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1
Q

What is Evidence-Based Practice (EBP)?

A

EBP is a systematic approach to clinical decision-making that integrates the best available research evidence, clinical expertise, and patient values and preferences.

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2
Q

What are the 3 pillars of EBP?

A
  1. Best research evidence, 2. Clinical expertise, 3. Patient values and preferences.
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3
Q

What are the benefits of EBP?

A

Improves patient satisfaction, reduces harm, promotes individualized care, enhances treatment and diagnosis, improves outcomes, and may lower healthcare costs.

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4
Q

When is EBP best applied?

A

When research evidence is combined with patient experiences and clinician expertise.

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5
Q

What is the PICO(T) format?

A

A framework to structure clinical questions: P=Patient/Population, I=Intervention, C=Comparison, O=Outcome, T=Timeframe (optional).

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6
Q

Why is Step 1 of EBP (clinical question) important?

A

It directs the search, narrows down evidence, saves time, and improves clinical outcomes.

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7
Q

What are the types of clinical questions in EBP?

A

Therapy, Diagnosis, Prognosis, Etiology, Prevention.

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8
Q

What is qualitative research?

A

Non-numerical research focused on understanding the ‘why’ and ‘how’ of human behavior, often through words, feelings, and experiences.

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9
Q

What are examples of qualitative methods?

A

Ethnography, narrative, phenomenological, grounded theory, and case study.

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10
Q

What is quantitative research?

A

Research involving numerical data to quantify variables and test hypotheses using statistical methods.

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11
Q

What are the four types of quantitative research?

A

Descriptive, Correlational, Causal-comparative/quasi-experimental, Experimental.

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12
Q

What is the evidence hierarchy?

A

A pyramid ranking research by quality: Systematic reviews/meta-analyses > RCTs > Cohort studies > Case-control studies > Case reports > Expert opinion.

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13
Q

What is the 6S pyramid?

A

A hierarchy of evidence: Systems, Summaries, Synopses of Syntheses, Syntheses, Synopses of Single Studies, Single Studies.

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14
Q

What is sensitivity?

A

The ability of a test to correctly identify those with the condition (true positive rate).

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15
Q

What is specificity?

A

The ability of a test to correctly identify those without the condition (true negative rate).

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16
Q

What is PPV (Positive Predictive Value)?

A

The proportion of positive test results that are true positives.

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17
Q

What is NPV (Negative Predictive Value)?

A

The proportion of negative test results that are true negatives.

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18
Q

What is a likelihood ratio?

A

A statistic that indicates how much a test result will change the odds of having a disease.

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19
Q

What is critical appraisal?

A

The process of systematically evaluating research for its trustworthiness, relevance, and value in a specific context.

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20
Q

What are common appraisal pitfalls?

A

Low-quality research, bias, misleading results, and false conclusions.

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21
Q

What is the purpose of Institutional Review Boards (IRBs)?

A

To ensure ethical standards are met in research involving human participants.

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22
Q

What are the three IRB review types?

A

Exempt (minimal risk), Expedited (low risk), Full Board (more than minimal risk).

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23
Q

What are the ethical principles in research?

A

Autonomy, Beneficence, Justice, and avoidance of Deception.

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24
Q

What must informed consent include?

A

Disclosure, understanding, voluntariness, competence, and clear consent without exculpatory language.

