Final

Question 1

What is a community?

Answer 1

A collection of populations of different species occupying a particular habitat

Question 2

What do all organisms require?

Answer 2

• a net increase in energy

- materials from the environment

Question 3

What are the 2 ways organisms interact when getting resources?

Answer 3

• predation

- competition

Question 4

What is competition?

Answer 4

Interactions where 2 or more species require the same resources (matter,energy, or space)

Question 5

What is the competitive exclusion principle?

Answer 5

2 species with identical ecological requirements can not coexist indefinitely

-one species will go extinct while the other will utilize all of the resources

Question 6

What is spatial separation?

Answer 6

The species’ involved have evolved to use resource in another place

• both species win
• MacArthur’s warbler–use the same resource but in different places

Question 7

What is temporal separation?

Answer 7

When 2 different species utilize the same resource but at different times

Question 8

What is resource separation?

Answer 8

When species differ in the type of the resource that they are able to utilize

-Darwin’s finches with seed size

Question 9

What is a niche?

Answer 9

A description of all resources required (or potentially utilized) by a species

Question 10

What is a fundamental niche?

Answer 10

A description of all of the resources that the organism had adapted to potentially utilize

Question 11

What is a realized niche?

Answer 11

The portion of the fundamental niche that remains after competition (a fraction of fundamental niche space or equal to depending on the competing species)

-barnacle example

Question 12

What are the 3 potential outcomes of species in relation to their niches?

Answer 12

• competition coexistence
• extinction
• coexistence bc population never reaches competition levels

Question 13

What is predation?

Answer 13

Interaction where one species consumes another

-predators eat what they can without getting hurt

Question 14

What does it mean if the reproduction number is averaged (including all males, females, dead or alive) and it equals 1?

Answer 14

The population is staying the same

Question 15

What does it mean if the reproduction number is averaged (including all males, females, dead or alive) and it is more than 1?

Answer 15

The population is growing

Question 16

What does it mean if the reproduction number is averaged (including all males, females, dead or alive) and it is less than 1?

Answer 16

The population is shrinking

Question 17

What is a discrete generation?

Answer 17

When all of the individuals are born and die in the same time period

Question 18

What are overlapping (continuous) generations?

Answer 18

When no “generation” is exactly the same

Question 19

What type of generation predicts exponential growth?

Answer 19

Both discrete and overlapping generations

Question 20

What happens as you reach the carrying capacity?

Answer 20

The death rate goes up as resources diminish

Question 21

When trying to exterminate a species, instead of trying to reduce death/birth rate, you should instead do what?

Answer 21

Decrease the carrying capacity

Question 22

What is competition?

Answer 22

When 2 or more species compete for the same limiting resource

-each individual is lowering the carrying capacity for the other species

Question 23

What is age structure?

Answer 23

Some individuals are pre-reproductive and some are post-reproductive

Question 24

What type of growth is common for the Earth?

Answer 24

Rapid growth

Question 25

What type of growth does the U.S. have?

Answer 25

Slow growth

Question 26

At what point are species’ maximized?

Answer 26

The intermediate point (liberation of resources)