Final 2

Question 1

When did the international trade merchants raise to a significant power factor in India?

Answer 1

Days of Pallavas

Question 2

Which region of international trade was controlled by the Ayyavole?

Answer 2

west Asia

Question 3

What was the regional base of the Manigramam trade guild?

Answer 3

Tamil Nadu

Question 4

What evidence is there that the “negation of the world” philosophy was not as prevalent in the late Middle Ages as it was in the early period of India?

Answer 4

Passages by GUILD of Ayyavole merchants (lengthy inscription)

Question 5

What effect did the constant raise and fall of dynasties in the Middle Ages have on the culture of India?

Answer 5

Different areas flourish at some time & developed their regional culture.

Question 6

What difference in structure of the government is found in comparing Harsha’s Empire with the Gupta Empire?

Answer 6

• Harsha’s internal structure diff.
• organization decentralized
• diff. control w/in central core
• Mahasamanta at top NOT governor/prince

Question 7

What was a distinctive structural feature on the Medieval realms?

Answer 7

Rise of Samanta’s

Question 8

why was the Medieval political structure inherently weak?

Answer 8

as soon as power of central ruler declined, mahasamanta strives for independence (or dream stepping in centre of samatachakra)

Question 9

What was the first stage of “development from below” in South India?

Answer 9

Tribal chief to local Hindu princeling

Question 10

What role did the tributary princes play in administration of the nuclear areas of a realm in Medieval India?

Answer 10

NOT yet play any significant role but attended court of victorious king

Question 11

What event would mark the beginning of the third phase in the “development from below” in South India?

Answer 11

Conquest & annexation of one kingdom and principalities (intermediate regions)

Question 12

What was one type of development Orissa had before the decline of Kharavela’s realm?

Answer 12

Imposed from above or imported from other regions

Question 13

When did the second phasae of development in Orissa began?

Answer 13

After Gupta empire decline (7th century) when Shailodbhava Dynasty Emerged

Question 14

What areas were brought together by the Somavamshis?

Answer 14

Dakshina Koshala and Khinjali Mandala

Question 15

Which group of government officials is not mentioned in the Mahanadi delta inscription?

Answer 15

No governors and district officers

Question 16

Who can the mandala lords of the Bhaumakara dynasty’s realm be compared to?

Answer 16

Allodial lords (medieval Europe)

Question 17

How was the king’s prestige measured in Medieval India?

Answer 17

Number of tributary princes attending court

Question 18

What was Amoghavarsha’s cleaver way to control the tributary princes?

Answer 18

Sent 1000s of dancers/courtesans as spies to Samanta court. These ladies had to be maintained by the Samantas but reported to royal ambassador to Samanta court who would pass on to Amoghavarsha.

Question 19

In the Gupta dynasty why did the king give land grants to Brahmins in distant lands?

Answer 19

1. Brahmins instrumental for legitimacy of kinship (enhance king’s personal power)
2. act as missionaries of Hindu culture

Question 20

What was the name of the large temple build in Paramaras around 1059-80?

Answer 20

Udayeshvara temple

Question 21

The close connecgtions between the king and the large temple allowed him do do what to unruly samantas?

Answer 21

Threaten w/ wrath of royal god

Question 22

What is one religious factor that characterizes medieval India?

Answer 22

Brahaminsim to new popular Hinduism (TRANSFORMATION)

Question 23

What was one non-religious factor that characterizes medieval India?

Answer 23

Regional kingdoms/languages/cultures

Question 24

In medieval India why was infrastructure and agrarian extension under financed?

Answer 24

Brahmins and the temples (resources were diverted to)

Question 25

What two contradictory tendencies when synthesized led to Hinduism of today?

Answer 25

1) 'Brahmin counter-reformation' (Bud-Jain constant debates) VS 2) popular Bhakti cult mvmt (rejected the Brahmin orthodoxy & monist philosophy; devotion to personal god

Question 26

Which of the Hindu schools of philosophy is considered the “essence of Indian philosophy”?

Answer 26

Vedanta (anta of Vedas)

Question 27

When did Shankara life?

Answer 27

788-820 AD

Question 28

According to Shankara why do people believe the world is real?

