Final 2 Flashcards
list all the protein synthesis inhibitors
Aminoglycosides (kanamycin and gentamycin), tetracyclines, Macrolides (erythromycin), lincosamides (lincomycin and clindamycin), Chloramphenicol, streptogramins, everninomycins, oxazolidinones
Which antibiotics act on the 30s ribosome subunit?
Aminoglycosides and tetracyclines
Which antibiotics act on the 50s ribosome subunit?
Macrolides (erythromycin), lincosamides (lincomycin and clindamycin), Chloramphenicol, streptogramins, everninomycins, oxazolidinones
List all the DNA synthesis inhibitors:
Quinolones and fluoroquinolones (naladixic acid, norfloxacin, and ciprofloxacin), metronidazole, and novobiocin
List 3 examples of Bacterial porins
Rc porin, E. coli ompF, and E. coli lamB
how are aminoglycosides inactivated?
Aminoglycoside modifying enzymes either N-acetylate, O-phosphorylate, or O-adenylate the antibiotic
How is choloramphenicol inactivated?
acetyltransferases acetylate the antibiotic
How is streptogramin inactivated?
acetyltransferases acetylate the antibiotic
How do B-lactam targets protect themselves?
alteration of transpeptidase or
one of the other penicillin-
binding proteins (PBPs) in the cell
Give an example of a penicillin binding protein:
mecA gene of Staphylococcus
aureus encodes modified PBP2
How does a bacteria become resistant to glycopeptides through modification of the target?
alteration of the peptide portion of peptidoglycan
Give an example of modifying peptidoglycan to defend against glycopeptides?
the VanH, A, and X genes protect the bacteria from vancomycin through peptide modification
how does resistance to tetracycline occur?
“ribosome protection” or alteration of the ribosome
How does a bacteria have resistance to macrolides, streptogramins, and lincosamides?
RNA methylases add a methyl group(s)
to 23S rRNA (part of 50S subunit)
what does metronidazole target?
DNA itself
What does ciprofloxacin target?
DNA gyrase
What does novobiocin target?
DNA gyrase
The tetB gene encodes what, and in what bacteria?
TetB efflux pump in E. coli
what does the blaZ gene encode and in what bacteria?
B-lactamase in MRSA
what does the erm gene encode and in what bacteria?
RNA methylase in Gram-positive bacteria
how is the blaZ gene regulated?
by repression
The vanHAX genes are regulated by:
activation
What species have vanHAX genes?
enterococcus
the ampC gene is regulated by:
activation
the ampC gene encodes what? in what bacteria?
B-lactamase in E. coli
in what order are the integrase gene, promoter, and att gene in an integron?
«»
Conjugative transposons are like a combination of what?
a self transmissible plasmid that can integrate into the host chromosome like a prophage or transposon
Gram positive bacteria have what proteins to deal with DNA uptake?
which ones do gram negative have?
- ComEA, ComG and ComEC
- PilQ, PilE and ComA
what protein mediates plasmid conjugation?
relaxase
what protein signals relaxes?
coupling protein
Genomic islands typically carry multiple _____ elements, and a functional ____ gene
- insertion sequence
- integrase
list 2 tRNA genes that often flank PAI’s
leuX and selC
What bacteria has a hyaluronic acid capsule?
S. pyogenes
List a bacteria that can have a capsule and is example in notes
Vibrio vulnificus
Opsonization can occur from what 2 things binding to bacteria
C3b or IgG
What are 2 internalins that Listeria has?
InlA and InlB
what does InlA bind to?
what does InlB bind to?
- E-cadherin
- HGF-SF
What 3 bacteria can perform actin based motility?
Listeria monocytogenes, Rickettsia ricketsii,
Shigella flexneri
what bacteria utilizes ActA protein?
Listeria monocytogenes
What does VacA do?
apoptosis, vacuolation, pore formation, immune suppression
What does BabA do?
aids in colonization
What does fosfomycin do to attack peptidoglycan?
stops conversion of UDP-NAG to UDP-NAM in the cytoplasm
what does tunicamycin do to attack peptidoglycan?
it prevents NAG from binding to NAM on a peptidoglycan monomer in the cytoplasmic membrane
What do B-lactams and glycopeptides do to attack peptidoglycan?
block transpeptidation as well as transglycosylation by attacking transpeptidase
what doe bacitracin do to attack peptidoglycan synthesis?
prevents recycling of bactoprenol
what does bactoprenol do?
carry peptidoglycan monomers across the cell membrane to be polymerized
what is the MAC composed of?
C5b, C6789
What kind of pump is Tet?
NorM?
AcrAB-TolC?
MacAB?
antiporter (secondary transporter)
antiporter
antiporter
ABC transporter
Genomic islands are established when plasmids with integrase genes inter the host chromosome and lose their _______ or _______
mobile character or ability to replicate autonomously (loss of tra and ori)
