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SAST 205 > Final 2 > Flashcards

Final 2 Flashcards

1
Q

When did the international trade merchants raise to a significant power factor in India?

A

Days of Pallavas

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2
Q

Which region of international trade was controlled by the Ayyavole?

A

west Asia

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3
Q

What was the regional base of the Manigramam trade guild?

A

Tamil Nadu

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4
Q

What evidence is there that the “negation of the world” philosophy was not as prevalent in the late Middle Ages as it was in the early period of India?

A

Passages by GUILD of Ayyavole merchants (lengthy inscription)

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5
Q

What effect did the constant raise and fall of dynasties in the Middle Ages have on the culture of India?

A

Different areas flourish at some time & developed their regional culture.

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6
Q

What difference in structure of the government is found in comparing Harsha’s Empire with the Gupta Empire?

A
  • Harsha’s internal structure diff.
  • organization decentralized
  • diff. control w/in central core
  • Mahasamanta at top NOT governor/prince
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7
Q

What was a distinctive structural feature on the Medieval realms?

A

Rise of Samanta’s

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8
Q

why was the Medieval political structure inherently weak?

A

as soon as power of central ruler declined, mahasamanta strives for independence (or dream stepping in centre of samatachakra)

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9
Q

What was the first stage of “development from below” in South India?

A

Tribal chief to local Hindu princeling

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10
Q

What role did the tributary princes play in administration of the nuclear areas of a realm in Medieval India?

A

NOT yet play any significant role but attended court of victorious king

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11
Q

What event would mark the beginning of the third phase in the “development from below” in South India?

A

Conquest & annexation of one kingdom and principalities (intermediate regions)

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12
Q

What was one type of development Orissa had before the decline of Kharavela’s realm?

A

Imposed from above or imported from other regions

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13
Q

When did the second phasae of development in Orissa began?

A

After Gupta empire decline (7th century) when Shailodbhava Dynasty Emerged

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14
Q

What areas were brought together by the Somavamshis?

A

Dakshina Koshala and Khinjali Mandala

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15
Q

Which group of government officials is not mentioned in the Mahanadi delta inscription?

A

No governors and district officers

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16
Q

Who can the mandala lords of the Bhaumakara dynasty’s realm be compared to?

A

Allodial lords (medieval Europe)

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17
Q

How was the king’s prestige measured in Medieval India?

A

Number of tributary princes attending court

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18
Q

What was Amoghavarsha’s cleaver way to control the tributary princes?

A

Sent 1000s of dancers/courtesans as spies to Samanta court. These ladies had to be maintained by the Samantas but reported to royal ambassador to Samanta court who would pass on to Amoghavarsha.

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19
Q

In the Gupta dynasty why did the king give land grants to Brahmins in distant lands?

A
  1. Brahmins instrumental for legitimacy of kinship (enhance king’s personal power)
  2. act as missionaries of Hindu culture
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20
Q

What was the name of the large temple build in Paramaras around 1059-80?

A

Udayeshvara temple

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21
Q

The close connecgtions between the king and the large temple allowed him do do what to unruly samantas?

A

Threaten w/ wrath of royal god

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22
Q

What is one religious factor that characterizes medieval India?

A

Brahaminsim to new popular Hinduism (TRANSFORMATION)

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23
Q

What was one non-religious factor that characterizes medieval India?

A

Regional kingdoms/languages/cultures

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24
Q

In medieval India why was infrastructure and agrarian extension under financed?

A

Brahmins and the temples (resources were diverted to)

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25
Q

What two contradictory tendencies when synthesized led to Hinduism of today?

A

1) ‘Brahmin counter-reformation’ (Bud-Jain constant debates) VS
2) popular Bhakti cult mvmt (rejected the Brahmin orthodoxy & monist philosophy; devotion to personal god

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26
Q

Which of the Hindu schools of philosophy is considered the “essence of Indian philosophy”?

A

Vedanta (anta of Vedas)

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27
Q

When did Shankara life?

A

788-820 AD

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28
Q

According to Shankara why do people believe the world is real?

