Final

Question 1

What changes have been observed in the timing of identity development compared to Erikson’s original theory?
A. Identity development extends into emerging adulthood

B. Identity development is completed during childhood

C. Identity development is completed during adolescence

D. Identity development is completed during adulthood

Answer 1

A

Question 2

What role do parents play in their children’s moral development?
A. They mainly provide emotional support and encouragement.

B. They chiefly offer educational instruction and cognitive development.

C. They primarily enforce rules and discipline.

D. They serve as models and provide praise and criticism.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

What are the potential drawbacks of large high schools for student achievement?
A. They foster a more competitive environment and increased peer pressure, affecting student well-being.

B. They offer fewer advanced courses and extracurricular activities, limiting academic and social opportunities.

C. They offer less personalized attention, reduced extracurricular participation, and increased social isolation.

D. They provide less access to technology and resources, hindering modern learning experiences.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

What brain structures are associated with the experience of empathy?
A. Basal ganglia, thalamus, and hypothalamus

B. Temporal lobe, parietal lobe, and occipital lobe

C. Prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, and cerebellum

D. Anterior cingulate cortex, insula, and amygdala

Answer 4

D

Question 5

Which demographic tends to use alcohol, marijuana, and other illicit drugs more: males or females?
A. Females tend to use alcohol, marijuana, and other illicit drugs more than males

B. Females tend to use alcohol, marijuana, and other illicit drugs slightly more than males

C. Males tend to use alcohol, marijuana, and other illicit drugs more than females

D. Both males and females tend to use alcohol, marijuana, and other illicit drugs equally

Answer 5

C

Question 6

What is the impact of trying juvenile offenders as adults on crime rates?
A. It reduces crime rates by deterring future offenses through harsher punishment

B. It reduces crime rates by isolating juvenile offenders from negative peer influences

C. It reduces crime rates by providing juvenile offenders with structured rehabilitation programs

D. It increases crime rates by exposing juvenile offenders to adult criminal environments

Answer 6

D

Question 7

How does alcohol affect the central nervous system?
A. It acts as a stimulant by boosting adrenaline production

B. It acts as a stimulant by enhancing dopamine release

C. It acts as a stimulant by increasing cortical excitation

D. It acts as a depressant by reducing cortical inhibition

Answer 7

D

Question 8

What personal characteristics are associated with high levels of substance use in adolescents?
A. Aggression, disruptive behavior, and conduct problems

B. High academic achievement, strong school bonding, and positive teacher relationships

C. Low impulsivity, good response inhibition, and high parental supervision

D. High self-esteem, positive peer influence, and effective communication skills

Answer 8

A

Question 9

What factors are linked to higher life satisfaction and increased happiness in teens?
A. Internal locus of control, high self-esteem, intrinsic motivation, mastery orientation, optimism, and prosocial attitudes

B. External locus of control, low self-esteem, extrinsic motivation, performance orientation, pessimism, and antisocial attitudes

C. Internal locus of control, high self-esteem, extrinsic motivation, mastery orientation, optimism, and prosocial attitudes

D. External locus of control, high self-esteem, intrinsic motivation, mastery orientation, optimism, and prosocial attitudes

Answer 9

A

Question 10

What are the possible outcomes for adolescents who identify with both their ethnic culture and the majority culture?
A. Biculturalism (identifying with both cultures)

B. Marginalization (identifying with neither culture)

C. Separation (identifying with the ethnic culture only)

D. Assimilation (identifying with the majority culture only)

Answer 10

A

Question 11

What is the self-fulfilling prophecy in the context of teacher expectations and student performance?
A. When teachers set high expectations and provide support, students are motivated to meet those expectations

B. When teachers set low expectations and offer minimal support, students are discouraged from achieving their potential

C. When teachers set uniform expectations and treat all students equally, performance is consistent across the class

D. When teachers set expectations that influence their behavior, students are treated in ways that reinforce those expectations

Answer 11

D

Question 12

How does school safety affect student well-being and learning?
A. It fosters a positive climate that enhances engagement, support, and academic performance.

B. It boosts learning outcomes by implementing rigorous disciplinary policies that deter misconduct.

C. It enhances student well-being by increasing surveillance and reducing disruptive behaviors.

D. It improves academic performance by strictly enforcing security measures that minimize distractions.

Answer 12

A

Question 13

What is the significance of recognizing discrepancies between self-perception and others’ perceptions during adolescence?
A. It reduces emotional distress by minimizing awareness of conflicting self-attributes.

B. It facilitates self-integration by resolving conflicting self-attributes.

C. It enhances social conformity by aligning self-perception with peer expectations.

D. It promotes self-esteem by reinforcing a consistent positive self-image.

Answer 13

B

Question 14

How does the presence of systemic sexism and discrimination increase stress for adolescent girls?
A. By creating a hostile environment that undermines self-worth and increases vulnerability to depression

B. By exacerbating peer relationship conflicts that increase social stress and anxiety

C. By promoting social media comparison that intensifies feelings of inadequacy and isolation

D. By reinforcing romantic attachment insecurities that lead to constant worry about relationships

Answer 14

A

Question 15

What is baseline self-esteem, and how does it differ from barometric self-esteem?
A. Baseline self-esteem is a relatively stable, long-term sense of self-worth, while barometric self-esteem is a temporary, fluctuating response to specific events.

B. Baseline self-esteem is a temporary, fluctuating response to specific events, while barometric self-esteem is a temporary, fluctuating response to specific events.

C. Baseline self-esteem is a temporary, fluctuating response to specific events, while barometric self-esteem is a relatively stable, long-term sense of self-worth.

D. Baseline self-esteem is a relatively stable, long-term sense of self-worth, while barometric self-esteem is a relatively stable, long-term sense of self-worth.

Answer 15

A

Question 16

What was the purpose of the Binet-Simon test developed by Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon?
A. To measure overall intelligence and provide a single IQ score for individuals

B. To diagnose learning disabilities and identify students needing special education services

C. To evaluate emotional maturity and social skills in children

D. To predict students’ academic performance

Answer 16

D

Question 17

What are the reported outcomes for students involved in organized after-school programs?
A. Increased truancy, decreased attention, and more conduct problems

B. Decreased competence, increased boredom, and more emotional problems

C. Reduced motivation, lower self-esteem, and more substance use

D. Increased competence, better attention, reduced truancy, and fewer conduct and emotional problems

Answer 17

D

Question 18

What is the difference between justice orientation and care orientation in moral reasoning?
A. Justice orientation emphasizes individual rights and autonomy, while care orientation focuses on relationships and empathy

B. Justice orientation emphasizes abstract rules and fairness, while care orientation focuses on individual rights and autonomy

C. Justice orientation emphasizes abstract rules and fairness, while care orientation focuses on relationships and empathy

D. Justice orientation emphasizes relationships and empathy, while care orientation focuses on abstract rules and fairness

Answer 18

C

Question 19

What traits do children who become life-course-persistent offenders typically exhibit?
A. Late-onset antisocial behavior with aggression, emotional dysregulation, social isolation, impulsivity, restlessness, poor anger control, low IQ, and poor school grades

B. Early-onset antisocial behavior with aggression, emotional dysregulation, social isolation, impulsivity, restlessness, poor anger control, high IQ, and good school grades

C. Early-onset antisocial behavior with aggression, emotional dysregulation, social isolation, impulsivity, restlessness, good anger control, low IQ, and poor school grades

D. Early-onset antisocial behavior with aggression, emotional dysregulation, social isolation, impulsivity, restlessness, poor anger control, low IQ, and poor school grades

Answer 19

D

Question 20

What role do pro-ana and pro-mia websites play in promoting eating disorders?
A. They glamorize eating disorders by presenting them as lifestyle choices rather than serious mental health disorders.

