Final Flashcards
Genera Pagán
Attempted to vote in 1920 in Puerto Rico - arrested; women suffrage not applied to unincorporated territories
Luisa Capetillo
(1879-1922) Puerto Rican activist; suffragette; feminist and free love advocate; writer and organizer; ensayos libertarios in 1907; women and revolution; repression in 1911
Sara Estela Ramirez
Mexican revolutionary and anarchist; late 1800s; with floran-Magon brothers; not suspicious because woman
Francisco madero
Campaigned against porfirio Diaz in 1910; arrested for sedition; fled to San Antonio, called for revolution in 1911; led revolution in north in 1911 with villa; assassinated by successor Victoriano Huerta
Plan de San Luis Potosí
1910; called for revolution in Mexico; called for general revolt, set revolution in motion
Pancho Villa
Leader of Mexican revolution in chihuahua and north; movie star; killed 17 Americans in 1916; US ally?; legend; pursued by John Pershing in 1917; possible pothead
Treaty of Ciudad Juarez
Ended Mexican revolution in 1911, deposed Diaz
Victoriano Huerta
Assassinated Francisco Madero; succeeded him
Plan De San Diego
1915 called for separate state in borderlands for Mexicans black ppl and Japanese americans; kill all white males over age 16; found on basiliso Ramos jr when arrested; didn’t happen
Carmelita Torres
Instigator of Bath Riots; refused kerosene bath at border in January 1917, arrested - didn’t do anything
1924
Border patrol
1919; 1932; 1936.
Women’s suffrage; literate Puerto Rican women’s suffrage; Puerto Rican women’s suffrage
Bath Riots
1917 at border in response to women photographed without consent and posted at cantina; humiliating and painful kerosene baths; refused baths, riots
Dolores De Rio
Mexican film star; “high Castilian beauty”; classy, ethnic-less, appealing to the yts, Spanish not indigenous, hella famous
Lupe Velez
Mexican actress in Hollywood; portrayed silly garbled clueless fiery Mexican characters; typecast and committed suicide; not classy or respected :(
Carmen Miranda
Brazilian film star and singer; ambassador; banana lady; appropriated Afro Brazilian religious traditions; goofy oversexualized Latina stereotype
Mexico de afuera
Idea that Mexicans living in the US would stay tied to Mexico; govern from abroad; important in 1920s and 1930s
Irredentism
Idea that you’ve been here before, return to same place but it’s a new-old place; familiarity to Mexican migrants to California
Apology Act for the 1930s
California act in 2005 to apologize for forcibly repatriating Mexicans during 1930s depression
Banana wars
US follows UFCO into Central America - wars to sustain economic dominance in the region in interwar period
Augustino Sandino
Democratic rebel in Nicaragua against US economic presence;1912-1933
Anastasio Somoza
Ruled Nicaragua from 1933-1970s; US puppet; repressive rule, beneficial for US economic interests yikes
Gerardo machado
Ruled Cuba: repressive; Cuban migration in 1920s and 1930s
Bonifcio Gonzalez and Dennis Chavez
Ran for office in NM and TX in 1930s emphasizing their americanidad over latinidad
Rita Hayworth
Movie star; Spanish cultural ambassador during 1930s
Emma Tenayuca
Tejana pecan sheller organizer in San Antonio in 1930s; emphasized Americanness of workers; communist; focused on the revolutionary potential of the proletariat and the poor
Antonio machín
El manisero; song that kicked off Latin dance craze in the US, esp salsa and rumba
Good Neighbor Policy
US withdraws unilateral intervention in Latin America in 1930s; good neighbor rather than big stick paternalism; soft power from hard power
Desi Arnaz
Married to Lucille ball, Cuban American, represented Cuban identity in US as white but drawing on indigenous customs and folk lore
LULAC
League of United Latin American Citizens; formed in 1929 in corpus cristi; civil rights organization that tried to get good neighbor policy as leverage for better treatment at home truuuu
J. Luz Saenz
served in WWI; veteran and founder of LULAC; “do not take us for granted”; labor rights for latinxs
Zoot Suit Riots
In LA in 1940s after sleepy lagoon incident in which Mexican found dead; Zoot suiters arrested and held; unfair policing
Bracero program
Guest worker program; import Mexican workers for agricultural work; wartime industry but kept on afterwards; 1942-1964
Mendez v Westminster
1944: precursor to brown v board; Supreme Court case that desegregated California schools for Mexican Americans; based on CA constitution and 14th amendment
Hector B. Garcia and Felix Longoria