A

From ignorance (avidya); prevents soul (atman) from realizing identity w/ divine spirit (Brahman).

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29
Q

How did Shankara accommodate popular Hinduism?

A

Allowed ‘lower truth’ (embodying manifold appearance of world & existence of divine creator (ishvara).

-He reflected similar ideas of the Upanishads and of Mahayana Buddhism and was able to combine popular Hinduism with orthodox Brahminism. Everyone could find his own level in this synthesis of lower or higher truth.

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30
Q

Bhakti emphasizes which of the following?

A

Love of god and child-like devotion to him

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31
Q

Where did the Bhakti movement begin?

A

Tamil Nadu

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32
Q

What was one group of Vaishnavite bhakti saints called?

A

alwars

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33
Q

What constitutes the “Tamil Veda”?

A

Sundaramurti, Mankkavasagar and Sambandar (saints) writings

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34
Q

What groups of people made up the early Shaivite bhakti movement?

A

Nayanar

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35
Q

What religious phenomenon helped increase bhakti’s appeal?

A

periye puranam story:

Brahmin priest becomes divine and included among the Nayanar saints.
He dreamt of shiva, who told him all towns people were his divine bodyguards.
Next day everyone appeared to the Brahmin divine.

36
Q

What were two aspects of incorporating local gods into the greater Hindu pantheon?

A

1) great career by becoming identified w/ one of great gods and being served by Brahmin priests
2) anthropomorphisation & legends which justified transformation

37
Q

What cult is centered at Chidambaram?

A

Cult of Shiva as King of dancers

38
Q

Vyagrahapada came to Chidambaram for what reason?

A

To worship the Mulasthana lingam

39
Q

How was the “fish-eyed” goddess incorporated into the Great Tradition of Hindusim?

A

Identify her with Parvati (Shiva’s wife) and making marriage of Shiva and Parvati central feature of fish-eyed goddess cult

40
Q

According to the Great Tradition who is Jagannath?

A

Lord of the World, tribal god transform to great deity and identified w/ Vishnu

41
Q

Why do people go on pilgrimage to Gaya?

A

sacrifice for ancestors

42
Q

Who was the most important representative of the Vaishnavite school of philosophy?

A

Ramanuja

43
Q

The Vaishnavite philosophy of 1,100 CE is classified as which of the following?

A

Shri Vaishnavas Doctrine = Shankara’s Advaita philsophy + Vaishnava Pancharatra theology

44
Q

What is the content of the Gitagovinda?

A

Poems (emotional & erotic)= love of Radha and Krishna.

45
Q

When did Chaitanya live?

A

1485-1533

46
Q

What was one factor that helped northern India emerge from being eclipsed by the south?

A

Mathura chosen as centre of Krishna cult and rapid development of Hinduism in south and central

47
Q

The most prominent school of Shaivism in the north was which of the following?

A

kashmir shaivism

48
Q

Who was the greatest exponent of Shaivism who lived in the 11th century?

A

Abhinavagupta

49
Q

What was one of the advantages that Shaiva Siddhanta?

A
  • Shaivites matched overpowering influence of Ramanuja’s Vaishnavite philosophy
  • Reconciled earlier orthodoxy w/ ideas of Bhakti movement
50
Q

What is one of the significant characteristics of the Lingayats?

A

Arose as RADICAL movement against CASTE & Brahmin orthodoxy; retained radicalism for centuries; believe in Vedas, bury the dead, vegetarians, no child marriage but remarriage allowed.

51
Q

What was one contributing factor in the development of regional literature?

A

emergence of :

1) great regional kingdoms
2) various sects & religious movements
3) sanskrit texts translated to regional language

52
Q

What helped promote pilgrimage sites in the period 1000-1300 CE?

A

Pilgrimage sites:

1) Produced Sanskrit collection of mahatmyas legends
2) Translated into vernacular language=recited by pilgrims everywhere

53
Q

Which of the three theories of spreading Indian culture to SE Asia has been rejected by scholars?

