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Immunology & Serology > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

0
Q

HIV Replication

A

1-Virus attaches to the CD4 membrane receptor & sheds its protein coat, exposing its RNA core
2- Reverse transcriptase converts viral RNA into proviral DNA
3- The proviral DNA is integrated into the genome (genetic complement of host cell)
4- New virus particles are produced as a result of normal cellular activities of transcription & translation. Once the viral genome is integrated into host cell DNA, the potential for viral production always exists & the viral infection of new cells can continue.
5- New particles bud from the cell membrane

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1
Q

HIV Structure

A

Pol- produces DNA polymerase, produces endonuclease
Gag- codes for p24 & for proteins such as p17, p9, & p7
Env- codes for 2 glycoproteins, gp41 & gp120

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2
Q

HIV Type 1

A

Responsible for main AIDS epidemic, divided into 9 subtypes (Group M, N, O, P)

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3
Q

HIV Type 2

A

Endemic in parts of West Africa, strains have been classified into at least 5 subtypes (A-E), primary mode of transmission is via heterosexual contact

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4
Q

Reverse transcriptase

A

Enables the virus to convert viral RNA into DNA, this reverses the normal process of transcription in which DNA is converted to RNA, “retrovirus”

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5
Q

HIV Detection

A

Detection of HIV antibodies, antigens (particularly p24), detection or quantification of viral nucleic acid
HIV 1 antibodies detected by EIA
HIV antigen & genome testing

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6
Q

Type 1 Hypersensitivity Rxn

A
  • Anaphylactic
  • IgE antibody
  • no complement involved
  • Mast cells, basophils, granules (histamine)
  • Cytokines involved
  • Antibody mediated, immediate
  • Allergic & anaphylactic reactions
  • Anaphylaxis, hay fever, asthma, food allergy
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7
Q

Type 2 Hypersensitivity Rxn

A
  • Cytotoxic
  • IgG, possibly other immunoglobulins
  • Complement involved
  • Effector cells (macrophages, PMNs)
  • No cytokines involved
  • Antibody dependent; complement or cell mediated
  • Target cell lysis; cell-mediated cytotoxicity
  • Transfusion rxns, hemolytic disease of the newborn, thrombocytopenia
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8
Q

Type 3 Hypersensitivity Rxn

A
  • Immune complex
  • Antigen-Antibody complexes (IgG, IgM)
  • Complement involved
  • Macrophages, mast cells
  • Cytokines involved
  • Immune complex mediated (immune complex disease)
  • Immune complex desposition, inflammation
  • Arthus rxn, serum sickness, SLE
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9
Q

Type 4 Hypersensitivity Rxn

A
  • T-cell dependent
  • No antibody
  • No complement involved
  • Antigen specific T-cells
  • T-cell cytokines involved
  • T-cell mediated, delayed type
  • Inflammation, cellular infiltration
  • Allergy or infection, contact dermatitis
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10
Q

SLE form Discoid (Cutaneous)

A

Limited to the skin & is identified by the appearance of a characteristic butterfly rash across the nose, neck, & scalp

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11
Q

SLE form Drug-Induced

A

Occurs after the use of certain prescribed drugs

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12
Q

SLE form Mixed Connective Tissue

A

Affects 10% of Lupus cases, symptoms & signs of more than one connective tissue disease

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13
Q

Systemic Lupus

A

More severe than discoid, affects shin, joints, and most any organ/system in the body, including lungs, kidneys, heart, or brain

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14
Q

Neonatal Lupus

A

Rare condition acquired from the passage of maternal antibodies that can affect the skin, heart, and blood of the fetus

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15
Q

SLE Etiology

A

Unknown, primary defect in the regulation of the immune system, genetic predisposition, hormones & environmental factors by trigger disease (antibiotics, UV light, stress, drugs *synergistic)

16
Q

SLE S&Ss

A

Acute & chronic inflammation, mimic other less serious illnesses, cutaneous, renal, lymphadenopathy, serositis, cardiopulmonary, GI, musculoskeletal, neuropsychiatric, pregnancy

17
Q

SLE Manifestations

A

Production of multiple autoantibodies: Antibody-forming B lymphs are stimulated in a relatively nonspecific fashion

18
Q

Hallmark of SLE?

A

Circulating Immune Complexes- multiple serum antibodies that react with native or altered self-antigens

19
Q

Diagnostic evaluation of SLE?

A

Histologic changes, hematologic, & serologic abnormalities

20
Q

SLE antibodies

A

Nonspecific elevation of IgS-IgM & IgG

21
Q

SLE Antinuclear Antibodies (ANAs)

A

IgM, IgG, & IgA

Antibodies to: DNA, histones, nonhistones proteins, nuclear antigens

22
Q

Lab Evaluation of ANAs

A

Indirect Immunoflourescent Technique of ANAs

23
Q

Immunology

A

The study of the molecules, cells, organs, & systems responsible for the recognition & disposal of foreign (non self material)

24
Q

Function of the Immune System

A

To recognize self from non self & to defend the body against non self

25
Q

Innate Immune System

A

Ancient form of host defense, germline- encoded receptors, specificity of each receptor is genetically predetermined (natural immune system)

26
Q

Adaptive Immunity

A

Augmentation of body defense mechanisms in response to specific stimulus, which can cause the elimination of organisms & recovery from disease, response frequently leaves the host w/ a specific memory (acquired resistance), which enables the body to respond effectively if reinfection w/ the same organism occurs, adaptive immunity is organized around T & B lymphocytes: adaptive immune response

27
Q

Artificial Passive Immunity

A

Infusion of serum/plasma

28
Q

Artificial Active Immunity

A

Vaccinations

29
Q

Specificity

A

Ability of a particular antibody to combine w/one antigen

30
Q

Memory

A

Immunologic response to an antigenic stimulus that usually leaves the immune system changed

31
Q

Mobility

A

Ability of specific (T&B cells) & non-specific (macrophages, neutrophils) cells of the immune system to circulate

32
Q

Replicability

A

Ability of specific & non specific cells of the immune system to produce daughter cells (memory cells)

33
Q

Non self substances

A

microorganisms, allergens, & lifesaving organ transplants

34
Q

Desirable consequences of immunity

A

natural resistance, recovery, & acquired resistance

Immunology & Serology (1 decks)

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