B. They offer educational resources that help individuals understand the dangers of eating disorders and seek treatment.

C. They promote healthy eating habits and body positivity by sharing balanced meal plans and exercise routines.

D. They provide support for individuals struggling with eating disorders by offering a community for recovery.

Answer 20

A

Question 21

What psychosocial resources are linked to students with an informational identity style?
A. Low self-esteem, poor peer relations, and high depression

B. High self-esteem, poor peer relations, and high depression

C. High self-esteem, strong peer relations, and low depression

D. Low self-esteem, strong peer relations, and high depression

Answer 21

C

Question 22

What strategies do adolescents use to integrate conflicting aspects of their self-concept?
A. They resolve conflicts by ignoring contradictory aspects and focusing on consistent traits

B. They resolve conflicts by creating a higher-order idea or by accepting role-based behavioral differences

C. They resolve conflicts by compartmentalizing different roles and keeping them separate

D. They resolve conflicts by conforming to social expectations and suppressing individual differences

Answer 22

B

Question 23

How does moral identity centrality impact prosocial behavior in individuals?
A. It increases prosocial behavior by reinforcing moral self-consistency

B. It increases prosocial behavior by enhancing empathy and perspective-taking

C. It has no impact on prosocial behavior because moral values are not directly linked to actions

D. It decreases prosocial behavior by making individuals more self-focused

Answer 23

A

Question 24

How can strong moral identities affect a person’s likelihood to take moral actions?
A. They increase moral actions by making individuals feel a necessity to live consistently with their core self

B. They decrease moral actions by making individuals feel less accountable for their behavior

C. They decrease moral actions by making individuals more self-centered

D. They increase moral actions by making individuals more empathetic toward others

Answer 24

A

Question 25

What are extracurricular activities? A. Required academic coursework that is part of the formal education curriculum B. Mandatory school-sponsored activities that are part of the formal curriculum C. Unstructured after-school hangout time that is not school-sponsored D. Voluntary, school-sponsored activities that are not part of the formal education curriculum

Answer 25

D

Question 26

What is identity foreclosure, and how does it differ from identity diffusion? A. Identity diffusion involves neither exploration nor commitment, while identity foreclosure involves committing without exploration. B. Identity diffusion involves exploring alternatives without making a commitment, while identity foreclosure involves making a commitment after exploration. C. Identity diffusion involves making a commitment without exploration, while identity foreclosure involves exploring alternatives before committing. D. Identity diffusion involves neither exploration nor commitment, while identity foreclosure involves both exploration and commitment.

Answer 26

A

Question 26

How does puberty impact self-esteem differently for boys and girls? A. For boys, puberty leads to increased body dissatisfaction, while for girls it leads to decreased body dissatisfaction. B. For boys, puberty leads to no change in body dissatisfaction, while for girls it leads to increased body dissatisfaction. C. For boys, puberty leads to decreased body dissatisfaction, while for girls it leads to no change in body dissatisfaction. D. For boys, puberty leads to decreased body dissatisfaction, while for girls it leads to increased body dissatisfaction.

Answer 26

D

Question 27

What characterizes the "Good boy/good girl" orientation in moral reasoning? A. It emphasizes avoiding punishment and seeking rewards. B. It emphasizes maintaining social order and upholding laws. C. It emphasizes meeting the expectations of others. D. It emphasizes adhering to universal ethical principles and justice.

Answer 27

C

Question 28

What is one effective approach to reducing suicide rates in Indigenous communities? A. Increasing law enforcement presence and implementing stricter community surveillance measures B. Implementing conventional mental health interventions and increasing access to counseling services C. Strengthening cultural connections and increasing self-determination D. Enhancing drug and alcohol rehabilitation programs and reducing substance abuse

Answer 28

C

Question 29

What are some common barriers that students from low socioeconomic backgrounds face in completing high school? A. Need to work to support family, academic challenges due to lower teacher expectations, and negative peer influence B. Limited access to technology and internet C. Inadequate access to extracurricular activities D. Lack of parental involvement in education

Answer 29

A

Question 30

What are the advantages of smaller schools for student engagement? A. They offer a wider range of extracurricular activities and diverse programs B. They promote greater competition and academic rigor C. They offer personalized attention and a safer, more supportive environment D. They provide more resources and advanced facilities

Answer 30

C

Question 31

What proportion of adolescents go on to college or university? A. 75% B. 85% C. 60% D. 50%

Answer 31

A

Question 32

What role does self-construction play in identity development? A. It passively accepts societal norms without personal exploration. B. It solely relies on external influences from peers and family. C. It focuses on conforming to established roles rather than self-discovery. D. It actively explores roles and behaviors to form a coherent sense of self.

Answer 32

D

Question 33

How does the self-concept evolve during adolescence compared to childhood? A. The self-concept remains stable and consistent across contexts, reflecting childhood stability. B. The self-concept becomes more rigid and less open to change, mirroring childhood fixedness. C. The self-concept becomes more complex and context-dependent, reflecting identity exploration. D. The self-concept becomes more uniform and less influenced by social factors, maintaining childhood simplicity.

Answer 33

C

Question 34

What factors may explain the decline in self-esteem that occurs during early adolescence? A. Increased academic pressure and competition B. Increased peer importance and social stress C. Heightened parental expectations and control D. Enhanced social media influence and cyberbullying

Answer 34

B

Question 35

In what ways can apprenticeship programs benefit high school students considering future careers? A. They provide academic counseling and college preparation. B. They supply theoretical knowledge and classroom instruction. C. They offer extracurricular activities and social networking opportunities. D. They offer practical skills, real-world job experience, workplace understanding, and job opportunities.

