Final Flashcards
3 “tests” Calvin used to determine the “elect”
by spirit
by faith
by the life
Who’s daughter married Frederick 1
Albert of Brandenberg
Who was the former Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights
Albert of Brandenberg
Who was a rake whom Catholic historians regarded as an unspeakable disgrace
Alexander VI
Historically speaking who’s amours reveal that the failure of the Gregorian reform to establish clerical celibacy extended to the very citadel of the Church
Alexander VI
Who was the father of the Anabaptists
Conrad Grebel
What is a Latin expression which means to the soruces
ad fontes
Who was the one who spurred Luther to write the 95 Theses
Albert of Brandenberg
The church is held to be derived from the apostles by a continuous succession is called what
Apostolic succession
What is a primary confession of faith of the Lutheran church
Augsburg Confession
What is an important document of the Lutheran Church
Augsburg Confession
Melanchthon wrote what
Augsburg confession
Who was the ruler of the holy roman empire and the emperor of spain
Charles V
Who called Diet of Worms on Luther
Charles V
Who won the Council of Trent for the Catholics which started the Reformation
Charles V
Who was the first to baptize the first adult in Zurich
Conrad Grebel
Sola Fide
By faith alone
Sola Scriptura
by Scripture alone
Solus Christus
through Christ alone
Sola Gratia
by grace alone
Soli Deo Gloria
glory to God alone
Who controlled the seas at the time
Spanish Armada
Who was Renaissance Humanist &
Rejected Luther’s emphasis on Faith alone
Desiderius Erasmus
Who wanted to reform the church
Desiderius Erasmus
What were the meetings of the Imperial Diet of the Holy Roman Empire in the German city of Augsburg.
Diet of Augsburg
What was turned into a church council
Diet of Worms
Luther was tried by a lay court and actually put under the ban of the Empire before being subjected to the excommunication of the Church…what was this called
Diet of Worms
Why was the Diet of Augsburg called
Because Philip of Hesse sought to unite the Lutherans and Swiss in hope of extending a military alliance
What guaranteed that no man should be molested because of his faith
Editc of Nantes
Where was Luther born
Eisleben
Who harbored the so-called Sea Beggars, essentially pirates flying the flag of William
Elizabeth 1
What was marked by moderation and studied ambiguity
Elizabethan Settlement
Who called themselves the supreme governor of the Church of England
Elizabeth 1
Who was caught in a violent thunderstorm and smitten by lightening to the ground and in that sudden confrontation with death said I will become a monk
Martin Luther
Who was an Augustinian Monk
Martin Luther
Where did Martin Luther study law and arts
University of Erfurt
Who had been granted the privilege of an annual proclamation of indulgences on the eve of All Saint’s Day
Frederick the Wise
Who was concerned that a German subject should not be taken for trial outside of Germany and should receive an impartial hearing
Fredrick the wise
Who defended Martin Luther at the Diet of Worms
Fredrick the Wise
Where did Frederick the Wise conceal and hide Luther
Wartburg
Who prohibited the Catholic practice of christening children with the names of Catholic saints or with such names as Cross, Jesus, Pentecost, Sunday & Holy Sepulchre
Genevan council
Geneva was restive under who
Holy Commonwealth
Who did Duke of Anjou make the hair to the throne
Henry of Navarre
Who was left in the direct line of succession to the throne but the Catholics would not suffer him to enter into his inheritance because of his religion
Henry of Navarre
Under who was Spain dominant and restive
France was planted on Gallicanism
Germany rent by the Reformation
Henry VIII
Who had a problem with succession
Henry VIII
Who exercised an arbitrariness of control the like of which was known neither under his predecessors nor his successors
Henry VIII
Who desecrated of the sacraments and the demolition of churches and images
Huguenots
What was sold to try to gain favor with God
Indulgences
What was for centuries to serve a large section of the Protestant world as the Sentences of Peter Lombard had served the Catholic
Institutes of the Christian Religion
What set forth a view of God, man and the church which goes far to explain why Calvinism should have been the most active variety of Protestantism
Institutes of Christian Religion
What treats first the sovereignty of god ahead of the section on justification by faith
Institutes of Christian Religion
Who was Luther’s great theological opponent
John Eck
Who went to Bologna at the expense of the Fuggers in order to defend the contract of fixed return against the contract of mutual risk
John Eck
French Reformer in Geneva
John Calvin
Who wrote the Institutes of Christian Religion
John Calvin
Who was a Bohemian sectary
John Hus
Reformation association in Scotland
John Knox
Who gave shape to the revolutionary temper
John Knox
Who was a Medici, indolent, elegant, skilled in impromptu Latin orations, a spendthrift who squandered more on pageants and gambling than on the needs of the church or the patronage of the arts
Leo X
Who lifted the ban on usury and John Eck
Leo X
What was Luther’s greatest innovation in liturgy and worship service
