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Bacterial Diseases > Final 2 > Flashcards

Final 2 Flashcards

1
Q

list all the protein synthesis inhibitors

A

Aminoglycosides (kanamycin and gentamycin), tetracyclines, Macrolides (erythromycin), lincosamides (lincomycin and clindamycin), Chloramphenicol, streptogramins, everninomycins, oxazolidinones

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2
Q

Which antibiotics act on the 30s ribosome subunit?

A

Aminoglycosides and tetracyclines

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3
Q

Which antibiotics act on the 50s ribosome subunit?

A

Macrolides (erythromycin), lincosamides (lincomycin and clindamycin), Chloramphenicol, streptogramins, everninomycins, oxazolidinones

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4
Q

List all the DNA synthesis inhibitors:

A

Quinolones and fluoroquinolones (naladixic acid, norfloxacin, and ciprofloxacin), metronidazole, and novobiocin

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5
Q

List 3 examples of Bacterial porins

A

Rc porin, E. coli ompF, and E. coli lamB

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6
Q

how are aminoglycosides inactivated?

A

Aminoglycoside modifying enzymes either N-acetylate, O-phosphorylate, or O-adenylate the antibiotic

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7
Q

How is choloramphenicol inactivated?

A

acetyltransferases acetylate the antibiotic

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8
Q

How is streptogramin inactivated?

A

acetyltransferases acetylate the antibiotic

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9
Q

How do B-lactam targets protect themselves?

A

alteration of transpeptidase or
one of the other penicillin-
binding proteins (PBPs) in the cell

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10
Q

Give an example of a penicillin binding protein:

A

mecA gene of Staphylococcus

aureus encodes modified PBP2

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11
Q

How does a bacteria become resistant to glycopeptides through modification of the target?

A

alteration of the peptide portion of peptidoglycan

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12
Q

Give an example of modifying peptidoglycan to defend against glycopeptides?

A

the VanH, A, and X genes protect the bacteria from vancomycin through peptide modification

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13
Q

how does resistance to tetracycline occur?

A

“ribosome protection” or alteration of the ribosome

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14
Q

How does a bacteria have resistance to macrolides, streptogramins, and lincosamides?

A

RNA methylases add a methyl group(s)

to 23S rRNA (part of 50S subunit)

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15
Q

what does metronidazole target?

A

DNA itself

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16
Q

What does ciprofloxacin target?

A

DNA gyrase

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17
Q

What does novobiocin target?

A

DNA gyrase

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18
Q

The tetB gene encodes what, and in what bacteria?

A

TetB efflux pump in E. coli

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19
Q

what does the blaZ gene encode and in what bacteria?

A

B-lactamase in MRSA

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20
Q

what does the erm gene encode and in what bacteria?

A

RNA methylase in Gram-positive bacteria

21
Q

how is the blaZ gene regulated?

A

by repression

22
Q

The vanHAX genes are regulated by:

A

activation

23
Q

What species have vanHAX genes?

A

enterococcus

24
Q

the ampC gene is regulated by:

A

activation

25
Q

the ampC gene encodes what? in what bacteria?

A

B-lactamase in E. coli

26
Q

in what order are the integrase gene, promoter, and att gene in an integron?

A

«»

27
Q

Conjugative transposons are like a combination of what?

A

a self transmissible plasmid that can integrate into the host chromosome like a prophage or transposon

28
Q

Gram positive bacteria have what proteins to deal with DNA uptake?
which ones do gram negative have?

A
  • ComEA, ComG and ComEC

- PilQ, PilE and ComA

29
Q

what protein mediates plasmid conjugation?

A

relaxase

30
Q

what protein signals relaxes?

A

coupling protein

31
Q

Genomic islands typically carry multiple _____ elements, and a functional ____ gene

A
  • insertion sequence

- integrase

32
Q

list 2 tRNA genes that often flank PAI’s

A

leuX and selC

33
Q

What bacteria has a hyaluronic acid capsule?

A

S. pyogenes

34
Q

List a bacteria that can have a capsule and is example in notes

A

Vibrio vulnificus

35
Q

Opsonization can occur from what 2 things binding to bacteria

A

C3b or IgG

36
Q

What are 2 internalins that Listeria has?

A

InlA and InlB

37
Q

what does InlA bind to?

what does InlB bind to?

A
  • E-cadherin

- HGF-SF

38
Q

What 3 bacteria can perform actin based motility?

A

Listeria monocytogenes, Rickettsia ricketsii,

Shigella flexneri

39
Q

what bacteria utilizes ActA protein?

A

Listeria monocytogenes

40
Q

What does VacA do?

A

apoptosis, vacuolation, pore formation, immune suppression

41
Q

What does BabA do?

A

aids in colonization

42
Q

What does fosfomycin do to attack peptidoglycan?

A

stops conversion of UDP-NAG to UDP-NAM in the cytoplasm

43
Q

what does tunicamycin do to attack peptidoglycan?

A

it prevents NAG from binding to NAM on a peptidoglycan monomer in the cytoplasmic membrane

44
Q

What do B-lactams and glycopeptides do to attack peptidoglycan?

A

block transpeptidation as well as transglycosylation by attacking transpeptidase

45
Q

what doe bacitracin do to attack peptidoglycan synthesis?

A

prevents recycling of bactoprenol

46
Q

what does bactoprenol do?

A

carry peptidoglycan monomers across the cell membrane to be polymerized

47
Q

what is the MAC composed of?

A

C5b, C6789

48
Q

What kind of pump is Tet?
NorM?
AcrAB-TolC?
MacAB?

A

antiporter (secondary transporter)
antiporter
antiporter
ABC transporter

49
Q

Genomic islands are established when plasmids with integrase genes inter the host chromosome and lose their _______ or _______

A

mobile character or ability to replicate autonomously (loss of tra and ori)

Bacterial Diseases (3 decks)

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