Answer 35

D

Question 36

How does the relationship between students and teachers influence school membership? A. When teachers are empathic, supportive, and consistent, and when they encourage self-management, students develop a stronger feeling of being part of the school. B. When teachers are critical, judgmental, and unpredictable, and when they discourage student autonomy, students develop a weaker feeling of being part of the school. C. When teachers are distant, indifferent, and detached, and when they ignore student self-management, students develop a weaker feeling of being part of the school. D. When teachers are authoritarian, punitive, and inconsistent, and when they enforce strict discipline, students develop a weaker feeling of being part of the school.

Answer 36

A

Question 37

What are index crimes, and what categories do they include? A. Index crimes are serious violations of the law included on official indexes of criminal activity, categorized into violent crimes (murder, forcible rape, robbery, aggravated assault) and non-violent offenses (vandalism, disorderly conduct, public intoxication, loitering). B. Index crimes are serious violations of the law included on official indexes of criminal activity, categorized into property crimes (burglary, larceny-theft, motor vehicle theft, arson) and minor offenses (shoplifting, mischief, vandalism, disorderly conduct). C. Index crimes are serious violations of the law included on official indexes of criminal activity, categorized into violent crimes (murder, forcible rape, robbery, aggravated assault) and property crimes (burglary, larceny-theft, motor vehicle theft, arson). D. Index crimes are serious violations of the law included on official indexes of criminal activity, categorized into violent crimes (murder, forcible rape, robbery, aggravated assault) and status offenses (truancy, running away, gambling, spitting on the sidewalk).

Answer 37

C

Question 38

What evidence suggests that both men and women use both justice and care orientations in moral reasoning? A. Both men and women use only justice orientation B. Men primarily use justice orientation while women mainly use care orientation C. Both men and women use both justice and care orientations D. Women primarily use justice orientation while men mainly use care orientation

Answer 38

C

Question 39

How do cognitive development and role-taking skills influence moral reasoning in children? A. Cognitive development and role-taking skills both enhance abstract thinking without affecting moral reasoning B. Cognitive development enhances abstract thinking and role-taking skills improve perspective-taking, leading to more nuanced moral reasoning C. Role-taking skills improve perspective-taking but cognitive development does not influence moral reasoning D. Cognitive development enhances abstract thinking but role-taking skills do not affect moral reasoning

Answer 39

B

Question 40

What is identity according to Erikson's theory? A. The psychological structure that gives a sense of personal continuity across situations and across individual history B. The psychological structure that focuses on immediate social acceptance and validation C. The psychological structure that prioritizes self-esteem and positive self-image D. The psychological structure that emphasizes conformity to group norms and expectations

Answer 40

A

Question 41

How did Robbie Case integrate Piagetian and information processing models of cognitive development? A. He proposed that cognitive development progresses in stages driven by information processing abilities, rather than by accommodation and assimilation. B. He proposed that cognitive development progresses in stages driven by both accommodation and assimilation and executive functioning abilities. C. He proposed that cognitive development progresses in stages driven by executive functioning abilities, rather than by accommodation and assimilation. D. He proposed that cognitive development progresses in stages driven by accommodation and assimilation, rather than by information processing abilities.

Answer 41

A

Question 42

How does the concept of "blackpill" differ from "red pill" ideology in the context of societal views? A. It accepts harsh realities and believes in eternal loneliness B. It accepts harsh realities and believes in radical political solutions C. It accepts harsh realities and believes in moderate social reforms D. It accepts harsh realities and believes in traditional societal values

Answer 42

A

Question 43

What factors contribute to higher dropout rates among Indigenous students in Canada? A. Historical marginalization and the legacy of residential schools B. Enhanced academic achievement and graduation rates C. Increased Indigenous administration of schools and enhanced support systems D. Improved inclusive policies and culturally relevant curricula

Answer 43

A

Question 44

How does self-discovery differ from self-construction in forming identity? A. Self-discovery involves uncovering one's existing traits and values through introspection, while self-construction involves actively shaping one's identity through choices and experiences. B. Self-discovery involves uncovering one's existing traits and values through introspection, while self-construction involves passively accepting one's identity through external influences. C. Self-discovery involves passively accepting one's identity through external influences, while self-construction involves actively shaping one's identity through choices and experiences. D. Self-discovery involves actively shaping one's identity through choices and experiences, while self-construction involves uncovering one's existing traits and values through introspection.

Answer 44

D

Question 45

How can low self-esteem be linked to mental health issues like depression or anxiety in adolescents? A. Low self-esteem causes adolescents to blame external factors for negative events, leading to depression and anxiety B. Low self-esteem causes adolescents to overemphasize positive feedback, leading to depression and anxiety C. Low self-esteem causes adolescents to ignore negative events, leading to depression and anxiety D. Low self-esteem causes adolescents to interpret negative events as permanent personal flaws, leading to depression and anxiety

Answer 45

D

Question 46

At what age range does the preconventional level of morality typically occur? A. 10 and older B. 12 and younger C. 15 and younger D. 9 and younger

Answer 46

D

Question 47

How does family poverty correlate with antisocial behavior in children? A. Family poverty decreases parental stress, leading to less effective parenting and increased antisocial behavior in children B. Family poverty increases parental stress, leading to more effective parenting and reduced antisocial behavior in children C. Family poverty increases parental stress, leading to less effective parenting and increased antisocial behavior in children D. Family poverty decreases parental stress, leading to more effective parenting and reduced antisocial behavior in children

Answer 47

C

Question 48

What psychosocial issue becomes most pressing during adolescence according to Erikson? A. Intimacy versus isolation B. Industry versus inferiority C. Generativity versus stagnation D. Identity versus identity diffusion

Answer 48

D

Question 49

What is the relationship between a warm parent-child relationship and moral development? A. A warm parent-child relationship is associated with no effect on moral development B. A warm parent-child relationship is associated with improved moral development C. A warm parent-child relationship is associated with inconsistent moral outcomes D. A warm parent-child relationship is associated with increased antisocial behavior

Answer 49

B

Question 50

What are the two distinct phases of moral development identified by Piaget? A. Heteronomous morality and Autonomous morality B. Autonomous morality and Conventional morality C. Heteronomous morality and Preconventional morality D. Preconventional morality and Conventional morality

Answer 50

A

Question 51

What behavioral changes are observed in participants who consume only THC compared to those who consume THC with CBD? A. Impaired facial emotion recognition and reduced motivation for reward B. Improved facial emotion recognition and increased motivation for reward C. Impaired facial emotion recognition and increased motivation for reward D. Improved facial emotion recognition and reduced motivation for reward

Answer 51

A

Question 52

How does class size impact student learning and attention from teachers? A. Smaller classes allow teachers to provide more individual attention, improving student learning B. Larger classes provide more diverse perspectives and group interaction, enhancing learning C. Larger classes offer a wider range of resources and support, improving student outcomes D. Larger classes foster a competitive environment that motivates students to excel

