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Soil Science > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

Macronutrients

A

N P K S Ca Mg

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1
Q

Plant nutrients

A

C HOPKNS CaFe MgMn B CuZn MoCl

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2
Q

Soil profile

A

Set of layers seen in a vertical cross section of a soil.

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3
Q

Soil horizons

A

O A E B C R

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4
Q

Soil A

A

Topsoil layer nearest to the surface dominated by mineral particles and and darkened by OM.

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5
Q

Soil E

A

Weathered and leached. Not accumulated OM. just below A layer.

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6
Q

Soil B

A

Subsoil. Silicate clays iron and aluminum oxides wash down from above.

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7
Q

Soil C

A

Partially weathered or sediment material.

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8
Q

Soil R

A

Bedrock

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9
Q

In normal soil it is what % particles and what % pore space.

A

50-50

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10
Q

Ph for acid soil.

A

0-7.

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11
Q

Ph for alkaline soil

A

7-14

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12
Q

Floodplain

A

Borders a stream and built up from flooding.

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13
Q

Eolian

A

Sediment deposited by wind.

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14
Q

Collivial

A

Soil deposits that fall off hills or mountains.

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15
Q

Alluvial

A

Deposited by water

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16
Q

Loess

A

Deposits from wind that are silt size.

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17
Q

Mollic

A

Soft and dark. High base saturation.

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18
Q

Umbric

A

Shade or dark. Same as Mollic but less base saturation.

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19
Q

Ochric

A

Pale. To light or to low in OM to be Molic or umbric

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20
Q

Melanic

A

Black. High in allophane from ash.

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21
Q

Histic

A

OM overlying a mineral soil. Layer of peat/muck

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22
Q

Entisols

A

Little if any development. Shifting sands in desert.

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23
Q

Inceptisols

A

Few features. Inception of B horizon.

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24
Q

Andisols

A

From volcanos dominated by allophane.

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25
Q

Gelisols

A

Permafrost. Young soils. Freezes for more than 2 years.

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26
Q

Histosols

A

Organic soils without permafrost. Think in OM. Peat/muck.

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27
Q

Aridisols

A

Dry soils low in OM.

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28
Q

Vertisols

A

Dark swelling and cracking. Black mostly in grasslands.

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29
Q

Mollisols.

A

Dark soft soils of grassland.

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30
Q

Alfisols

A

Moderately leached. More strongly weathered. Savants or deciduous forests.

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31
Q

Ultisols

A

Highly leached. Warm tropical climates. Lots of clay

32
Q

Spodosols.

A

Forest soils. Under coniferous forests.

33
Q

Oxisols

A

Highly weathered. Hot and rainy along equator. Low fertility.

34
Q

Sand size

A

2-.05

35
Q

Silt size

A

.05-.002

36
Q

Clay size.

A

Smaller than .002

37
Q

Clay has how much more surface area

A

10,000

38
Q

Texture classes

A

Sandy soils, clayey soils, loamy soils.

39
Q

Soil structure.

A

Arrangement of sand silt and clay.

40
Q

Particles come together to form

A

Peds or aggregates.

41
Q

Single grained

A

Particles are not aggrigated.

42
Q

Spheroidal

A

Type A horizon.

43
Q

Plant like

A

Type E horizon.

44
Q

Block-like.

A

Type b horizon with angles

45
Q

Prism like

A

B horizons rounded or flat angle tops.

46
Q

Effects of OM.

A

Improves soil structure.
Increases water capacity
Nutrients
Supplies carbon and energy.

47
Q

Tilth

A

Physical condition of the soil.

48
Q

Soil particle density.

A

Mass per unit volume of soil.

49
Q

Medium textured soil has what bulk density.

A

1.25

50
Q

Osmotic potential

A

When salts decrease water potential

51
Q

Matric potential

A

Attraction between soil solids and soil water decreases water potential.

52
Q

Differences in gravity are what charge

A

Positive

53
Q

Field capacity

A

Point after water drains out of larger pores.

54
Q

Hydronic cycle

A

Evaporation condensation precipitation percolation

55
Q

Water use efficiency

A

Dry unit produced by unit water transpired.

56
Q

Soil for septic drain

A

Saturated hydraulic conductivity. Fast enough not to saturate but slow enough to filter.
Well aerated with fine pores or OM.

57
Q

Kaolinite

A

Very lil shrinking and swelling. Low cations

58
Q

Smectites

A

Large - charge and high shrinking and swelling

59
Q

Vermiculite

A

Aluminum dominated and less expanding.

60
Q

Lbk soil ph

A

8-8.5

61
Q

Soil has what charge

A

Negative

62
Q

Plants grow best at what ph

A

7-7.5

63
Q

Lbk soils have less of what minerals because of a high ph

A

Zn and fe

64
Q

Liming

A

Used to make soil less acidic

65
Q

Handful of soil has

A

Billions of organisms in every phylum

66
Q

Detritus

A

Decaying organic matter

67
Q

Livin portion of soil is what weight

A

1-5%

68
Q

Most important macro animal for soil

A

Earth worms

69
Q

Ants help increase

A

Soil aeration

70
Q

Termite guts release

A

Methane

71
Q

What two groups have greatest influence on soil processing.

A

Nematods and Protozoa

72
Q

Fungus

A

Important for breakdown to humus and soil fertility depends on them.

73
Q

Soil organisms benefit

A

Nitrogen fixation

74
Q

Estimated life span of aquifers

A

240 Kansas

140 Texas

75
Q

Percent irrigation in Asia.

A

37%

76
Q

Percent irrigation in sub Sahara

A

4%

77
Q

What % water wasted in China

A

60%

Soil Science (1 decks)

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