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Final Flashcards

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0
Q

Genera Pagán

A

Attempted to vote in 1920 in Puerto Rico - arrested; women suffrage not applied to unincorporated territories

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1
Q

Luisa Capetillo

A

(1879-1922) Puerto Rican activist; suffragette; feminist and free love advocate; writer and organizer; ensayos libertarios in 1907; women and revolution; repression in 1911

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2
Q

Sara Estela Ramirez

A

Mexican revolutionary and anarchist; late 1800s; with floran-Magon brothers; not suspicious because woman

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3
Q

Francisco madero

A

Campaigned against porfirio Diaz in 1910; arrested for sedition; fled to San Antonio, called for revolution in 1911; led revolution in north in 1911 with villa; assassinated by successor Victoriano Huerta

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4
Q

Plan de San Luis Potosí

A

1910; called for revolution in Mexico; called for general revolt, set revolution in motion

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5
Q

Pancho Villa

A

Leader of Mexican revolution in chihuahua and north; movie star; killed 17 Americans in 1916; US ally?; legend; pursued by John Pershing in 1917; possible pothead

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6
Q

Treaty of Ciudad Juarez

A

Ended Mexican revolution in 1911, deposed Diaz

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7
Q

Victoriano Huerta

A

Assassinated Francisco Madero; succeeded him

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8
Q

Plan De San Diego

A

1915 called for separate state in borderlands for Mexicans black ppl and Japanese americans; kill all white males over age 16; found on basiliso Ramos jr when arrested; didn’t happen

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9
Q

Carmelita Torres

A

Instigator of Bath Riots; refused kerosene bath at border in January 1917, arrested - didn’t do anything

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10
Q

1924

A

Border patrol

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11
Q

1919; 1932; 1936.

A

Women’s suffrage; literate Puerto Rican women’s suffrage; Puerto Rican women’s suffrage

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12
Q

Bath Riots

A

1917 at border in response to women photographed without consent and posted at cantina; humiliating and painful kerosene baths; refused baths, riots

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13
Q

Dolores De Rio

A

Mexican film star; “high Castilian beauty”; classy, ethnic-less, appealing to the yts, Spanish not indigenous, hella famous

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14
Q

Lupe Velez

A

Mexican actress in Hollywood; portrayed silly garbled clueless fiery Mexican characters; typecast and committed suicide; not classy or respected :(

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15
Q

Carmen Miranda

A

Brazilian film star and singer; ambassador; banana lady; appropriated Afro Brazilian religious traditions; goofy oversexualized Latina stereotype

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16
Q

Mexico de afuera

A

Idea that Mexicans living in the US would stay tied to Mexico; govern from abroad; important in 1920s and 1930s

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17
Q

Irredentism

A

Idea that you’ve been here before, return to same place but it’s a new-old place; familiarity to Mexican migrants to California

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18
Q

Apology Act for the 1930s

A

California act in 2005 to apologize for forcibly repatriating Mexicans during 1930s depression

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19
Q

Banana wars

A

US follows UFCO into Central America - wars to sustain economic dominance in the region in interwar period

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20
Q

Augustino Sandino

A

Democratic rebel in Nicaragua against US economic presence;1912-1933

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21
Q

Anastasio Somoza

A

Ruled Nicaragua from 1933-1970s; US puppet; repressive rule, beneficial for US economic interests yikes

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22
Q

Gerardo machado

A

Ruled Cuba: repressive; Cuban migration in 1920s and 1930s

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23
Q

Bonifcio Gonzalez and Dennis Chavez

A

Ran for office in NM and TX in 1930s emphasizing their americanidad over latinidad

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24
Q

Rita Hayworth

A

Movie star; Spanish cultural ambassador during 1930s

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25
Q

Emma Tenayuca

A

Tejana pecan sheller organizer in San Antonio in 1930s; emphasized Americanness of workers; communist; focused on the revolutionary potential of the proletariat and the poor

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26
Q

Antonio machín

A

El manisero; song that kicked off Latin dance craze in the US, esp salsa and rumba

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27
Q

Good Neighbor Policy

A

US withdraws unilateral intervention in Latin America in 1930s; good neighbor rather than big stick paternalism; soft power from hard power

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28
Q

Desi Arnaz

A

Married to Lucille ball, Cuban American, represented Cuban identity in US as white but drawing on indigenous customs and folk lore

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29
Q

LULAC

A

League of United Latin American Citizens; formed in 1929 in corpus cristi; civil rights organization that tried to get good neighbor policy as leverage for better treatment at home truuuu

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30
Q

J. Luz Saenz

A

served in WWI; veteran and founder of LULAC; “do not take us for granted”; labor rights for latinxs

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31
Q

Zoot Suit Riots

A

In LA in 1940s after sleepy lagoon incident in which Mexican found dead; Zoot suiters arrested and held; unfair policing

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32
Q

Bracero program

A

Guest worker program; import Mexican workers for agricultural work; wartime industry but kept on afterwards; 1942-1964

