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Final 2015 Flashcards

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1
Q

neolithic age

A

period between 8000 and 4000 BCE during which people gained greater control over their food supply

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2
Q

hittites

A

indo-european people who settled in Anatolia around 2000 BCE

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3
Q

divination

A

religious practice in which people looked for signs to determine future events and the will of the gods

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4
Q

hammurabi

A

mesopotamian ruler who created the old babylonian empire and issued a famous law code around 1760 BCE

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5
Q

hammurabi’s code

A

famous law code created for the babylonian people; helped shape our law system today

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6
Q

cyrus

A

persian king who brought the jews back to their homeland

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7
Q

domestication

A

practice of adapting wild animals to live with humans or wild plants for cultivation

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8
Q

city-state

A

city that is also an independent nation

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9
Q

satrapy

A

large, administrative unit of the persian empire, governed by a satrap

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10
Q

ozymandias

A

poem written about ramses II; a poem about how all great leaders will one day lose their power

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11
Q

polytheism

A

belief in the existence of many gods

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12
Q

assyrians

A

semitic people who settled in the upper tigris river valley around 2000 BCE

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13
Q

king solomon

A

hebrew king who built the hebrew temple in jerusalem

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14
Q

ahura mazda

A

primary god from persian religion zoroasterism

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15
Q

moses

A

hebrew prophet who led the hebrews out of egypt and received the ten commandments from god

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16
Q

monotheism

A

belief in the existence of only one god

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17
Q

anthropomorphic

A

looking and behaving like people

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18
Q

history

A

accounts of the human past that use written records

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19
Q

zoroasterism

A

persian religion that has to deal with light versus the dark (good versus evil)

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20
Q

mesopotamia

A

lands surrounding the tigris and euphrates rivers and the site of a bronze age civilization; modern iraq

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21
Q

cuneiform

A

mesopotamian writing system that put wedge-shaoed indentations on clay tablets

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22
Q

nebuchadrezzar

A

chaldean king of the new babylonian who captured jerusalem in 587 BCE

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23
Q

ziggurat

A

step-shaped pyramid serving as the main temple in mesopotamian cities

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24
Q

babylonians

A

semitic people who settled in central mesopotamia around 2000 BCE and established the old babylonian empire in 1730 BCE

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25
Q

king david

A

hebrew king who made jerusalem the hebrew capital city

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26
Q

mummification

A

dying process by which bodies are preserved after death

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27
Q

patriarchal society

A

society in which men have the primary authority

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28
Q

hieroglyphics

A

earliest form of egyptian writing

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29
Q

pharaoh

A

ruler of ancient egypt

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30
Q

material culture

A

physical remains left by past humans.

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31
Q

archaeology

A

Scientific study of the remains of past human societies.

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32
Q

anthropology

A

Scientific study of modern human cultures and societies.

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33
Q

neanderthals

A

Human subspecies that originated as early as 350,000 B.C. and became extinct soon after 40,000 B.C.

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34
Q

matriarchal society

A

Society in which women have the primary authority.

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35
Q

near east

A

In antiguity, Egypt, the Levant, Mesopotamia, Anatolia, and Iran; in the modern day also known as the Middle East.

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36
Q

pastoralism

A

Mobile lifestyle based on keeping flocks and herds.

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37
Q

agriculture

A

Sedentary style of life based on the cultivation of crops.

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38
Q

cultural assimilation

A

Acquisition by one group of people cultural traits of another people.

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39
Q

fertile crescent

A

Arc of fertile land running through Egypt, the Levant, and Mesopotamia, in which early agriculture was practiced.

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40
Q

levant

A

Lands between the eastern coast of the Mediterranean and Mesopotamia,including Palestine, Lebanon, and Syria.

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41
Q

civilization

A

A form of human culture that includes agriculture, urbanization, social classes, metal technology, and writing.

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42
Q

bronze age

A

In the Near East,the period from 3,000 to 1,200 B.C., when bronze was used for weapon making and when most civilizations were located in river valleys, based on extensive agriculture, and had large populations.

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43
Q

myths

A

Stories,often about gods,explaining things that people did not understand.

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44
Q

legends

A

Accounts of people and events in the distant past that have been passed on orally.

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45
Q

anatolia

A

Modern-day Turkey, also known as Asia Minor.

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46
Q

hierarchical structure

A

Social structure organized according to rank, status, and privilege.

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47
Q

barter

A

Form of exchange using goods and services rather than coined money.

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48
Q

dowry

A

Financial contribution provided to a bride by her family.

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49
Q

adobe

A

Mixture of clay and straw dried in the sun, used to make plaster or bricks.