Answer 52

A

Question 53

What are the three major approaches to discipline described by Martin Hoffman? A. Induction, Power assertion, and Time-out B. Induction, Love withdrawal, and Reward-based discipline C. Power assertion, Love withdrawal, and Positive reinforcement D. Induction, Power assertion, and Love withdrawal

Answer 53

D

Question 54

What factors may promote more consistent moral behavior in adolescents? A. Peer influence and socialization B. Individual impulsivity and restlessness C. Community violence and neighborhood risk D. Parental monitoring, family cohesion, and secure attachment

Answer 54

D

Question 55

How might early childhood conduct problems relate to later adolescent delinquency? A. Internalizing problems B. Adolescent-limited offending C. Life-course-persistent offending D. Status offending

Answer 55

C

Question 56

What is "pill epistemology," and how does it relate to extremism and radicalization? A. A model that presents online knowledge acquisition as a process of awakening, becoming, behaving, and communicating, often leading to extremism and radicalization B. A model that encourages open-minded inquiry and diverse viewpoints, preventing radicalization C. A model that promotes critical thinking and balanced perspectives, fostering tolerance and dialogue D. A model that emphasizes rational, evidence-based knowledge acquisition leading to moderate views

Answer 56

A

Question 57

How does Kohlberg's stage 3 relate to societal expectations in moral decision-making? A. It emphasizes universal ethical principles that transcend societal norms. B. It emphasizes strict adherence to laws and social order. C. It emphasizes personal rewards and punishments rather than social approval. D. It emphasizes conforming to societal expectations.

Answer 57

D

Question 58

What was Kohlberg's approach to studying moral reasoning compared to Piaget's method? A. Kohlberg used more complex moral dilemmas with younger participants, emphasizing intention-based judgment. B. Kohlberg used more complex moral dilemmas with older participants, emphasizing advanced moral reasoning. C. Kohlberg used simpler moral dilemmas with younger participants, focusing on basic rule adherence. D. Kohlberg used the same moral dilemmas with older participants, emphasizing rule enforcement.

Answer 58

B

Question 59

What is the significance of peer relationships in the context of adolescent depression? A. They are a major source of stress that increases the risk of adolescent depression B. They are a neutral influence that does not affect adolescent depression C. They are a protective factor that reduces the risk of adolescent depression D. They are a minor source of stress that has little impact on adolescent depression

Answer 59

A

Question 60

How does the number of hours worked relate to academic performance among teens? A. Teens who work more hours tend to have no change in grades B. Teens who work more hours tend to have inconsistent grades C. Teens who work more hours tend to have higher grades D. Teens who work more hours tend to have lower grades

Answer 60

D

Question 61

In what ways can empathy contribute to moral behavior according to Hoffman? A. Empathy leads to moral behavior by evoking sympathy, which prompts individuals to alleviate others' distress. B. Empathy leads to moral behavior by triggering guilt, which motivates individuals to avoid punishment. C. Empathy leads to moral behavior by enhancing cognitive reasoning, which enables individuals to make rational moral decisions. D. Empathy leads to moral behavior by promoting self-regulation, which helps individuals control their impulses.

Answer 61

A

Question 62

What role do personal beliefs and emotions play in adolescent self-descriptions? A. They focus solely on concrete physical traits and external behaviors. B. They emphasize only social roles and peer interactions. C. They rely primarily on objective facts and observable characteristics. D. They reflect on private beliefs and emotions.

Answer 62

D

Question 63

What are some examples of tasks that fall within the Zone of Proximal Development? A. Tasks that can be completed with the help of a more skilled individual B. Tasks that are too challenging and beyond the learner's current capabilities C. Tasks that are already mastered and require no support D. Tasks that can be completed independently without any assistance

Answer 63

A

Question 64

What is the relationship between ethnocultural identity and self-esteem in youth from immigrant families? A. A strong ethnocultural identity is associated with variable self-esteem B. A strong ethnocultural identity is associated with high self-esteem C. A strong ethnocultural identity is associated with low self-esteem D. A strong ethnocultural identity is associated with no change in self-esteem

Answer 64

B

Question 65

What factors contribute to the dropout problem among adolescents? A. Lack of academic success, pregnancy, low family socioeconomic status, delinquency, and having a first language other than English B. Strong school climate and connectedness C. High academic achievement and engagement D. Supportive family environment and resources

Answer 65

A

Question 66

How does the method of suicide attempt differ between boys and girls? A. Girls are more likely to use firearms, while boys are more likely to use a lethal overdose of pills B. Girls are more likely to use hanging, while boys are more likely to use a lethal overdose of pills C. Girls are more likely to use cutting, while boys are more likely to use firearms D. Girls are more likely to use a lethal overdose of pills, while boys are more likely to use firearms

Answer 66

D

Question 67

How does social media exposure relate to radicalization among teens? A. It reduces radicalization by exposing teens to diverse viewpoints. B. It increases radicalization by amplifying hateful content. C. It has no effect on radicalization as teens are not influenced by online content. D. It only affects teens who already hold extremist views.

Answer 67

B

Question 68

What personality characteristics are associated with individuals in the diffusion category? A. None of the above B. Aggressive, defiant, emotionally dysregulated, and socially isolated C. Antisocial, deviant, peer-influenced, and norm-violating D. Impulsive, restless, anger-prone, and low IQ

Answer 68

A

Question 69

What personality characteristics are associated with individuals in the diffusion category? A. None of the above B. Aggressive, defiant, emotionally dysregulated, and socially isolated C. Antisocial, deviant, peer-influenced, and norm-violating D. Impulsive, restless, anger-prone, and low IQ

Answer 69

C

Question 70

How does the capacity for empathy change during adolescence? A. It becomes more focused on immediate personal distress B. It becomes less generalized and more specific to close relationships C. It remains unchanged from childhood levels D. It becomes more generalized

Answer 70

D

Question 71

What is the significance of the superego in Freud's theory of personality and morality? A. It is the part of the personality that enforces moral standards by inducing guilt. B. It is the part of the personality that focuses on rational decision-making. C. It is the part of the personality that mediates between desires and reality. D. It is the part of the personality that seeks immediate gratification of desires.