A

Kshastriya (theory that Indian warriors colonized SE Asia)

54
Q

Why was J.C. van Leur important?

A
  • Criticized Indianisation/Europeanisation concept (SE Asia)
  • Highlighted the great skill & courage of Indonesia seafarers emphasized Indonesian rulers themselves
  • Had invited Indian Brahmins (active role cultural borrowing)
55
Q

Who sent the first Buddhist monks to Burma?

A

Ashoka

56
Q

Which South Indian Buddhist master spent five months in Suvarnadvipa on his way to China?

A

Vajrabodhi

57
Q

Which area of India deserves the greatest credit for spreading Indian influences in SE Asia?

A

Tamil Nadu (South India)

58
Q

When did direct Indian influence recede in SE Asia/

A

13th century

59
Q

Which dynasty is considered a Golden Age in India/

A

Gupta

60
Q

Who was the last great Gupta ruler in the 5th century?

A

skandagupta

61
Q

Which areas of study advanced under the Gupta rule?

A

Math (pi to the 4th decimal place and numbers 1-9), Astronomy (round earth, gravity, planetary positions)
Medical advancements (operations), architecture, sculpture, Paintings, writings of epics, classic form of Hinduism and Mahayana Buddhism
Sanskrit literature

62
Q

Who were the great Mahayana philosophers and co-founders during the Gupta period?

A

Asanga
Maitreya
Nagarjuna
Vasubandhu

63
Q

What was different about the Gupta military in comparison to previous native Indian militaries?

A
  • Mounted warriors (no chariots)
  • Infantry archers: steel bows & fire arrows
  • elephants
  • shields
  • javelin swords (long or dagger)
64
Q

The God Shiva is often depicted as a lingam what is the goddess depicted as?

A

yoni

65
Q

The period of Shakyamuni’s life that Mahayana took as a model was which of the following?

A

Bodhisattva path (enlightment)

66
Q

The future earthly Buddha will be named which of the following?

A

Maitreya

67
Q

When did the Vajrayana originate?

A

6th century

68
Q

Kriya, Carya, Yoga and Anuyoga tantras are based on what fundamental Buddhist concept?

A

Darshana

69
Q

Which is a feature of Tantric Hinduism?

A

World embracing vision

  • positive expression of divine consciousness in male (shiva) and female (shakti) forms
  • Identify microcosm with macrocosm
  • 4 part agamas (knowledge, yoga, kriya regulations, carya injunctions)
70
Q

One of the unique techniques used in Hindu tantra is which of the following?

A

sex yoga, mantra, rituals, asanas, pranayama, (geometric) yantra and (simplified) mandalas

71
Q

In what century did Harsh come to power?

A

7th century (606 CE)

72
Q

How old was Harsha when he was crowned king?

A

16

73
Q

Which play did Harsha write?

A

Nagananda, Priyadarshika and Ratnavali

74
Q

When was the Pala empire begin?

A

750

75
Q

Which Pala king ruled in 1170 CE?

A

Govindapala

76
Q

The earliest (proto-)Bengala literary work is which of the following?

A

Buddhist Charyapada

77
Q

When was the Chera Dynasty founded?

A

3rd century BCE

78
Q

Who established the Medieval Cholas?

A

King Vijayalaya

79
Q

In what year was Rajadhiraja Chola II ruling?

A

1163-1178

80
Q

In what centuries did the Chalukya rule?

A

6th - 12th centuries

81
Q

Which religious group did the Chalukya support?

A

Jainism and Shavism

82
Q

Who was the founder of the Badami Chulukya royal dynasty?

A

Pulakeshi I

83
Q

In the Vedic Mahajanapada period, what was the name of Andhra?

A

Assaka/Asmaka

84
Q

According to the powerpoint, who was the last of the “Later Pallava” rulers?

A

Aparajitha Varman

85
Q

Who brought Buddhism to Sri Lanka?

A

Mahinda (Ashoka’s son)

86
Q

In which centuries did the Licchavis rule Kathmandu valley?

A

3rd century CE

SAST 205 (2 decks)

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