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50
Q

semitic peoples

A

Pastoral peoples living in semiarid regions of Syria and northern Arabia who spoke versions of the same language.

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51
Q

akkadians

A

Semitic people who established the first Near Eastern empire, in 2350 B.C. under their king, Sargon.

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52
Q

empire

A

Political unit incorporating different peoples and nations under a single government.

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53
Q

elam

A

Ancient kingdom located in western Iran.

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54
Q

amorites

A

Western Semitic peoples,including the Assyrians and Babylonians, who moved into Mesopotamia around 2,000 B.C.

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55
Q

talent

A

Mesopotamian unit of weight, about 56 minas, with each mina being composed of 60 shekels.

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56
Q

astrology

A

Branch of learning based on the belief that the future was ordained by gods and could be read in the motions of the stars and planets.

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57
Q

indo-european peoples

A

Pastoral peoples of Central Asia who settled in areas from India to Europe and spoke versions of the same language.

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58
Q

steppe

A

Treeless grass-covered plain covered by short grass.

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59
Q

aryans

A

Indo-European peoples who settled in the area of Iran around 2,000 B.C.

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60
Q

balkans

A

Southeastern Europe, including modern Greece, Bulgaria, and Romania.

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61
Q

kassites

A

Indo-European people who invaded Mesopotamia around 1,500 B.C.

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62
Q

impalement

A

Form of execution in which a victim was skewered on a sharpened stake.

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63
Q

nubia

A

Region of Africa located in the upper Nile River valley just south of Egypt.

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64
Q

dynasty

A

Group of rulers belonging to the same family.

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65
Q

nomes

A

Smaller geographical and administrative regions of ancient Egypt, governed by nomads.

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66
Q

ma’at

A

Egyptian goddess who represented order, justice, and stability.

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67
Q

concubine

A

Female sexual partner ranking below a wife.

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68
Q

book of the dead

A

Catalogue of magical spells that was buried with mummies to ensure that Egyptians received a good afterlife.

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69
Q

hyksos

A

Semitic people who captured Egypt in 1730 B.C.

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70
Q

vassals

A

Subordinate rulers who declare loyalty to a higher-ranking ruler.

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71
Q

egyptian empire

A

Egyptian conquests in Palestine and Syria that served to protect Egypt from invasion, created by Thutmose III.

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72
Q

mercenaries

A

Hired soldiers who often are foreigners.

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73
Q

hatshepsut

A

Female pharaoh who fortified Egypt.

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74
Q

aton

A

sun god whom the pharaoh akhenaton attempted to make the supreme god of egypt

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75
Q

tut-ahkh-amon

A

Also known as King Tut. Egyptian pharaoh whose tomb was not robbed in antiquity.

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76
Q

peloponnesian war

A

war between athens and sparta lasting from 431 to 404 BCE because athens crosed the line with sparta’s allies

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77
Q

thermopylae

A

battle at a narrow pass in northern greece where 300 spartans were annihilated by the persians in 480 BCE

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78
Q

pericles

A

athenian leader during the golden age of athens in the fifth century who sponsored many building projects

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79
Q

antigonids

A

family that rued macedonia after the death of alexander the great

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80
Q

thucydides

A

greek historian of the late fifth century known for his account of the peloponnesian war

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81
Q

olympiad

A

four-year period that separated each holding of the olympic games

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82
Q

aristotle

A

greek philosopher who established scientific classification methods and the school known as Lyceum; also tutored alexander the great

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83
Q

alexandria

A

name given to greek colonies established by alexander the great, the most famous of which was in egypt

84
Q

marathon

A

baatle in 490 BCE in which the athenians defeated the persians

85
Q

olympic games

A

a religious, and athletic festival played in honor of Zeus

86
Q

delian league

A

anti-persian alliance of greek cities organized by athes in 478 BCE

87
Q

tyrant

A

llegal, unconstitutional Greek ruler who opposed the aristocrats

88
Q

oligarchy

A

constitutional form of government based on rule by the wealthy

89
Q

solon

A

politician and poet of athens in the early sixth century who created the oligarchy at athens

90
Q

philip II

A

king of macedonia who defeated the greeks in 338 BCE; father of alexander the great

91
Q

homer

A

blind greek poet of about 800 BCE whose LLiad and Odyssey told of the trojan war and its aftermath

92
Q

herodotus

A

author of a history of the persian wars, known as the father of history

93
Q

plato

A

athenian philosopher of the early fourth century BCE who wrote the republic and dialogues and established a school called the academy

94
Q

ptolemies

A

family that ruled egypt after the death of alexander the great

95
Q

socrates

A

athenian philosopher of the late fifth century BCE who used a question and answer method of teaching, now known as the socratic method