Answer 71

A

Question 72

What factors contribute to the psychological climate of a classroom? A. The way the teacher relates to students B. The match or mismatch between students and teacher C. The particular mix of students in the classroom D. The clear and fair rules about order and discipline

Answer 72

A

Question 73

What are some advantages of large schools? A. More personalized attention from teachers B. Stronger sense of community and belonging C. Lower rates of dropout and skipping classes D. Wider variety of specialized courses

Answer 73

D

Question 74

What are drug withdrawal symptoms? A. The positive physical and mental effects experienced when someone continues taking a drug B. The pleasant physical and mental effects experienced when someone starts taking a drug C. The neutral physical and mental effects experienced when someone stops taking a drug D. The unpleasant physical or mental effects experienced when someone stops taking a drug

Answer 74

D

Question 75

How do antidepressant medications affect suicide rates among adolescents? A. Antidepressant medications have no effect on the suicide rate among adolescents, as the risk remains unchanged B. Antidepressant medications reduce the suicide rate among adolescents by lowering suicidal thoughts C. Antidepressant medications increase the suicide rate among adolescents by elevating suicidal thoughts D. Antidepressant medications reduce the suicide rate among adolescents by treating depression

Answer 75

D

Question 76

How does cultural identity affect youth engagement with gangs? A. It increases youth engagement and strengthens gang ties by reinforcing group solidarity B. It decreases youth engagement and weakens gang ties by isolating youth from their peers C. It has no effect on youth engagement and does not alter gang ties by maintaining neutrality D. It increases youth engagement and weakens gang ties by reinforcing cultural values

Answer 76

D

Question 77

What is the difference between performance orientation and mastery orientation in education? A. Performance orientation emphasizes short-term gains and immediate results, while mastery orientation focuses on long-term retention and deep understanding B. Performance orientation emphasizes achieving high grades and outperforming others, while mastery orientation focuses on learning and improving skills C. Performance orientation emphasizes competition and social comparison, while mastery orientation focuses on memorization and rote learning D. Performance orientation emphasizes learning and improving skills, while mastery orientation focuses on achieving high grades and outperforming others

Answer 77

B

Question 78

What is the importance of the General Ability Index (GAI) in IQ testing? A. It measures overall cognitive ability by combining all subtests, including working memory and processing speed. B. It measures cognitive proficiency by focusing on working memory and processing speed. C. It measures full-scale intelligence by including all cognitive domains. D. It measures core cognitive abilities by excluding working memory and processing speed.

Answer 78

D

Question 79

What role do parents play in shaping their child's career choices? A. They primarily shape career choices by enforcing strict career expectations and academic standards B. They primarily shape career choices by offering financial support and educational resources C. They primarily shape career choices by providing vocational counseling and academic guidance D. They primarily shape career choices by serving as role models, interpreting abilities, offering experiences, and providing emotional support

Answer 79

D

Question 80

What is a significant risk factor for developing anorexia among adolescent girls? A. Impulsivity B. Body dissatisfaction C. Social isolation D. Perfectionism

Answer 80

D

Question 81

How does puberty affect cognitive abilities? A. It impairs cognitive abilities by reducing inhibitory control and slowing processing speed B. It enhances cognitive abilities by increasing inhibitory control and boosting processing speed C. It maintains cognitive abilities by stabilizing inhibitory control and preserving processing speed D. It delays cognitive abilities by slowing inhibitory control and reducing processing speed

Answer 81

B

Question 82

What are the consequences of gang involvement for adolescents' mental health? A. It exposes adolescents to violence and trauma, which normalizes such events and leads to bleak future expectations B. It provides structured activities and mentorship, which improves academic performance and emotional stability C. It promotes positive peer influence and community integration, which fosters resilience and optimism D. It increases social support and protection, which enhances self-esteem and future prospects

Answer 82

A

Question 83

What type of therapy has been shown to effectively reduce depressive symptoms in adolescents? A. Interpersonal therapy B. Psychodynamic therapy C. Family therapy D. Cognitive-behavioural therapy

Answer 83

D

Question 84

How do discussions with peers affect the rate of moral development in adolescents? A. They delay moral development by encouraging deviant behavior B. They have no effect on moral development by maintaining neutral peer interactions C. They enhance moral development by fostering empathy and prosocial behavior D. They accelerate moral development by promoting positive social norms

Answer 84

A

Question 85

What protective factors can help prevent both externalizing and internalizing problems in adolescents? A. Academic success B. Positive self-concept C. Positive peer relationships D. Strong family support

Answer 85

B

Question 86

How does a diffuse-avoidant style affect young adults' life distress levels? A. It decreases life distress levels by promoting emotional detachment and reducing stress reactivity B. It maintains life distress levels by balancing emotional engagement with avoidance C. It fluctuates life distress levels by alternating between emotional connection and withdrawal D. It increases life distress levels by fostering isolation and ineffective stress management

Answer 86

D

Question 87

In which stage does morality become defined by rules set forth by legitimate authorities? A. Stage 3 (Good boy/good girl orientation) B. Stage 5 (Social contract orientation) C. Stage 6 (Universal ethical principles) D. Stage 4 (Social order orientation)

Answer 87

D

Question 88

What is barometric self-esteem? A. Social comparison (evaluating oneself relative to others) B. Self-concept (the overall perception of one's identity) C. Temporary fluctuations in self-esteem due to specific incidents D. Baseline self-esteem (the stable, long-term feelings about oneself)

Answer 88

C

Question 89

How do societal views of adolescence often misrepresent the reality of teen behavior? A. By portraying typical teen challenges as constant crises B. By sensationalizing minor incidents into extreme behaviors C. By focusing on isolated incidents of delinquency as representative of all teens D. By exaggerating minor misbehaviors into full-blown criminal acts

Answer 89

B

Question 90

How can parental beliefs about gender influence children's interests in certain subjects or careers? A. By shaping self-efficacy and career expectations that influence children's interest in certain subjects B. By providing career-related experiences and resources that directly expose children to various fields C. By offering emotional support and encouragement that boosts children's confidence in their vocational explorations D. By modeling their own work experiences and attitudes that shape children's perceptions of different careers

Answer 90

A

Question 91

What are the benefits of integrating students with disabilities into regular classrooms? A. It promotes a sense of belonging by isolating students with disabilities from mainstream activities. B. It enhances social skills by limiting interactions to peers with similar disabilities. C. It improves academic performance by providing specialized instruction in separate settings. D. It fosters social interaction, enhances academic achievement, and promotes a sense of belonging.

Answer 91

D

Question 92

What is meant by abstraction in the context of adolescent self-concept development? A. Emphasizing the differentiation of self-descriptions by listing multiple specific traits without forming overarching generalizations B. Forming higher-order, abstract generalizations by integrating concrete behaviors and traits C. Focusing on concrete, observable behaviors and traits without integrating them into abstract categories D. Highlighting the integration of conflicting self-perceptions by resolving discrepancies rather than forming abstract categories

Answer 92

B

Question 93

What is hostile attributional bias and how does it affect antisocial teens? A. The tendency to interpret ambiguous social cues as intentionally friendly, leading antisocial teens to react passively even in minor or unintentional clashes. B. The tendency to interpret ambiguous social cues as unintentionally hostile, leading antisocial teens to react defensively even in minor or unintentional clashes. C. The tendency to interpret ambiguous social cues as intentionally neutral, leading antisocial teens to react indifferently even in minor or unintentional clashes. D. The tendency to interpret ambiguous social cues as intentionally hostile, leading antisocial teens to react aggressively even in minor or unintentional clashes.