American GI forum; longoria killed in battle during WWII; when body returned to the states, cemetery refused to bury it because segregated cemetery; Garcia led campaign for better treatment of latinx veterans who served
Operation bootstrap
1952 status of PR changed to commonwealth
Industrialization and modernization on the island
During the depression; industrialize to stem the flow of migration from the island
Bay of Pigs
1961 failed invasion of Cuba to topple Castro after soviet missiles found on the island
Platt Amendment
1901-1934: allowed US to intervene unilaterally in Cuba; overturned with the implementation of good neighbor policy
US occupation of Cuba
1917-1922
US occupation of Nicaragua
1914-1933
US occupation of DR
1916-1924
Luisa Moreno
activist and organizer in the 1930s;
born in Guatemalan family as Blanca Rosa Lopez Rodriguez;
organized cigar workers, cannery workers
forced out of US in 1940s because she was a communist
CIA tracked her down in Guatemala, tried to kill her; she escaped to Cuba, died in 1992
Taft-Hartley Act
1947
labor management act
cracked down on unions; banned them from having communist members
result: forced out radical organizers like Luisa Moreno - defanged labor unions
Jacobo Arbenz
democratically elected leader of Guatemala in 1970s
US attempted to overthrow him
General Joseph Swing
Planned but never executed Operation Cloudburst to shoot border crossers from the sky with aircraft and tanks - line to deter potential undocumented migrants
Operation Cloudburst
total militarization of the border to prevent people from crossing in the 1940s; aircraft and tanks to prevent crossing, never actually happened
Operation Wetback
created by Joseph Swing; effectively a ‘show me your papers’ policy designed to create a climate of instability in the US southwest; make Latinxs so afraid of being deported that they would just leave on their own; picked up vagrants, held people until INS deported them
Public Law 78
extended braceros program after WWII
Little Schools of 400
1956 Schools in S. Texas founded by LULAC designed to teach English-language learners "400 words of English" before they got to public school model for bilingual education
Community Service Organization in California
precursor to United Farm Workers; Cesar Chavez first organization
Antonia Pantoja
Puerto Rican labor organizer in the 1950s
Founded Puerto Rican Forum in 1957
Worked on community uplift, women, and health issues
Jose Julio Sarria
First openly gay candidate for public office in San Francisco in 1951;
Colombian military vet from WWII
El Congreso de Pueblas de Habla Española
First national Latinx political organization, founded by Luisa Moreno
5th Columnists
potential dissidents, communists, or allies of the Axis powers during WWII
often used to undermine the work of activists and organizers or criminalize people like the zoot suiters
Encarnacion Pinedo
born 1848 in New Mexico; Spanish-Mexican cookbook to dignify Mexican food
Chicano Park
The result of latinx takeover of a park
Murals and histories of Latinos
In San Diego CA
Important national historical site
MALDEF
Mexican American legal and education defense fund
Est in 1968
Helped migrants fight for legal residency etc
Jerry Apodaca and Raul Castro
Ran for public office in NM and AZ
Elected in 1974
Plyer v. Doe
Supreme Court case in 1983
Ruled that Texas must provide equal education for undocumented children
MALDEF had a hand in this
Mariel boat lift
Boats out of Mariel Harbor in April to October 1980
“Criminals” and degenerates - people wanted to escape Castro for non political reasons
Conflict in Miami; different class of Cubans
Border industrialization program
Maquiladoras along the Mexican border to address the growing unemployment after the end of the braceros program in 1964
Free trade zones that were favorable for American companies
Cuban adjustment act
1966
Enabled Cubans to become permanent residents after a year
More Cuban residents in the US who fled Castro
Wet foot dry foot
Agreement between US and Cuba that if Cubans caught in the water, can be deported, but if they make it to the US they can stay and apply for asylum
Viva Kennedy clubs
Clubs where people supported Kennedy; part of 1950s and 1960s respectability politics among latinxs
IRCA
Immigration reform and control act of 1986
Granted legal status to migrants before 1982
Made it illegal to knowingly hire undocumented migrants
Increased discrimination and militarization of the border
Rita Moreno
Puerto Rican actress in west side story; played maids and stereotypes
Fidel Castro
Communist Cuban leader