Answer 28

From ignorance (avidya); prevents soul (atman) from realizing identity w/ divine spirit (Brahman).

Question 29

How did Shankara accommodate popular Hinduism?

Answer 29

Allowed 'lower truth' (embodying manifold appearance of world & existence of divine creator (ishvara). -He reflected similar ideas of the Upanishads and of Mahayana Buddhism and was able to combine popular Hinduism with orthodox Brahminism. Everyone could find his own level in this synthesis of lower or higher truth.

Question 30

Bhakti emphasizes which of the following?

Answer 30

Love of god and child-like devotion to him

Question 31

Where did the Bhakti movement begin?

Answer 31

Tamil Nadu

Question 32

What was one group of Vaishnavite bhakti saints called?

Answer 32

alwars

Question 33

What constitutes the “Tamil Veda”?

Answer 33

Sundaramurti, Mankkavasagar and Sambandar (saints) writings

Question 34

What groups of people made up the early Shaivite bhakti movement?

Answer 34

Nayanar

Question 35

What religious phenomenon helped increase bhakti’s appeal?

Answer 35

periye puranam story: Brahmin priest becomes divine and included among the Nayanar saints. He dreamt of shiva, who told him all towns people were his divine bodyguards. Next day everyone appeared to the Brahmin divine.

Question 36

What were two aspects of incorporating local gods into the greater Hindu pantheon?

Answer 36

1) great career by becoming identified w/ one of great gods and being served by Brahmin priests 2) anthropomorphisation & legends which justified transformation

Question 37

What cult is centered at Chidambaram?

Answer 37

Cult of Shiva as King of dancers

Question 38

Vyagrahapada came to Chidambaram for what reason?

Answer 38

To worship the Mulasthana lingam

Question 39

How was the “fish-eyed” goddess incorporated into the Great Tradition of Hindusim?

Answer 39

Identify her with Parvati (Shiva's wife) and making marriage of Shiva and Parvati central feature of fish-eyed goddess cult

Question 40

According to the Great Tradition who is Jagannath?

Answer 40

Lord of the World, tribal god transform to great deity and identified w/ Vishnu

Question 41

Why do people go on pilgrimage to Gaya?

Answer 41

sacrifice for ancestors

Question 42

Who was the most important representative of the Vaishnavite school of philosophy?

Answer 42

Ramanuja

Question 43

The Vaishnavite philosophy of 1,100 CE is classified as which of the following?

Answer 43

Shri Vaishnavas Doctrine = Shankara's Advaita philsophy + Vaishnava Pancharatra theology

Question 44

What is the content of the Gitagovinda?

Answer 44

Poems (emotional & erotic)= love of Radha and Krishna.

Question 45

When did Chaitanya live?

Answer 45

1485-1533

Question 46

What was one factor that helped northern India emerge from being eclipsed by the south?

Answer 46

Mathura chosen as centre of Krishna cult and rapid development of Hinduism in south and central

Question 47

The most prominent school of Shaivism in the north was which of the following?

Answer 47

kashmir shaivism

Question 48

Who was the greatest exponent of Shaivism who lived in the 11th century?

Answer 48

Abhinavagupta

Question 49

What was one of the advantages that Shaiva Siddhanta?

Answer 49

- Shaivites matched overpowering influence of Ramanuja's Vaishnavite philosophy - Reconciled earlier orthodoxy w/ ideas of Bhakti movement

Question 50

What is one of the significant characteristics of the Lingayats?

Answer 50

Arose as RADICAL movement against CASTE & Brahmin orthodoxy; retained radicalism for centuries; believe in Vedas, bury the dead, vegetarians, no child marriage but remarriage allowed.

Question 51

What was one contributing factor in the development of regional literature?

Answer 51

emergence of : 1) great regional kingdoms 2) various sects & religious movements 3) sanskrit texts translated to regional language

Question 52

What helped promote pilgrimage sites in the period 1000-1300 CE?

Answer 52

Pilgrimage sites: 1) Produced Sanskrit collection of mahatmyas legends 2) Translated into vernacular language=recited by pilgrims everywhere

Question 53

Which of the three theories of spreading Indian culture to SE Asia has been rejected by scholars?

Answer 53

Kshastriya (theory that Indian warriors colonized SE Asia)

Question 54

Why was J.C. van Leur important?

