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Climate Systems > Final 2024 > Flashcards

Final 2024 Flashcards

1
Q

TOA energy balance is:

A

a radiative balance

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2
Q

Rs:

A

net radiative flux into the surface (positive downward)

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3
Q

LE:

A

latent heat flux into the air (positive upward)

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4
Q

SH:

A

sensiblee heat flux into the air (positive upward)

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5
Q

G:

A

movement of heat down to greater depths (positive downward, away)

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6
Q

Delta Feo

A

Horizontal flux of energy away from the ocean column

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7
Q

Sdown =

A

downward solar radiation

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8
Q

Sup =

A

upward (reflected) solar radiation

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9
Q

F down=

A

downward longwave (infared) radiation

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10
Q

F up =

A

upward longwave (invarend) radiation

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11
Q

Highest albedo at the surface:

A

Fresh snow

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12
Q

Lowest albedo at the surface:

A

Fresh asphalt

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13
Q

When are there strong latent heat fluxes?

A

Winter

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14
Q

How is heat transported during the winter?

A

via ocean currents and then lost to atmosphere, heat that was already stored below the surface is lost to the atmo

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15
Q

The largest latent heat fluxes (evaporation) is along?

A

western boundary currents

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16
Q

Where do latent heat fluxes driven by dry sinking air and evaporation?

A

subtropics

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17
Q

What happens molecularly with warm water?

A

water molecules have greater energy and are able to escape from the liquid in the form of vapor

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18
Q

High cloud tops are:

A

very cold and have a relatively low energy emission

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19
Q

Outgoing longwave radiation depends on:

A

the average temperature of the surface from which the radiation emanates

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20
Q

Most water resides in these reservoirs:

A

Oceans, seas and Bays

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21
Q

Rate of precipitation =

A

rate of evaporation

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22
Q

negative numbers on a e-p map:

A

indicates precipitation onto that location is greater than the evaporation from that location

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23
Q

negative numbers on divergence of moisture of transport:

A

where winds import more water vapor than they export (convergence)

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24
Q

high sea surface salinity =

A

high evaporation rates and or low precipitation rates

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25
Q

high sea surface salinity is found in:

A

subtropical oceans and the Mediterranean Sea

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26
Q

Where does precipitation peak?

A

the equator/ subtropics

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27
Q

secondary precipitation peaks:

A

over the midlatitudes

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28
Q

Precipitation Recycling Ratio:

A

fraction of continental precipitation that comes from continental evaporation

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29
Q

Photosynthesis:

A

the coupling of carbon, energy, and evaporation

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30
Q

How is net radiation at any location balanced?

A

the horizontal transport of energy into and out of that location

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31
Q

Numerically, where does energy fluxes peak at mid-latitude?

A

5.8 petaWatts

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32
Q

What kind of features are effect at transporting energy vertically?

A

small scale

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33
Q

What kind of features are effective at transporting energy horizontally?

A

large scale

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34
Q

What transports energy in the mid-latitudes?

A

extratropical cyclones

35
Q

What transports energy at low-latitudes?

A

meridional overturning cells (Hadley cells)

36
Q

Vertical transport:

A

stops at the tropopause (mass and energy)

37
Q

If a object is moving west-east, in the NH:

A

the object is going to feel a stronger outward centrifugal force because it is moving faster

38
Q

Balance between gravitational force and the centrifugal force:

A

makes the object move towards the low-latitudes (to the right of OG motion)

39
Q

If a object is moving east to west in NH:

A

moving in opposite direction of rotation (“slowing down”), the centrifugal force would decrease and object would more polewards

40
Q

SH an object moving E-W or W-E would curve:

A

to the left

41
Q

Salt content increases

A

density

42
Q

warmer temperature

A

decreases density

43
Q

density is not linear:

A

when dependent on temperature

44
Q

Is thermal expansion larger or smaller at higher temperatures?