The US feared him
Could not control Cuba after his rise to power in 1950s
Julia alvarez
How the Garcia Girls lost their accents author
Dominican migrant writer in NY
Operation Peter Pan
US effort to get children out of Cuba when Castro began his rise to power
Ended up with a ton of orphans and wards of the state yikes
Cuban missile crisis
1972 US spy planes found missiles from the soviets pointed at the US on Cuba
Almost nuclear war with USSR struggles
Herman Badillo
Lawyer who registered Puerto Ricans to vote in the US in NYC
Won the Bronx borough position and became first Puerto Rican congressman and passed legislation on. Bilingual education
Cesar Chavez
activist and organizer with community service organization in 1950s then with united farm workers in 1960s
Anti immigrant stance
Catholic teachings and fasting
Part of popular Chicano movement in California
Dolores Huerta
activist and organizer with UFW in 1960s
Important chicana labor activist worked with Cesar Chavez
1965 grape strike
Started by Filipino organization Agrocultural workers organizing committee - carried over to Mexican American workers ; lasted several years
Skeleton crews
Groups of activists who traveled all over the US esp on west coast to get supper for grape strike
No money no food functionally beggars relied on the benevolence of the church but highly effective at organizing communities
Reies Lopez Tijerina
Leader of the radical and militant Chicano group la alianza federal de los Mercedes
Pentecostal minister itinerant
Occupied a public forest and lived there after trying litigation
Focused on land issues and Chicano relationship to land
UFW
United Farm workers organization founded to organizing the Mexican laborers in California
Rodolfo Corky Gonzalez
Chicano activist leader; author of “I am Joaquin”
Started in politics got tired of it
Led blowouts and student walkouts in Denver in 1960s
I Am Joaquin
Famous poem by Chicano activist corky Gonzalez
Illustrated discrimination against Chicanos
Really important identity formation
Jose Chacho Jimenez
Founder of the young lords party and Puerto Rican activist on 1960s and 1970s
Young Lords Party
Puerto Rican nationalist party; modeled on the black panther party hell yea
Cherrie Moraga and Gloria Anzaldúa
C’mon
Farrah Pants plant
Women workers at Farrah organized themselves and est own collective
Took child care and labor seriously together
Chavez ravine
Home to many Mexican Americans in LA; forcibly removed to build dodgers stadium
Part of larger efforts to remove Latinos from urban landscapes
Oscar Romero
Archbishop in El Salvador
Pioneer of liberation theology
Assassinated in 1980 by a death squad
Mixed legacy as both freedom fighter and instigator
El Salvador descended into violence after his death yikes
Liberation theology
Idea that the Catholic Church had a social justice root and can be used to liberate the poor and oppressed
Refugee Act
1980 designed to help the US deal with the large numbers of refugees coming in from Latin America during Cold War new provisions for asylum
Sanctuary movement
Churches and cities declare themselves safe places for migrants
Not collaborating with Feds to eliminate undocumented ppl or deport them
Hurricane Mitch
Devastated Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua in 1988 and propelled a ton f migration to the US
Departamento 15
14 provinces in El Salvador - the 15th is the Salvadoran diaspora outside of El Salvador
MS13
Salvadoran gang with worldwide connections ; largest gang in South America
LA riots
1992
Riots after Rodney king verdict
Looting for supplies during riots by Latinxs
“Bread riot”
Prop 187
1994 Anti immigration prop passed in California to deny services to undocumented migrants
Also enabled ppl to turn in undocumented migrants
Overturned in scotus case but hella representative of CA sentiment toward immigrants
Aztlan strategy
Edward coulby book in 2006 that Mexicans were going to take over the US muahaha
SB 1070
Az immigration law in 2010
Everyone is an informant
Allowed racial profiling
1996 immigration act
Allowed local people to participate in immigration enforcement - deputized locals, deals with Feds to keep ppl out
Gloria and Emilio Estefan
Cuban musicians, pioneered new forms of music and founded Miami sound machine; acceptably ethnic music for American market and Latin American market
Frances cordoba
Physicist who became the president of Purdue and also president of NSF under Obama
MELA
Mothers of east Los Angeles
Mobilized against toxic waste dumping in urban communities of color