Answer 93

D

Question 94

What evidence supports the idea that being bicultural leads to better psychological outcomes? A. Marginalization (lacking identification with both cultures) B. Biculturalism (integrating both ethnic and majority cultures) C. Separation (maintaining ethnic identity while rejecting the majority culture) D. Assimilation (adopting the majority culture while abandoning ethnic identity)

Answer 94

B

Question 95

What processing style is typical for individuals in the diffuse-avoidant category? A. Normative processing style B. Informational processing style C. Foreclosed processing style D. Avoidant processing style

Answer 95

D

Question 96

How does Erikson's concept of identity crisis manifest during adolescence? A. It manifests as a period of confusion where adolescents passively accept societal norms without questioning them. B. It manifests as a period of rebellion where adolescents reject all parental values and seek complete independence. C. It manifests as a period of exploration where adolescents actively choose among possibilities and reject others. D. It manifests as a period of conformity where adolescents blindly adopt peer group identities without personal exploration.

Answer 96

C

Question 97

What is empathy, and how might it be linked to brain structures? A. It is the ability to predict and anticipate others' actions, linked to the parietal lobe and basal ganglia B. It is the ability to control one's own emotions and impulses, linked to the prefrontal cortex and cerebellum C. It is the ability to recognize and label emotions in oneself, linked to the hippocampus and temporal lobe D. It is the ability to understand and share the feelings of others, linked to the anterior cingulate cortex, insula, and amygdala

Answer 97

D

Question 98

What are James Marcia's four categories of identity status? A. Achievement, foreclosure, moratorium, and identity crisis B. Achievement, foreclosure, moratorium, and role confusion C. Achievement, foreclosure, moratorium, and confusion D. Achievement, foreclosure, moratorium, and diffusion

Answer 98

D

Question 99

How does the ability to think abstractly influence an adolescent's self-concept? A. It complicates self-concept by considering multiple perspectives. B. It simplifies self-concept by focusing on concrete experiences. C. It stabilizes self-concept by relying on fixed personal traits. D. It reinforces self-concept by emphasizing immediate social feedback.

Answer 99

A

Question 100

What does the term "mental age" refer to in the context of early IQ testing? A. The chronological age of a child B. The average age of children who perform at the same cognitive level C. The percentile rank of a child D. The standardized deviation score of a child

Answer 100

B

Question 101

How does the HPG axis function in relation to sex hormones? A. The hypothalamus releases GnRH to stimulate the pituitary, which then produces LH and FSH to increase sex hormone production by the gonads, but the gonads do not release these hormones into the bloodstream. B. The hypothalamus releases GnRH to stimulate the pituitary, which then produces LH and FSH to increase sex hormone production by the gonads without feedback regulation. C. The hypothalamus releases GnRH to stimulate the pituitary, which then produces LH and FSH to increase sex hormone production by the gonads, with feedback regulation. D. The hypothalamus releases GnRH to stimulate the pituitary, which then produces LH and FSH to inhibit sex hormone production by the gonads.

Answer 101

C

Question 102

What is the definition of ethnicity in the context of identity development? A. It refers to shared cultural traits, traditions, and ancestry that define a group. B. It refers to legal citizenship and national identity that define a group. C. It refers to physical characteristics and genetic traits that define a group. D. It refers to socioeconomic status and class distinctions that define a group.

Answer 102

A

Question 103

What percentage of Grade 12 students reported using alcohol according to recent surveys? A. 71% B. 91% C. 37.7% D. 10.9%

Answer 103

A

Question 104

How do changes in self-esteem typically manifest during early adolescence? A. Baseline self-esteem remains high with wider and more frequent barometric swings B. Baseline self-esteem drops sharply with wider and more frequent barometric swings C. Baseline self-esteem remains high with stable barometric swings D. Baseline self-esteem rises sharply with stable barometric swings

Answer 104

B

Question 105

What is the significance of peer influence during adolescence in relation to delinquency? A. Peer influence increases delinquency only when combined with family dysfunction B. Peer influence increases delinquency by promoting deviant behavior C. Peer influence has no effect on delinquency during adolescence D. Peer influence reduces delinquency by promoting prosocial behavior

Answer 105

B

Question 106

What is the "Forgotten Half" in the context of post-secondary education? A. Teens who graduate high school and immediately enter the workforce B. Teens who drop out of high school early and enter the workforce C. Teens who attend post-secondary education but do not complete their degree D. Teens who pursue vocational training instead of traditional college

Answer 106

A

Question 107

What percentage of U.S. students from the lowest socioeconomic bracket who attended private school earned a bachelor's degree? A. 46% B. 24% C. 7% D. 51%

Answer 107

B

Question 108

How prevalent is substance use among adolescents, and what influences it? A. Peer influence and social norms B. Limited access to substance use education and prevention programs C. High levels of sensation seeking and impulsivity D. Ineffective parental communication and lack of clear rules

Answer 108

A

Question 109

How does the moral reasoning of children differ from that of adults according to Kohlberg's levels? A. Children focus on universal justice rather than external consequences B. Children focus on social approval rather than external consequences C. Children focus on internal ethical principles rather than external consequences D. Children focus on external consequences rather than internal standards

Answer 109

D

Question 110

What factors contribute to better psychological functioning and well-being in individuals with strong ethnocultural identities? A. Superficial engagement with cultural traditions without deep internalization B. Active exploration and internalization of cultural identity C. External validation of cultural identity without personal reflection D. Passive acceptance of cultural norms without exploration

Answer 110

B

Question 111

What traits are commonly found in those who have reached identity foreclosure status? A. Open-minded, flexible, and thoughtful with a tendency to embrace change B. Anxious, thoughtful, and exploratory with a tendency to question change C. Apathetic, disinterested, and confused with a tendency to avoid change D. Closed-minded, rigid, and authoritarian with a tendency to resist changed

Answer 111

D

Question 112

How does ethnicity influence juvenile arrests and detentions in the United States? A. Ethnicity influences juvenile arrests and detentions by increasing the likelihood of detention for minority youth. B. Ethnicity influences juvenile arrests and detentions by decreasing the likelihood of detention for minority youth. C. Ethnicity influences juvenile arrests and detentions by increasing the likelihood of detention for white youth. D. Ethnicity has no effect on juvenile arrests and detentions, as all youth are treated equally.