A

Larger, if there is a 1C change in temp, water will expand

45
Q

For fresh water, the maximum density occurs:

A

at 4 C

46
Q

If the ocean was fresh water, and therefore density did not depend on salinity, how would ice form?

A

all the water in the column would need to reach the surface and cool to 4C before ice will form (takes a very long time)

47
Q

Depth of mixed layer depends on:

A

rate of buoyancy generation and rate at which kinetic energy is supplied to the surface winds

48
Q

Mixed Layer:

A

the region of near uniform water temperature at surface

49
Q

Why does the ML not become as shallow during the summer in the SH?

A

winds remain fairly strong, supports turbulent mixing

50
Q

ML is thin where

A

Ocean is being heated

51
Q

ML is thick where

A

the ocean gives up its energy to the atmosphere

52
Q

Because of rotation, net mass transport of the Ekman layer:

A

is to the right, implies vertical motion

53
Q

What drives the movement of water deep in ocean?

A

variations in density

54
Q

Thermohaline circulation:

A

the large-scale ocean circulation that is driven by variations in water density

55
Q

Water mass:

A

a body of water with a common formation history and properties that are distinct from surrounding waters

56
Q

Deep Water:

A

unsurprisingly, is a example of a water mass located deep in the ocean. Characterized by low temperatures and high salinity

57
Q

Deep water forms at latitudes during the winter due to:

A

surface water cooling, brine rejection in ice formation

58
Q

Wind driven circulation:

A

Ekman layer

59
Q

Density-driven circulation:

A

thermohaline circulation

60
Q

AMOC:

A

northward flow of warm salty water in the upper Atlantic and the southward flow of cold/fresh North Atlantic Deep Water in the deep Atlantic

61
Q

AMOC is a major driver of:

A

Atlantic heat transport across the equator

62
Q

Circulation in deep ocean:

A

Is much faster

63
Q

Surface currents are more important in:

A

driving

64
Q

Internal variability:

A

natural “unforced” fluctuations, oscillations, that occur within the climate system in the absence of any specific cause

65
Q

Positive OLR values =

A

drier conditions

66
Q

Negative OLR =

A

El Niño causes precip

67
Q

Teleconnections:

A

climate links between geographically separated region (ex. movement of connection towards the east pacific during El Niño causes atmo waves to propagate towards mid-latitude)

68
Q

3 major limits to accurate climate model predictions:

A

1.) knowledge of future boundary conditions, aka scenario uncertainty

2.) Knowledge and representation of earth system physics aka model uncertainty

3.) knowledge of unforced variability (internal variability)

69
Q

Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs)

A

future climate predictions are based off of different possible socio-economic pathways

70
Q

What do the numbers in a RCP mean?

A

specifies the radiative forcing of the pathway in the year 2100 relative to the preindustrial period

71
Q

Global mean temperature change:

A

is proportional to the radiative forcing

72
Q

3 reasons for emergence of climate extreme field?

A

1.) teasing out the role of human-induced global warming

2.) people are more likely to support policies focused on adapting to climate change impacts

3.)evidence from attribution reports could feed into litigation on climate change

73
Q

Climate disaster risk:

A

hazard, exposure, vulnerability

74
Q

Holocene global temperature change is dominated by:

A

NH extratropical change

75
Q

Eccentricity:

A

shape of Earth’s orbit around the sun

76
Q

Obliquity:

A

angle of Earth’s axis from a line perpendicular to The orbital plane

77
Q

Precession:

A

wobble of Earth’s rotation axis

78
Q

increase in tilt:

A

alters amplitude of the seasonal cycle (more in summer)

79
Q

Periodicity:

A

41 kyrs

80
Q

Solstice:

A

day when Sun’s apparent position in the sky reaches its northernmost or southernmost position

81
Q

Perihelion:

A

point in Earth’s orbit where Sun is closest

82
Q

Aphelion:

A

point in Earth’s orbit where Sun is most distant

83
Q
A

Climate Systems (2 decks)

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