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Biology Final > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

Describes the genotype of a trait for which the two alleles an individual carries differ from each other (Aa)

A

Heterozygous

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1
Q

Describes the genotype of a trait for which the alleles are the same (AA or aa)

A

Homozygous

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2
Q

The allele which is expressed

A

Dominant

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3
Q

The impact of a single gene on more than once characteristic is called? Ex: sickle cell anemia

A

Pleiotrophy

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4
Q

The law of __________ states: allele pairs for different genes separate independently in meiosis, so the inheritance of one trait does not influence the inheritance of another trait.

A

Independent assortment

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5
Q

Sex linked traits are carried on the ____ chromosome.

A

X

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6
Q

The exception to mendel’s law do independent assortment are?

A

Linked genes

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7
Q

The physical expression of a trait is:

A

Phenotype

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8
Q

The genetic code for a trait is:

A

Genotype

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9
Q

Which of the scientists came up with the accepted theory of evolution in his book “the origin of species?”

A

Charles Darwin

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10
Q

When there is a change in allele frequency within a population

A

Evolution

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11
Q

__________ is an alteration of the base pair sequence in the DNA of an individual’s gamete producing cells that changes an alleles frequency

A

Mutation

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12
Q

A random change in allele frequencies, unrelated to any alleles influence or reproductive success is known as?

A

Genetic drift

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13
Q

__________ occurs when a new colony is started by a few members of the original population.

A

Genetic drift: founder effect

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14
Q

________ occurs when the population is reduced for at least one generation due to catastrophic event. Ex: cheetahs

A

Genetic drift: bottleneck effect

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15
Q

_______ occurs when a group of individuals leave one population to join another separate population.

A

Migration/gene flow

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16
Q

Divergent evolution is?

A

The accumulation of differences between groups which can lead to the formation of new species, usually due isolation from the original population (common ancestor)

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17
Q

Convergent evolution is?

A

The process whereby organisms not closely related independently evolve similar traits as a result of having to adapt to similar environments or ecological niches

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18
Q

Convergent evolution can occur only when two species:

A

Evolve under similar selective forces

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19
Q

When humans breed animals for a specific trait ________ has occurred.

A

Artificial selection

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20
Q

What is the shape of the DNA molecule?

A

Double helix

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21
Q

The set of nucleotide bases on the DNA that codes for a protein is a?

A

Gene

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22
Q

A four part structure that forms during the prophase of meiosis 1 and consists of two homologous structures

A

Tetrad/bivalent

23
Q

An alternative form of a gene?

A

Allele

24
Q

What are the three stages of interphase?

A

G1, synthesis, G2

25
Q

Synthesis of DNA occurs in which stage of interphase?

A

Synthesis

26
Q

A pseudogene is best defined as?

A

A false gene which no longer codes for a product

27
Q

In asexual reproduction, daughter. Ellis inherit their DNA from?

A

A single parent

28
Q

What is occurring during the anaphase of mitosis?

A

The chromatids are being pulled apart towards the poles

29
Q

The results of mitosis Are?

A

2 diploid cells

30
Q

The results of meiosis are?

A

4 haploid cells

31
Q

Crossing over occurs during?

A

Prophase 1

32
Q

Crossing over is?

A

A process occurring during meiosis when two chromosomes pair up and exchange segments of their genetic material

33
Q

The three types of point mutations are?

A

Substitution, insertion, deletion

34
Q

The majority of most eukaryotic cells spend the majority of their life in?

A

Interphase

35
Q

Mitosis is important for?

A

Growth and repair

36
Q

Meiosis is important for?

A

Sexual reproduction

37
Q

The majority of our DNA contains non coding areas. What is this non coding DNA called?

A

Introns

38
Q

Where does translation occur within the cell?

A

Cytoplasm

39
Q

Neurons are in this sub-state of interphase indefinitely and do no undergo mitosis:

A

G0

40
Q

Prokaryotic cells divide via:

A

Binary fission

41
Q

The correct order of the stages of mitosis are?

A

Prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

42
Q

The division of the cytoplasm creating two distinct cells in mitosis is known as?

A

Cytokinesis

43
Q

The main benefit of asexual reproduction is?

A

Genetic similarity

44
Q

The organisms: animals, fungi, Protozoa, and algae have which type of cell?

A

Eukaryotes

45
Q

The organisms: bacteria and archaea have while type of cells?

A

Prokaryote

46
Q

The movement of molecules from am area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

A

Diffusion

47
Q

Eukaryotic cells may contain all of the following except?

A

Circular DNA

48
Q

Which organelle is involved in cellular respiration?

A

Mitochondria

49
Q

How are enzymes named?

A

The first part is the name of the substrate; the second part is the type of reaction and ends on -ase

50
Q

The ETC in cellular respiration occurs where?

A

The cytoplasm

51
Q

The result of the ETC following ps1 in photosynthesis is?

A

The production of NADPH

52
Q

The result of the ETC following ps2 in photosynthesis is?

A

The production of ATP

53
Q

________ is an energy-using process by which cells absorb molecules by engulfing them

A

Endocytosis

54
Q

The stage of cellular respiration which occurs in the cytoplasm is?

A

Glycolysis

55
Q

The spontaneous movement of solvent molecules through a particularly permeable membrane into a region of higher solute concentration is known as?

A

Osmosis

Biology Final (1 decks)

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