Answer 112

A

Question 113

What types of activities are typically included in after-school programs? A. Structured academic classes B. Arts and crafts, sports, games, computers, homework help, and programs on developmental needs, risk reduction, and leadership C. Formal extracurricular clubs D. Supervised study halls

Answer 113

B

Question 114

What is the relationship between social media use and mental health in adolescents? A. Social media use is negatively related to mental health in adolescents B. Social media use is positively related to mental health in adolescents C. Social media use is unrelated to mental health in adolescents D. Social media use is inconsistently related to mental health in adolescents

Answer 114

A

Question 115

What factors can help reduce youth gang involvement in communities? A. Enhanced law enforcement presence and stricter policing strategies B. Increased economic opportunities and job training programs C. Improved educational resources and academic support systems D. Strong cultural identity, high empathy and support, and robust family ties

Answer 115

D

Question 116

What is the relationship between ethnocultural identity and psychological well-being? A. Ethnocultural identity is both protective and a source of stress, influencing psychological well-being in a complex manner. B. Ethnocultural identity is neutral, having no significant impact on psychological well-being. C. Ethnocultural identity is solely a source of stress, increasing vulnerability to negative events without any protective benefits. D. Ethnocultural identity is solely protective, enhancing psychological well-being without any negative effects.

Answer 116

A

Question 117

What are the three types of intelligence identified in Robert Sternberg's Triarchic Theory of Intelligence? A. Contextual, Experiential, and Emotional Intelligence B. Contextual, Experiential, and Logical Intelligence C. Contextual, Experiential, and Componential Intelligence D. Contextual, Experiential, and Social Intelligence

Answer 117

C

Question 118

What are the long-term effects of adolescent marijuana exposure on brain structure and function? A. Long-term cognitive decline, structural brain atrophy, and reduced brain activation B. Long-term cognitive impairments, structural brain changes, and abnormal brain activation C. Long-term cognitive stability, structural brain preservation, and unchanged brain activation D. Long-term cognitive improvements, structural brain enhancements, and normal brain activation

Answer 118

B

Question 119

What role does ethnicity play in predicting delinquency rates among youth? A. Ethnicity predicts overall delinquency rates by affecting the types of offenses committed B. Ethnicity predicts delinquency outcomes by influencing the severity of legal treatment C. Ethnicity predicts overall delinquency rates by determining the frequency of delinquent acts D. Ethnicity predicts overall delinquency rates by influencing the likelihood of committing offenses

Answer 119

B

Question 120

What impact does a strong ethnocultural identity have on aggression perceptions among First Nations students? A. They are perceived as being less aggressive B. They are perceived as being unpredictably aggressive C. They are perceived as being equally aggressive D. They are perceived as being more aggressive

Answer 120

A

Question 121

What are the potential benefits and risks associated with marijuana use? A. Benefits include increased appetite and relaxation, while risks include reduced lung disease and heart problems B. Benefits include reduced anxiety and better sleep, while risks include decreased psychosis and improved cognitive function C. Benefits include alleviation of psychiatric and physical symptoms, while risks include increased psychosis, cognitive impairment, and physical health issues D. Benefits include improved mood and pain relief, while risks include enhanced memory and physical fitness

Answer 121

C

Question 122

How does cognitive development influence changes in self-concept during adolescence? A. It enhances perspective taking, reflective abstraction, and logical thinking, leading to a more differentiated and integrated self-concept. B. It promotes logical thinking, leading to a more rational and stable self-concept. C. It enhances executive functioning, leading to a more organized and consistent self-concept. D. It increases the ability to internalize peer feedback, leading to a more socially constructed self-concept.

Answer 122

A

Question 123

What factors contribute to the transition from heteronomous to autonomous morality in children? A. Genetic predispositions alone B. Delinquent peer associations alone C. An interaction between genetic predispositions and environmental factors D. Adverse childhood experiences alone

Answer 123

C

Question 124

What is the relationship between working memory and processing speed in IQ assessments? A. Processing speed increases, which then expands working memory B. Working memory increases, which then reduces processing speed C. Processing speed increases, which then reduces working memory D. Working memory increases, which then expands processing speed

Answer 124

A

Question 125

What characterizes the conventional level of morality in Kohlberg's stages? A. Morality is defined by external punishment or reward; only self-interests are considered B. Morality is defined by one’s own internalization of ethics and justice; goes beyond convention to universal principles C. Morality is defined by fixed rules and authority; obedience is paramount D. Morality is defined by the standards of others; care about the approval of others or one’s impact on them

Answer 125

D

Question 126

What is the difference between punishment orientation and naive hedonism in moral reasoning? A. Punishment orientation defines morality based on rewards, while naive hedonism defines morality based on punishment. B. Punishment orientation defines morality based on punishment, while naive hedonism defines morality based on reward. C. Punishment orientation defines morality based on social approval, while naive hedonism defines morality based on personal gain. D. Punishment orientation defines morality based on obedience to authority, while naive hedonism defines morality based on self-interest.

Answer 126

B

Question 127

How can effective schools adapt their teaching methods as students develop? A. By engaging abstract reasoning and decision-making skills B. By maintaining a uniform curriculum and teacher-centered instruction C. By emphasizing competitive grading and social comparison D. By focusing on rote memorization and strict classroom control

Answer 127

A

Question 128

What is the process of identity exploration according to Marcia? A. Identity exploration (actively trying out different roles and beliefs) B. Identity moratorium (delaying commitment without active exploration) C. Identity diffusion (avoiding exploration and commitment) D. Identity foreclosure (accepting pre-set roles without exploration)

Answer 128

A

Question 129

Why might harsh parenting lead to children who seem immune to feelings of guilt? A. They become overly compliant by strictly adhering to rules to avoid punishment, which masks underlying guilt B. They focus on avoiding punishment rather than internalizing moral values through empathy and guilt C. They develop a heightened sense of guilt due to the constant punishment, resulting in exaggerated remorse D. They internalize the parent's moral code through fear during the Oedipus complex, leading to a strong superego

Answer 129

B

Question 130

How do cultural beliefs influence moral judgments about specific actions? A. Cultural beliefs shape moral judgments by establishing group norms and expectations. B. Cultural beliefs are irrelevant to moral judgments as individuals rely solely on personal values. C. Cultural beliefs are only influential in legal contexts, not in everyday moral evaluations. D. Cultural beliefs are limited to aesthetic preferences and do not affect moral decision-making.

Answer 130

A

Question 131

How does the HPA axis relate to stress responses in individuals? A. It activates the parasympathetic nervous system to release acetylcholine, which dampens stress responses. B. It activates the sympathetic nervous system to release adrenaline, which mediates stress responses. C. It activates the adrenal glands to release cortisol, which mediates stress responses. D. It activates the HPG axis to release sex hormones, which regulate stress responses.

Answer 131

C

Question 132

What is mainstreaming in the context of education for students with disabilities? A. The practice of offering modified curricula in separate environments B. The practice of integrating students with disabilities into regular classrooms C. The practice of separating students with disabilities into special classrooms D. The practice of providing specialized instruction in segregated settings

Answer 132

B

Question 133

How do most working teens tend to spend their earnings? A. Contributing to family finances and utilities B. Investing in personal development and transportation C. Clothing and entertainment D. Saving for education and household expenses

Answer 133

C

Question 134

What are some characteristics that distinguish middle schools from elementary and high schools? A. Self-contained classroom model B. Subject-focused teacher model C. Large class size model D. Parental advisor model

Answer 134

D

Question 135

What is the significance of family conflict in relation to adolescent suicide risk? A. It provides a protective buffer against external stressors by fostering resilience. B. It increases feelings of disconnection and stress, leading to suicidal thoughts and behaviors. C. It enhances social support by strengthening peer relationships and community bonds. D. It promotes emotional stability by encouraging open communication and conflict resolution.