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33
Q

Mendez v Westminster

A

1944: precursor to brown v board; Supreme Court case that desegregated California schools for Mexican Americans; based on CA constitution and 14th amendment

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34
Q

Hector B. Garcia and Felix Longoria

A

American GI forum; longoria killed in battle during WWII; when body returned to the states, cemetery refused to bury it because segregated cemetery; Garcia led campaign for better treatment of latinx veterans who served

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35
Q

Operation bootstrap

A

1952 status of PR changed to commonwealth
Industrialization and modernization on the island
During the depression; industrialize to stem the flow of migration from the island

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36
Q

Bay of Pigs

A

1961 failed invasion of Cuba to topple Castro after soviet missiles found on the island

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37
Q

Platt Amendment

A

1901-1934: allowed US to intervene unilaterally in Cuba; overturned with the implementation of good neighbor policy

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38
Q

US occupation of Cuba

A

1917-1922

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39
Q

US occupation of Nicaragua

A

1914-1933

40
Q

US occupation of DR

A

1916-1924

41
Q

Luisa Moreno

A

activist and organizer in the 1930s;
born in Guatemalan family as Blanca Rosa Lopez Rodriguez;
organized cigar workers, cannery workers
forced out of US in 1940s because she was a communist
CIA tracked her down in Guatemala, tried to kill her; she escaped to Cuba, died in 1992

42
Q

Taft-Hartley Act

A

1947
labor management act
cracked down on unions; banned them from having communist members
result: forced out radical organizers like Luisa Moreno - defanged labor unions

43
Q

Jacobo Arbenz

A

democratically elected leader of Guatemala in 1970s

US attempted to overthrow him

44
Q

General Joseph Swing

A

Planned but never executed Operation Cloudburst to shoot border crossers from the sky with aircraft and tanks - line to deter potential undocumented migrants

46
Q

Operation Cloudburst

A

total militarization of the border to prevent people from crossing in the 1940s; aircraft and tanks to prevent crossing, never actually happened

47
Q

Operation Wetback

A

created by Joseph Swing; effectively a ‘show me your papers’ policy designed to create a climate of instability in the US southwest; make Latinxs so afraid of being deported that they would just leave on their own; picked up vagrants, held people until INS deported them

48
Q

Public Law 78

A

extended braceros program after WWII

49
Q

Little Schools of 400

A 
1956
Schools in S. Texas
founded by LULAC
designed to teach English-language learners "400 words of English" before they got to public school
model for bilingual education
50
Q

Community Service Organization in California

A

precursor to United Farm Workers; Cesar Chavez first organization

51
Q

Antonia Pantoja

A

Puerto Rican labor organizer in the 1950s
Founded Puerto Rican Forum in 1957
Worked on community uplift, women, and health issues

52
Q

Jose Julio Sarria

A

First openly gay candidate for public office in San Francisco in 1951;
Colombian military vet from WWII

53
Q

El Congreso de Pueblas de Habla Española

A

First national Latinx political organization, founded by Luisa Moreno

54
Q

5th Columnists

A

potential dissidents, communists, or allies of the Axis powers during WWII
often used to undermine the work of activists and organizers or criminalize people like the zoot suiters

55
Q

Encarnacion Pinedo

A

born 1848 in New Mexico; Spanish-Mexican cookbook to dignify Mexican food

56
Q

Chicano Park

A

The result of latinx takeover of a park
Murals and histories of Latinos
In San Diego CA
Important national historical site

57
Q

MALDEF

A

Mexican American legal and education defense fund
Est in 1968
Helped migrants fight for legal residency etc

58
Q

Jerry Apodaca and Raul Castro

A

Ran for public office in NM and AZ

Elected in 1974

59
Q

Plyer v. Doe

A

Supreme Court case in 1983
Ruled that Texas must provide equal education for undocumented children
MALDEF had a hand in this

60
Q

Mariel boat lift

A

Boats out of Mariel Harbor in April to October 1980
“Criminals” and degenerates - people wanted to escape Castro for non political reasons
Conflict in Miami; different class of Cubans

61
Q

Border industrialization program

A

Maquiladoras along the Mexican border to address the growing unemployment after the end of the braceros program in 1964
Free trade zones that were favorable for American companies

62
Q

Cuban adjustment act

A

1966
Enabled Cubans to become permanent residents after a year
More Cuban residents in the US who fled Castro

63
Q

Wet foot dry foot

A

Agreement between US and Cuba that if Cubans caught in the water, can be deported, but if they make it to the US they can stay and apply for asylum

64
Q

Viva Kennedy clubs

A

Clubs where people supported Kennedy; part of 1950s and 1960s respectability politics among latinxs

65
Q

IRCA

A

Immigration reform and control act of 1986
Granted legal status to migrants before 1982
Made it illegal to knowingly hire undocumented migrants
Increased discrimination and militarization of the border