Answer 54

* Criticized Indianisation/Europeanisation concept (SE Asia) * Highlighted the great skill & courage of Indonesia seafarers emphasized Indonesian rulers themselves * Had invited Indian Brahmins (active role cultural borrowing)

Question 55

Who sent the first Buddhist monks to Burma?

Answer 55

Ashoka

Question 56

Which South Indian Buddhist master spent five months in Suvarnadvipa on his way to China?

Answer 56

Vajrabodhi

Question 57

Which area of India deserves the greatest credit for spreading Indian influences in SE Asia?

Answer 57

Tamil Nadu (South India)

Question 58

When did direct Indian influence recede in SE Asia/

Answer 58

13th century

Question 59

Which dynasty is considered a Golden Age in India/

Answer 59

Gupta

Question 60

Who was the last great Gupta ruler in the 5th century?

Answer 60

skandagupta

Question 61

Which areas of study advanced under the Gupta rule?

Answer 61

Math (pi to the 4th decimal place and numbers 1-9), Astronomy (round earth, gravity, planetary positions) Medical advancements (operations), architecture, sculpture, Paintings, writings of epics, classic form of Hinduism and Mahayana Buddhism Sanskrit literature

Question 62

Who were the great Mahayana philosophers and co-founders during the Gupta period?

Answer 62

Asanga Maitreya Nagarjuna Vasubandhu

Question 63

What was different about the Gupta military in comparison to previous native Indian militaries?

Answer 63

- Mounted warriors (no chariots) - Infantry archers: steel bows & fire arrows - elephants - shields - javelin swords (long or dagger)

Question 64

The God Shiva is often depicted as a lingam what is the goddess depicted as?

Answer 64

yoni

Question 65

The period of Shakyamuni’s life that Mahayana took as a model was which of the following?

Answer 65

Bodhisattva path (enlightment)

Question 66

The future earthly Buddha will be named which of the following?

Answer 66

Maitreya

Question 67

When did the Vajrayana originate?

Answer 67

6th century

Question 68

Kriya, Carya, Yoga and Anuyoga tantras are based on what fundamental Buddhist concept?

Answer 68

Darshana

Question 69

Which is a feature of Tantric Hinduism?

Answer 69

World embracing vision - positive expression of divine consciousness in male (shiva) and female (shakti) forms - Identify microcosm with macrocosm - 4 part agamas (knowledge, yoga, kriya regulations, carya injunctions)

Question 70

One of the unique techniques used in Hindu tantra is which of the following?

Answer 70

sex yoga, mantra, rituals, asanas, pranayama, (geometric) yantra and (simplified) mandalas

Question 71

In what century did Harsh come to power?

Answer 71

7th century (606 CE)

Question 72

How old was Harsha when he was crowned king?

Answer 72

16

Question 73

Which play did Harsha write?

Answer 73

Nagananda, Priyadarshika and Ratnavali

Question 74

When was the Pala empire begin?

Answer 74

750

Question 75

Which Pala king ruled in 1170 CE?

Answer 75

Govindapala

Question 76

The earliest (proto-)Bengala literary work is which of the following?

Answer 76

Buddhist Charyapada

Question 77

When was the Chera Dynasty founded?

Answer 77

3rd century BCE

Question 78

Who established the Medieval Cholas?

Answer 78

King Vijayalaya

Question 79

In what year was Rajadhiraja Chola II ruling?

Answer 79

1163-1178

Question 80

In what centuries did the Chalukya rule?

Answer 80

6th - 12th centuries

Question 81

Which religious group did the Chalukya support?

Answer 81

Jainism and Shavism

Question 82

Who was the founder of the Badami Chulukya royal dynasty?

Answer 82

Pulakeshi I

Question 83

In the Vedic Mahajanapada period, what was the name of Andhra?

Answer 83

Assaka/Asmaka

Question 84

According to the powerpoint, who was the last of the “Later Pallava” rulers?

Answer 84

Aparajitha Varman

Question 85

Who brought Buddhism to Sri Lanka?

Answer 85

Mahinda (Ashoka's son)

Question 86

In which centuries did the Licchavis rule Kathmandu valley?

Answer 86

3rd century CE