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25
What is Quality Improvement (QI)?
A systematic approach to evaluating and improving healthcare processes to enhance patient care and outcomes.
26
What are the steps in the QI process?
Define the problem, collect and analyze data, plan and implement a change, monitor and evaluate results, and share learnings.
27
What is the PDSA cycle?
Plan-Do-Study-Act: a cycle used to test and improve processes.
28
What is Root Cause Analysis (RCA)?
A method for identifying the underlying causes of a problem to prevent recurrence.
29
What are Key Performance Indicators (KPIs)?
Quantifiable metrics that assess organizational performance and goal achievement.
30
What is health informatics?
The use of IT and data to improve healthcare delivery, decision-making, and outcomes.
31
How does HIT support QI?
By collecting and analyzing data to identify areas for improvement and support clinical decisions.
32
What are key HIT regulations?
HIPAA (privacy), HITECH (EHR adoption), Privacy Act of 1974.
33
What is professional development?
Ongoing learning and skill-building for career growth, certification, and improved patient care.
34
What are components of a professional development plan?
Self-assessment, career objectives, learning opportunities, action plan, and progress evaluation.
35
What are the 5 IOM core competencies?
Patient-centered care, Interdisciplinary teams, EBP, QI, and Informatics.
36
What are the IPEC core domains?
Values & Ethics, Roles & Responsibilities, Interprofessional Communication, Teams & Teamwork.
37
What is interprofessional education?
Learning with, from, and about other health professions to improve collaboration and outcomes.
38
What is interprofessional practice?
Working with other professions collaboratively to improve health outcomes.
39
What is patient-centered care (PCC)?
Care that respects and responds to patient preferences, needs, and values.
40
What are key components of PCC?
Shared decision-making, respect, empathy, communication, coordination, and individualized care.
41
What is cultural competence?
The ability to understand and effectively respond to cultural differences in healthcare.
42
What is the LEARN model?
Listen, Explain, Acknowledge, Recommend, Negotiate.
43
What is the RESPECT model?
Respect, Explanatory model, Sociocultural context, Power, Empathy, Concerns, Trust.
44
What is cultural humility?
A lifelong commitment to self-evaluation and addressing power imbalances in patient care.
45
What is the difference between Quality Assurance (QA) and Quality Improvement (QI)?
QA focuses on maintaining standards and correcting deviations. QI is proactive, focusing on improving processes for better outcomes.
46
What are the components evaluated in Continuous Quality Improvement (CQI)?
Patient outcomes, efficacy, and timing of care.
47
How is data used in QI?
To identify problems, measure outcomes, test interventions, and monitor improvement.
48
What are common QI initiatives in athletic training?
Improving patient safety, reducing errors, increasing satisfaction, and streamlining processes.
49
How do EMRs support QI?
By tracking large-scale data trends, reducing errors, ensuring accountability, and enhancing best practices.
50
What is HIPAA (1996)?
A law ensuring the privacy and security of health information; regulates how patient data is used and disclosed.
51
What is the HITECH Act (2009)?
Promotes EHR use, enforces HIPAA, and requires breach notifications and patient access to digital records.
52
What is the Privacy Act of 1974?
A law that restricts the disclosure of personal information without consent and provides access to personal records.
53
What are the key areas of professional development?
Knowledge & training, technical skills, soft skills, legal/ethical training, research and innovation.
54
What are challenges in professional development?
Time constraints, cost, lack of access or awareness, limited organizational support.
55
How can students benefit from professional development in college?
Improves self-awareness, communication, time management, adaptability, and personal growth.
56
What does SMART stand for in goal setting?
Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant, Time-bound.
57
What is the Nagi Model?
A disablement model outlining the progression from disease to impairment, functional limitation, and disability.
58
What is the ICF model?
International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health; focuses on functioning and participation.
59
Why are interdisciplinary teams important?
They coordinate complex care, reduce redundant services, and generate creative solutions using varied expertise.
60
What is interprofessional communication?
Purposeful dialogue with healthcare professionals, patients, and communities to support collaborative care.
61
How does empathy affect patient care?
Improves relationships, compliance, outcomes, and helps reduce prejudice.
62
What is person-first language?
Language that puts the person before their diagnosis or disability (e.g., 'person with diabetes' not 'diabetic').
63
What are the five components of cultural competence?
Cultural desire, cultural awareness, cultural knowledge, cultural skill, cultural encounters.
64
What is intersectionality?
The overlapping of social identities (e.g., race, gender, class) that contribute to discrimination or privilege.
65
What is implicit bias?
Unconscious attitudes or stereotypes that affect understanding, actions, and decisions.
66
What are social determinants of health (SDOH)?
Conditions in the environments where people are born, live, and work that affect health outcomes.
67
What are health inequities?
Systematic differences in health linked to social, economic, or environmental disadvantages.
68
What is cultural humility?
A lifelong process of self-reflection to understand and address power imbalances and bias in healthcare.
69
When is an apology in healthcare appropriate?
When harm has occurred; it should be timely, acknowledge the offense, offer to make amends, and show sincerity.
70
What is the IOM core competency: Patient-Centered Care?
Provide care that is respectful of and responsive to individual patient preferences, needs, and values, and ensure patient values guide clinical decisions.
71
How do you apply Patient-Centered Care in practice?
Engage patients in decision-making, provide emotional support, relieve pain, educate clearly, and respect cultural and personal values.
72
What is the IOM core competency: Working in Interdisciplinary Teams?
Collaborate and communicate effectively with other health professionals to provide high-quality, continuous, and reliable care.
73
How do you apply Interdisciplinary Teamwork?
Share responsibilities, integrate care plans, maintain open communication, and respect the roles of other professionals.
74
What is the IOM core competency: Employing Evidence-Based Practice?
Integrate best current evidence with clinical expertise and patient preferences to deliver optimal care.
75
How do you apply Evidence-Based Practice in care?
Stay current with research, critically appraise literature, and use data to make informed decisions.
76
What is the IOM core competency: Applying Quality Improvement?
Use data to monitor outcomes, identify hazards, and design systems for safety and improvement.
77
How do you apply Quality Improvement in healthcare?
Participate in QI initiatives, report errors, use improvement models like PDSA, and track patient outcomes.
78
What is the IOM core competency: Utilizing Informatics?
Use information technology to manage information, reduce errors, support decision-making, and improve care.
79
How do you apply Informatics in practice?
Use EHRs, communicate through secure systems, analyze patient data, and stay updated on digital tools.

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