final Flashcards
youth delinquency - ___% engaged in this behaviour?
37%
youth delinquency - what % was male
41% male students
when was the youth criminal justice act
April 1, 2003
what are predictors in male and female adolescents in ON community (Gomme.)
skipping, staying out late, running away, buying/drinking alcohol
what were significant predictors of adolescent delinquency?
close friends charged
attitude of willingness to cooperate w/police
what are not significant predictors of adolescent delinquency?
school performance
socioeconomical standing
age
School Social Control Model
structural : parent’s educational achievement (degrees)
internal state: feeling stress in class
bonds: involvement in school activities, attachment to teachers, commitment to education, social bond theory
performance: grades
constraints: belief in legitimacy of school rules, school authority, disciplinary actions
what did montreal adolescence find according to the school social control model?
all factors were significant
Dr. Chow - Predicting Youth Risk and Delinquent Behaviour
sample size - 263 students
risk behaviour - lottery tickets, gambling, smoking, drinking (big issue), physical fights, unprotected sex (big issue)
societal reaction to crime?
demography - increases interdependency of CJS
all agencies and organizations - must operate under criminal code
involvement of rcmp - policing in municipal, provincial and federal
correctional services - divided between provincial and federal
Non-System Arguments? - societal reaction to crime
different agencies and personnel must respond to requirements of legislation
each has their own focus or priority (agencies)
Crime Control Model (Packen 1968)
CJS as protection of public: deterrence, incapacitation of offenders
offenders: responsible for their actions
administration of justice: swift, sure, and efficient
presumption of guilt
confident that effective justice will: screen out innocent persons
emphasis: compensation for victims
Due Process Model
emphasis: procedural fairness, presumption of innocence
CJ process: prove guilt, agencies and decision makers follow proper guidelines
accused person factually guilty: legally innocent
concerns: structure, confine, power of CJ decision makers
Canadian Committee on Corrections
prevent crime, deter crime, gather sufficient evidence, maintain order in community, control highway traffic
Section 42 (1) Police Service Act in ON
preserving peace, preventing crimes and other offences, provide assistance, assisting victims of crime, laying charges, executing warrants
what are things police forces are assigned?
crime control, order maintenance (preventing/controlling behaviour), service (wide range of services for community)
major police stressors?
work environment (death of partner, take a life in line of duty, making violent arrests, gruesome crime scenes), availability of peer support and trust, social and family influences, police organization (distinct chain of command), coping mechanisms
what is an idealist personality?
social order - high
due process - high
what is an enforcers personality?
social order - high
due process - low
what is an optimists personality?
social order - low
due process - high
what is an realists personality?
social order - low
due process - low
Goldstein - Police Discretion
department - prioritize how resources are allocated
senior administration - set and enforce policies
patrol officers - how to respond and gain control over incident (use or not use force)
officer - how to dispose particular case, arrest, mediate, warning, referral
police investigators - gather evidence
what is clearance rates?
proportion of offences known to police and are cleared by a charge or other means
what does rising crime rates indicate?
does not indicate quality of performance, but reflects whether or not the police are doing their job
what are clearance rates pt. 2?
function of willingness of public to report crimes
Kansas City Study?
slowly add more and more police presence into community
Kansas City Study findings?
no difference in levels of reported crime, citizens fear of crime, community attitudes toward police, police response time to incident, rate of traffic accidents
Edmonton Police Service purpose?
provide police services on proactive basis, involve public attitudes towards police. increase job satisfaction
Edmonton Police Service evaluation?
foot patrol - reduction of repeated calls in high incident areas
increase in levels of job satisfaction among foot patrol officers
evidence that foot patrol made creative approaches to problem solving in their neighbourhoods
what is reactive policing?
spontaneous or planned requests by citizens or groups for police intervention
proactive policing?
officers take initiative to engage in various crimes
what is a primary crime prevention program?
identify opportunities for criminal offences and alter conditions, reduce the likelihood of crime from happening, neighbourhood watch, focus on property-related crime
what is a secondary crime prevention program?
based in crime area analysis, crime prevention initiatives in schools, programs, that provide intervention for youth in conflict
what is a teritary crime prevention program?
intervene with youth and adult offenders, operated by criminal justice system, deter, incapacitate and/or rehabilitate offenders
what is education programming goals?
increase literacy and numeracy skills, help client attain highest levels of educational achievement, develop skills and competences to successful engage in achieving sustainable economic engagement
what are levels of protection for children according to Tom Griffin
- parent
- family
- neighbours
- teachers
- healthcare
- social services/police
- courts
- criminal courts
what are key factors in the toronto cma that made police stop cars?
radicalized characteristics, sex, make and condition of car, location, perceived lifestyle
what is carding?
info is collected about people who are stopped at random and questioned
what are street checks
individuals engaged in suspicious activities are questioned by the police
how likely are Indigenous women to be street checked by Edmonton police
10x more likely
high incarceration rates mean?
truth in sentencing (laws need offenders), war on drugs (in 70s, anti-drug abuse), three strike laws
actual in means?
total inmates PHYSICALLY located at correctional facilities, excluding inmates away from facilities
Peter Letkemann Inmate Social System
square john = pro-social, not involve in inmate subculture
right guy = anti-social, heavily involved in inmate social system
political = manipulates both staff and inmates
outlaw = associal, uses violence to victimize both staff and inmates
Female Inmate Social System
snitches = rats
squares = accidental criminals
jive bitches = torublemakers
Total Institution - Goffman
place of residence and work where large number of like-situated people, cut off from wider society for period of time, lead an enclosed, formally administered round of life
Ann Cordillia - questions men before and after release from prison
some found if difficult to adjust, some found it better than the real world
