreled question

A

survey question that states two things in a single item

116
Q

Leading quest ion

A

question asked gets clear answer.

117
Q

Sample frame

A

list of individuals ; w/cluster sampling; list of groups which a sample is pulled

118
Q

Ethics

A

Set of principles prescribing morally correct behaviors

119
Q

Critical incidents

A

ethic committee method; surveying psychologist to ensure there is no unethical behavior by psychologist

120
Q

Research participants

A

a person who takes part in a research study in psych.

121
Q

Subjects

A

animal or human participant used in a research experiment

122
Q

Institutional Review Board (IRB)

A

university committee that evaluates research purposeless ; weather they are protecting rights of participants ; exist in federal funded colleges/universities

123
Q

Risk

A

ethical planning of study; chance of more cost than benefits to participants.

124
Q

Informed consent

A

ideology that person should be given prior information about a study to make their de scion truly voluntary.

125
Q

Deception

A

post experimental session in which experiment doesn’t tell participants the nature of the study ; to avoid demand characteristics

126
Q

Assent

A

to say “yes” ; in the scrod code of ethics for research in children , refers to the willingness of the child to participate in the study.

127
Q

Debriefing

A

post experimental session in which experiment or tells participants what the nature of the study to relieve any discomfort and answer any lingering questions.

128
Q

Participant crosstalk

A

tendency for previous participants of study to inform incoming participants of same study ; the purpose of the study

129
Q

Dehoaxing

A

portion of study where true nature of study is reveled to participants

130
Q

Desensitizing

A

portions of debriefing; experimenter tries to reduce distress felt by participants as a a result of research experience.

131
Q

Confidentiality

A

an agreement by the researcher not to divulge the indemnity of those participating in the study

132
Q

Plagiarism

A

deliberating taking ideas from someone else and using as ones own original idea.

133
Q

Falsifying data

A

manufacturing data to bring about desired results

Experimental Psych Final (1 decks)

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