96
Q

salamis

A

naval battle at an island off the coast of athens where the greeks defeated the persians

97
Q

alexander

A

son of philip II who took over the macedonian throne after his father’s assasination; took over the known western world

98
Q

hippocrates

A

greek physician of the early fourth century who established Greek medicine and whose ethical model provides the oath taken my modern physicians

99
Q

seleucids

A

family that ruled asia after the death of alexander the great

100
Q

hoplite

A

heavily armed greek infantryman

101
Q

equestrian

A

a person wealthy enough to own a horse; roman social class ranked just below the senators

102
Q

remus and romulus

A

twin brothers, the legendary founders of rome

103
Q

imperium

A

power of roman kings and consuls to govern rome and command armies

104
Q

triumvirate

A

a group of three men; the first triumvirate was formed in 60 BCE and the second triumvirate in 43 BCE

105
Q

gladiator

A

a person, usually slave, who fought in an arena against animals or other gladiators for entertainment of the audience

106
Q

mark antony

A

one of caesar’s generals and a member of the second triumvirate; defeated by octavian committed suicide

107
Q

scipio aemilianus

A

grandson of scipio africanus roman senator who defeated carthage at the 3rd punic war

108
Q

patricians

A

the most privileged of the early roman citizens, equivalent to aristocrats

109
Q

auspicium

A

power of roman kings and consuls to determine the will of the gods

110
Q

plebeians

A

the less privileged of the early roman citizens; later, the generic term for roman citizens

111
Q

crassus

A

very rich senator, member of the first triumvirate; died in battle

112
Q

scipio africanus

A

roman general who defeated hannibal at the battle of zama ending the 2nd punic war

113
Q

augustus

A

title given to octavian in 27 BCE that he used as his name; also used as the title of all subsequent roman emperors

114
Q

lepidus

A

one of caesar’s generals and a member of the second triumvirate

115
Q

Lecretia

A

prominent roman matron who was allegedly raped by tarquin the proud; thus ending the roman monarchy

116
Q

the twelve tables

A

first written collection of roman law, created by the decemvirs

117
Q

the punic wars

A

series of three wars that rome fought against carthage in north africa

118
Q

pontifex maximus

A

an ancient title for the chief priest of rome

119
Q

principate

A

roman empire from 27 BCE as established by augustus

120
Q

romulus

A

twin brothers,, one of the legendary founders of rome; became the first king of rome

121
Q

hannibal

A

carthaginian general who invaded italy in 218 BCE beginning the second punic war

122
Q

julius caesar

A

member of the first triumvirate who conquered gaul and seized control of rome after a civil war; became a dictator and was assasinated on March 15, 44 BCE

123
Q

pompey

A

excellent general, member of the first triumvirate known as the teenage butcher

124
Q

estruscans

A

inhabitants of northwestern italy whose culture was greatly influenced by early rome

125
Q

octavian

A

adopted son of caesar and a member of the second triumvirate who gained control of the roman world in 30 BCE

126
Q

pax romana

A

roman peace; period when the roman empire was at its height

127
Q

aton

A

Sun god whom the pharaoh Akhenaton attempted to make the supreme god of Egypt.

128
Q

tut-ahkh-amon

A

Also known as King Tut. Egyptian pharaoh whose tomb was not robbed in antiquity.

129
Q

what battle had athenian hoplites defeated persian army on a beach?

A

marathon

130
Q

what battle had spartan warriors winning a strategic victory against persia in a narrow pass?

A

thermopylae

131
Q

what battle had an athenian navy defeated persian navy?

A

salamis

132
Q

latin term for long period of peace?

A

pax romana

133
Q

what carthaginian general won many victories but lost the war?

A

hannibal

134
Q

legendary twin brother and founder of rome?

A

romulus

135
Q

this nation south of rome was the recipient of three lost wars against rome?

A

carthage

136
Q

what tribe had the first seven kings of rome?

A

estruscans

137
Q

who became dictator of rome illegally through force?

A

julius caesar

138
Q

who were the main opponents in the peloponnesian war?

A

athens and sparta; sparta wins

139
Q

who were the opponents in the punic wars?

A

rome and carthage; rome wins

140
Q

who were the members of the first triumvirate?

A

julius caesar, pompey, crassus

141
Q

who were the members of the second triumvirate?

A

lepidus, mark anthony, ocatvian (augustus)

142
Q

the principate is another name for what?

A

the roman empire

143
Q

what was the upper class of roman citizens?

A

patricians

144
Q

what was the lower class of roman citizens?

A

plebians

145
Q

what was the middle class that arose in rome?

A

equestrians

146
Q

name the naval battle that determined who would be rome’s leader out of the second triumvirate?

