Final Flashcards
What are the benefits of breast milk?
- The act of breastfeeding makes the upper eye stronger - switching sides
- The act of breast feeding makes the baby used their whole jaw to suck - makes the roof of mouth flatter
- Drains the baby’s Eustacian tube & prevents middle ear infection
- Boosts the immune system (mother’s antibodies are in breast milk)
- Breast milk is high in cholesterol (is needed for the brain to grow
- Less likely to have mental health problems
- Less likely to be obese - don’t make a baby finish their bottle even if they stopped because theyre full
What is colostrum?
the first milk - concentrated
full of antibodies for right after delivery
acts as a laxative for babies right after delivery as well
-Very thick and syrupy, orangish, high in protein, low in sugar and fat
-If you dont plan to breast feed you should at least give them the colostrum
How long is colostrum present?
It is present for 1-3 days after birth
What is foremilk?
The first milk that comes in - it is very watery
Has much less fat and doesn’t satiate
Why a newborn has to feed much more often in the beginning
It becomes a normal consistncy after
What factor determines the consistency of the breast milk?
How often the baby nurses
The less time between feedings, the lower amount of fat
- The composition of human milk changes over time - based on how old the baby is and feeding times
Continuous/on demand feeding
every 30-45 minutes
how often newborns should be feeding
preferred method
Interval feeding
every 2 hours
How does breastfeeding benefit the mother?
Ovarian cancer and breast cancer is reduced - ovaries aren’t supposed to be constantly cycling
Let down reflexes causes hormones to be released - oxytocin, prolactin (love hormones- decreased risk for postpartum depression) happens during pumping and breast feeding
Uterus contracts during breast feeding - helps uterus to go back down to normal size
Burns extra calories
Stops uterine bleeding
Decreased risk for osteoporosis and heart disease
WHO recommendations for breast feeding
Exclusive breast feeding for first 6 months - no solids
Introduce solids at 6 months - but still should be the primary source of nutrition
The primary source of nutrition should be breast milk until 12 months
The child should continue breast feeding until 2 years and beyond if the mother and child is still into it
Variables that effect the duration of breast feeding
Demographic variables - Asian americans breast feed for the longest
Age - the older you are the more likely you are to breastfeed
Married women breast feed longer
Women in higher SES
Mother that have to go back to work dont breastfeed a long
Support from significant others
Professional support
Psychological barriers - most important
-prenatal maternal intention
Maternal confidence
How interested the mother is in breastfeeding once the baby is born
What is the number one complaint to pediatricians during the first year?
Sleep
How many parents ask for advice on sleep?
50%
How many children are being labeled as having a sleep disorder between birth and age 3
30%
How long do newborns sleep for
18-20 hours
How many hours are 1 year olds sleeping for?
14 hours
How many hours of sleep do 3 year old need>
12 hours
Night wakings at 3 months
every 3 hours
Night wakings at 6 months
about ever 6 hours (have been sleep trained
What is a sleep disorder?
5 night wakings a week for 3 months
-being awake for more than 20 mins and getting into parents bed
only recognized as a sleep disorder if the parent sees it as a problem
What is insomnia disorder
difficulty maintaining sleep
Early morning wakes that requires caregiver intervention
3 nights per week
Causes clinical levels of distress for the individual or the parents and any of the domains of functioning (academic etc.)
What portion of the world co-sleeps?
2/3
What are the benefits of co-sleeping
lighter sleep - mom and baby
shorter night wakings
mothers dont recall wakings
Proactive cosleeping
something that you choose to so because you believe in it as a parenting choice
Reactive cosleeping
when it is not the parenting technique of choice and they are only doing it because no one is going to get any sleep otherwise
What are the benefits of cosleeping for the child?
increased cognitive competence
greater self esteem
Social learning theory of siblings
older siblings act as role models
-more likely to model each other when:
they are close in age
they are the same sex
De-identification theory of siblings
niche picking
sibling differentiate from one another to reduce conflict and direct competition
40% do it on purpose
How is the role structure of siblings shaped?
Shaped by age spacing
- closer age spacing - reciprocal relationship like peers
- farther age spacing - caretake roles
sister-sister pairs
the closest
brother-brother pairs
close but more conflict
mixed sex pairs
not as close but less conflict
Features of sibling relationships
high warmth, high conflict
Parental differential treatment
children within the same family are treated differently by their parents
-occurs in the majority of families
Positive sibling influences
strong sibling support-
less depression an loneliness
fewer behavior problems
Negative sibling influences
spread of behavior patterns - contagion
deviancy training
Partners in crime
Non-biological siblings
tend to have less intense relationships
effects of lack of play during infancy
no emotional or physical stimulation
higher risk for behavioral, emotional, and social problems as they grow up
Higher levels of cortisol - stress hormone
What are the types of play
bonding parallel symbolic social dramatic open ended playful learning chaotic
Pedagocical approach of play
play is the leading activity in developing conceptual learning, self regulation and social emotional development during early childhood
Behaviors for preschool and kindergarten
sharing
helping
cooperation
Play and socialization are ways for children to
express individual tastes and interests become a unique personality connect with others achieve a sense of social self become a member of a community learn how to give and read social cues solve social conflicts negotiate or plan for what is next relieve stress
Playful learning
requires modeling behaviors and enrichment from teachers
-environment set up for play
materials provided within the environment
symbolic thought as a result of playful, hands on activities and lessons
mediation develops language and self regulation for join play with peers
Benefits of playful learning
Helps create the highest potential for learning for children
expands childrens language and vocabulary
Develops self regulation with peers
When can infants percieve difference in melody
6 months
consonant intervals
notes that sound good together
infants prefer this over dissonant intervals
Why do adults sing to infants?
it reduces the psychological and physical distance between singer and infant
infants pay more attention to you - we notice this
Infants respond in a way that we like
Characteristics of music
universal orderly dvelopmental schedule requires a high ability - that all humans have specialized memory evokes strong emotion
Benefits of touch
Touch sends a message to the pituitary gland to release the growth hormone
-not touching the baby blocks the hormone
Stimulation of vagus nerve during touch
releases glucose - energy for babies cells to grow
-also stimulates the lymphatic system
How much does the average western infant get touched per day?
25% of the day
by 9 months - down to 16%
Youngest infants in high quality daycare centers - 14% of the day
Actual holding time 2.5 hours per day
Developmental niche
a framework for understaning how culture shapes development
- physical and social setting
- historical context of child-rearing
- psychological caretakers
contemporary redundancy
reinforced in several settings in the same period of development
Thematic elaboration
repititon of symbols, language, discourse
Chaining
no single element of an environment produces an outcome, linking together outcomes of many different situations