congregational singing
What are Luther’s three objections to indulgences
- German national resentment against papal exploitation
- Questioned the jurisdiction of the pope over purgatory
- Induced wrong state of mind
Who threatened to make Scotland a French dependency and genuine evangelical preaching conducted by reformers who proclaimed the gospel without regard to worldly fortunes
Mary Stuart
Mary, Queen of Scots
Who tried to undo the religious revolution inaugurated by her father and consummated by her brother, but was unable to do so
Mary Tudor (Bloody Mary)
Who endeavored to restore to the church the confiscated wealth but most of it was irrecoverably in private hands
Mary Tudor (Bloody Mary)
Who was the founder of the Mennonites
Menno Simons
Who declared that true Christians must “crucify the flesh and its desires and lusts, prune the heart, mouth and the whole body with the knife of the divine word of all unclean thoughts, unbecoming words and actions”
Menno Simons
Territorialism was the only possible solution remaining was the principle of what
Peace of Augsburg in 1555
What came to be so that the religion of a given territory might be determined by the ruler
Peach of Augsburg in 1555
Who was a young humanist professor of Greek at Wittenberg
Philip Melanchthon
Who impressed upon Luther that a union with the left would close the door to the right and preclude any hope of reconciliation with the Catholics
Philip Melanchthon
Who instigated the Massacre of St. Bartholomew
Charles IX
What are the Sacraments
Baptism
Marriage
Penance
Extreme Unction
What did Luther do at the Wartburg
He wrote the Greek New Testament
Luther nailed 95 propositions for debate on the Castle Church door in Wittenberg
95 Theses
Where did Luther go to hide
Wartburg
What contributed materially to the outbreak of the Thirty Year’s War
Restriction of toleration to Lutherans only among the Protestants
When the bread and the wine are changed into the body and blood of God during communion
Transubstantiation
Who commenced his reformatory preaching at Zurich in 1519
Zwingli
Who declared himself to be so much of the same mind that all he could learn from Luther was the courage to come out and say what he already believed
Zwingli
By training and conviction was much more of a humanist and a disciple of Erasmus
Zwingli
Who turned to the reform rather than by any agonizing struggle of the spirit of the sort through which Luther had passed
Zwingli
Who was the leader of the great Rebellion
William of Orange
Who justified his own assumption of revolutionary leadership on the ground that he was a prince of the blood, Burggraaf of Antwerp, member of the estates of Brabant, Stadhouder of Holland and Zeeland, and Knight of the Golden Fleece
William of Orange
The efforts of William of Orange proved abortive under the impact of what and calvinist iconoclasm and the approximation momentarily achieved in Poland was due less to the doctrine of the inviolability of conscience, the integrity of personality or the rights of man than to the anarchistic tendencies of feudalism which impeded any systematic interference
Spanish Fury
Who translated the Bible into English
William Tyndale
Who led Sweden to military supremacy during the Thirty Years War, helping to determine the political as well as the religious balance of power in Europe.
Gustavus Adolphus
He denounced clerical corruption, despotic rule and the exploitation of the poor
Jerome Savonarola
Who was reputedly known for granting indulgences in exchange for money, which allow a remission of temporal punishment due to sin, the guilt of which has been forgiven, a position heavily challenged by Martin Luther
Johann Tetzel
Who was a German humanist and a scholar of Greek and Hebrew. For much of his life, he was the real centre of all Greek and Hebrew teaching in Germany
Johann Reuchlin
Who was Martin Luther’s wife
Katharina von Bora
Who was a series of peace treaties signed between May and October 1648 in Osnabrück and Münster. These treaties ended the Thirty Years’ War (1618–1648) in the Holy Roman Empire, and the Eighty Years’ War (1568–1648) between Spain and the Dutch Republic, with Spain formally recognizing the independence of the Dutch Republic.
Peace of Westphalia
What was the basis of Roman Catholic doctrine on papal primacy, resting partly on Christ’s bestowing the “keys of the Kingdom” on Peter (the first pope, according to Roman Catholic tradition) and partly on Christ’s words: “And I tell you, you are Peter [Greek: Petros], and on this rock [Greek: petra] I will build my church” (Matthew 16:18).
Petrine Theory
Who’s empire included territories on every continent then known to Europeans, including his namesake Philippine Islands. During his reign, Spain reached the height of its influence and power. The expression “The empire on which the sun never sets” was coined during Philip’s time to reflect the extent of his possessions.
Philip II
What holds that during the sacrament, the fundamental “substance” of the body and blood of Christ are present alongside the substance of the bread and wine, which remain presen
Consubstantiation
What is a name for a Christian movement which started in Lyon and spread soon to the Cottian Alps in the late 1170s.
Waldensians