A

battle of actium

147
Q

early in the roman republic the laws were referred to as the…

A

twelve tables

148
Q

her rape by an etruscan king is said to trigger the revolution that led to the roman republic.

A

lucretia was raped by tarquin the proud

149
Q

neolithic vs paleolithic age

A

old stone age to bronze age

150
Q

ozymandias poem

A

poem about ramses the second

151
Q

ziggurats

A

steppe shaped pyramids for religious worship

152
Q

code of hammurabi

A

first law code written about king hammurabi

153
Q

sumerians

A

sumeria was part of the northern kingdom of israel

154
Q

epic of gilgamesh

A

epic about a major flood; quest for immorality

155
Q

polytheism

A

the belief in many gods

156
Q

monotheism

A

the belief in one god

157
Q

zoroaster

A

created the religion zoroasterism

158
Q

persian satrap

A

a persian province

159
Q

characteristics of major early civilizations (egypt, mesopotamia)

A

egypt- isolated; predictable flooding; optimistic people

mesopotamia- pessimistic people; unpredictable flooding

160
Q

assyrians

A

people from assyria; loved warfare

161
Q

hieroglyphics

A

the egyptian writing system

162
Q

cuneiform

A

the form of writing from mesopotamia

163
Q

moses

A

received the ten commandments

164
Q

king david

A

made jerusalem the capital

165
Q

king solomon

A

constructed the temple of jerusalem to contain the ark of the covenant

166
Q

xerxes

A

son of darius; king of persians who burnt athens at the battle of thermopylae

167
Q

cyrus

A

king of persia; founded the persian empire

168
Q

homer

A

wrote the lliad and odyssey; famous author

169
Q

delian league

A

athenian league during the peloponnesian league

170
Q

peloponnesian war

A

athens vs sparta then persia+athens vs sparta
40 years of fighting for nothing
started because land and money

171
Q

herodotus

A

father of history; first to use historical method

172
Q

thucydides (a general in the peloponesian war)

A

famous for his first accounts of the peloponnesian war

173
Q

pericles

A

athenian leader

  • gave jobs to the slaves
  • massive building projects
174
Q

hoplite

A

heavily armed foot soldier

175
Q

tyrant

A

dissatified with oligarchy

-unstable form of government

176
Q

oligarchy

A

form of government based on wealth

177
Q

greek drama

A

actors wore masks; two genres= comedy and tragedy

178
Q

solon

A

aristocrat solon abolished draco’s harsh laws except the murder court

179
Q

socrates

A

question and answer philosophy; questioned the athenian values- he was then sentenced to death

180
Q

plato

A

created the school of philosophy( The Academy)

  • divinely established perfection
  • wrote The Republic
181
Q

aristotle

A

pupil of plato; tutored alexander the great

  • created the scientific method
  • geocentric universe
182
Q

olympic games

A

festival of zeus that had athletic events

183
Q

sophocles

A

greek writer for tragedy, the genre of drama

author of antigone

184
Q

philip ii of macedonia

A

alexander the great’s father; king of macedonia

-unified greece

185
Q

alexander the great

A

king of macedonia; took over all of the western world

186
Q

alexandria

A

name of most of the persian provinces

187
Q

hebrews

A

people descended from the israelites

188
Q

lliad&odyssey

A

written by homer

189
Q

battle of salamis

A

naval battle off the coast of greece between athens and persia

190
Q

battle of marathon

A

athens vs persians; persians no match for athenian hoplites; athens= victory

191
Q

battle of thermopylae

A

king xerxes of persia vs athenians and spartans

persians burnt athens down

192
Q

estruscans

A

tribe who influenced the romans greatly

193
Q

plebians

A

lowest class of romans

194
Q

patricians

A

wealthiest social class of the romans

195
Q

hannibal

A

carthaginian general from the punic wars

196
Q

romulus

A

first king of rome; founded rome

197
Q

carthage

A

city in north africa; destroyed in the third punic war

198
Q

punic wars

A

1,2, and 3; wars between rome and carthage

199
Q

roman republic

A
  • no monarchy
  • two consuls
  • the senate
200
Q

roman empire

A
  • no more republic (ineffective)

- 1 emperor

201
Q

julius caesar

A

member of the first triumvirate; who took over the roman republic

202
Q

octavian

A

adopted son of julius caesar;

203
Q

pax romana

A

roman peace; the best period of time in the roman empire

204
Q

caesar augustus

A

octavian=augustus
senator to emperor
changed the republic to empire
became proconsul then emperor

205
Q

first triumvirate

A

crassus, pompey, and julius caesar

206
Q

second triumvirate

A

lepidus, mark anthony, and octavian

Ancient and Medieval History (1 decks)

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