66
Q

Rita Moreno

A

Puerto Rican actress in west side story; played maids and stereotypes

67
Q

Fidel Castro

A

Communist Cuban leader
The US feared him
Could not control Cuba after his rise to power in 1950s

68
Q

Julia alvarez

A

How the Garcia Girls lost their accents author

Dominican migrant writer in NY

69
Q

Operation Peter Pan

A

US effort to get children out of Cuba when Castro began his rise to power
Ended up with a ton of orphans and wards of the state yikes

70
Q

Cuban missile crisis

A

1972 US spy planes found missiles from the soviets pointed at the US on Cuba
Almost nuclear war with USSR struggles

71
Q

Herman Badillo

A

Lawyer who registered Puerto Ricans to vote in the US in NYC

Won the Bronx borough position and became first Puerto Rican congressman and passed legislation on. Bilingual education

72
Q

Cesar Chavez

A

activist and organizer with community service organization in 1950s then with united farm workers in 1960s
Anti immigrant stance
Catholic teachings and fasting
Part of popular Chicano movement in California

73
Q

Dolores Huerta

A

activist and organizer with UFW in 1960s

Important chicana labor activist worked with Cesar Chavez

74
Q

1965 grape strike

A

Started by Filipino organization Agrocultural workers organizing committee - carried over to Mexican American workers ; lasted several years

75
Q

Skeleton crews

A

Groups of activists who traveled all over the US esp on west coast to get supper for grape strike
No money no food functionally beggars relied on the benevolence of the church but highly effective at organizing communities

76
Q

Reies Lopez Tijerina

A

Leader of the radical and militant Chicano group la alianza federal de los Mercedes
Pentecostal minister itinerant
Occupied a public forest and lived there after trying litigation
Focused on land issues and Chicano relationship to land

77
Q

UFW

A

United Farm workers organization founded to organizing the Mexican laborers in California

78
Q

Rodolfo Corky Gonzalez

A

Chicano activist leader; author of “I am Joaquin”
Started in politics got tired of it
Led blowouts and student walkouts in Denver in 1960s

79
Q

I Am Joaquin

A

Famous poem by Chicano activist corky Gonzalez
Illustrated discrimination against Chicanos
Really important identity formation

80
Q

Jose Chacho Jimenez

A

Founder of the young lords party and Puerto Rican activist on 1960s and 1970s

81
Q

Young Lords Party

A

Puerto Rican nationalist party; modeled on the black panther party hell yea

82
Q

Cherrie Moraga and Gloria Anzaldúa

A

C’mon

83
Q

Farrah Pants plant

A

Women workers at Farrah organized themselves and est own collective
Took child care and labor seriously together

84
Q

Chavez ravine

A

Home to many Mexican Americans in LA; forcibly removed to build dodgers stadium
Part of larger efforts to remove Latinos from urban landscapes

85
Q

Oscar Romero

A

Archbishop in El Salvador
Pioneer of liberation theology
Assassinated in 1980 by a death squad
Mixed legacy as both freedom fighter and instigator
El Salvador descended into violence after his death yikes

86
Q

Liberation theology

A

Idea that the Catholic Church had a social justice root and can be used to liberate the poor and oppressed

87
Q

Refugee Act

A

1980 designed to help the US deal with the large numbers of refugees coming in from Latin America during Cold War new provisions for asylum

88
Q

Sanctuary movement

A

Churches and cities declare themselves safe places for migrants
Not collaborating with Feds to eliminate undocumented ppl or deport them

89
Q

Hurricane Mitch

A

Devastated Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua in 1988 and propelled a ton f migration to the US

90
Q

Departamento 15

A

14 provinces in El Salvador - the 15th is the Salvadoran diaspora outside of El Salvador

91
Q

MS13

A

Salvadoran gang with worldwide connections ; largest gang in South America

92
Q

LA riots

A

1992
Riots after Rodney king verdict
Looting for supplies during riots by Latinxs
“Bread riot”

93
Q

Prop 187

A

1994 Anti immigration prop passed in California to deny services to undocumented migrants
Also enabled ppl to turn in undocumented migrants
Overturned in scotus case but hella representative of CA sentiment toward immigrants

94
Q

Aztlan strategy

A

Edward coulby book in 2006 that Mexicans were going to take over the US muahaha

95
Q

SB 1070

A

Az immigration law in 2010
Everyone is an informant
Allowed racial profiling

96
Q

1996 immigration act

A

Allowed local people to participate in immigration enforcement - deputized locals, deals with Feds to keep ppl out

97
Q

Gloria and Emilio Estefan

A

Cuban musicians, pioneered new forms of music and founded Miami sound machine; acceptably ethnic music for American market and Latin American market

98
Q

Frances cordoba

A

Physicist who became the president of Purdue and also president of NSF under Obama

99
Q

MELA

A

Mothers of east Los Angeles

Mobilized against toxic waste dumping in urban communities of color

Latinx history (1 decks)

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