Answer 135

B

Question 136

What is ethnocultural socialization, and how does it influence identity formation? A. Socialization that emphasizes ethnic cultural norms and traditions B. Socialization that emphasizes family values and intergenerational transmission C. Socialization that focuses on peer influence and behavioral norms D. Socialization that centers on community engagement and social support

Answer 136

A

Question 137

What strategies can be employed to support adolescents facing mental health challenges? A. Cognitive-behavioural therapy, medication, and family therapy B. Cognitive-behavioural therapy and medication alone (omitting family therapy) C. Family therapy and medication alone (omitting CBT) D. Medication and psychotherapy alone (omitting CBT)

Answer 137

A

Question 138

What impact does working less than 20 hours a week have on teens' perceptions of their parents? A. They perceive their parents as more caring and trusting, and they report better communication with them. B. They perceive their parents as more caring and trusting, and they report similar communication with them. C. They perceive their parents as equally caring and trusting, and they report similar communication with them. D. They perceive their parents as less caring and trusting, and they report worse communication with them.

Answer 138

A

Question 139

How many levels and stages are there in Kohlberg's model of moral reasoning? A. Three levels with three stages each B. Two levels with three stages each C. Two levels with two stages each D. Three levels with two stages each

Answer 139

D

Question 140

What are Piaget's stages of cognitive development? A. Sensorimotor (0-2), Concrete Operations (7-11), Preoperational (2-7), Formal Operations (11/12+) B. Sensorimotor (0-2), Preoperational (2-7), Formal Operations (11/12+), Concrete Operations (7-11) C. Sensorimotor (0-2), Preoperational (2-7), Concrete Operations (7-11), Post-Formal Thinking (21+) D. Sensorimotor (0-2), Preoperational (2-7), Concrete Operations (7-11), Formal Operations (11/12+)

Answer 140

D

Question 141

What percentage of Canadians over the age of 15 reported smoking marijuana in the past 30 days? A. 16.8% B. 9.1% C. 20.0% D. 12.5%

Answer 141

A

Question 142

What is the impact of structured lesson plans on home-schooled students' performance? A. Structured lesson plans result in inconsistent performance compared to public school students B. Structured lesson plans lead to higher performance compared to public school students C. Structured lesson plans have no impact on performance compared to public school students D. Structured lesson plans lead to lower performance compared to public school students

Answer 142

B

Question 143

What is the significance of the "good boy/good girl" orientation in moral development? A. It defines morality by avoiding punishment and negative consequences. B. It defines morality by seeking rewards and personal benefits. C. It defines morality by adhering to fixed rules and social order. D. It defines morality by conforming to the expectations of significant others.

Answer 143

D

Question 144

Why is adolescence considered a period of identity crisis? A. Because teens experience rapid physical changes that disrupt their self-image B. Because teens question their childhood identifications and explore various roles to establish a coherent sense of self C. Because teens face increased academic pressure that challenges their self-esteem D. Because teens encounter peer pressure that undermines their personal values

Answer 144

B

Question 145

What is the average number of hours that high school students work per week in Canada? A. 15 hours per week B. 25 hours per week C. 20 hours per week D. 10 hours per week

Answer 145

A

Question 146

What are externalizing problems in mental health and addictions? A. Difficulties turned inward, such as phobias, PTSD, and suicidal ideation B. Difficulties turned outward, such as aggression, delinquency, antisocial behavior, and substance abuse C. Difficulties turned inward, such as depression, anxiety, and eating disorders D. Difficulties turned inward, such as low self-esteem, social withdrawal, and self-harm

Answer 146

B

Question 147

What is the significance of the "Indigenous Girls Group" program in British Columbia? A. It focuses on increasing law enforcement presence to deter gang activity. B. It promotes educational attainment to improve academic outcomes. C. It emphasizes economic opportunities to reduce poverty-related gang recruitment. D. It strengthens cultural identity and supportive networks to reduce gang involvement.

Answer 147

D

Question 148

What are some common reasons youth join gangs? A. They join gangs for academic success and career advancement B. They join gangs for religious affiliation and spiritual guidance C. They join gangs for protection, social support, and deviant peer influence D. They join gangs for athletic opportunities and team sports

Answer 148

C

Question 149

What impact does parental monitoring have on adolescent delinquency? A. Increased parental monitoring increases adolescent delinquency B. Increased parental monitoring has no impact on adolescent delinquency C. Increased parental monitoring reduces adolescent delinquency only in high-risk environments D. Increased parental monitoring reduces adolescent delinquency

Answer 149

D

Question 150

What are some common questions adolescents ask themselves about their identity? A. What kind of person am I? What are my good and bad qualities? Where do I want my life to go? What do I believe in? What do I think is the right thing to do? B. What are my academic strengths and weaknesses? C. What are my favorite hobbies and interests? D. What are my social connections and friendships?

Answer 150

A

Question 151

What impact does exposure to media images of thin models have on young girls' body satisfaction? A. It decreases body satisfaction and self-esteem by promoting unrealistic body ideals B. It enhances body satisfaction and self-esteem by reinforcing realistic body ideals C. It has no significant impact on body satisfaction or self-esteem D. It increases body satisfaction and self-esteem by promoting positive body image

Answer 151

A

Question 152

How does parenting style influence an adolescent's identity style? A. By increasing peer influence and risky behaviors through weak monitoring and low expectations B. By decreasing peer influence and risky behaviors through strong monitoring and high expectations C. By increasing peer influence and risky behaviors through strong monitoring and high expectations D. By decreasing peer influence and risky behaviors through weak monitoring and low expectations

Answer 152

D

Question 153

What role does inner exploration play in developing an adolescent's self-concept? A. It focuses on external characteristics and social feedback B. It emphasizes concrete behaviors and observable traits C. It relies on peer comparisons and group identity D. It examines private beliefs, attitudes, motives, and emotions

Answer 153

D

Question 154

How do peer interactions influence moral development according to Piaget? A. Peer interactions primarily involve competition that challenges moral norms B. Peer interactions mainly involve imitation of adult moral standards C. Peer interactions facilitate the construction of moral rules through cooperative exchanges D. Peer interactions reinforce existing adult-imposed moral rules

Answer 154

C

Question 155

What is the Looking Glass Self theory proposed by Cooley? A. We learn to know ourselves by analyzing our past experiences and behaviors B. We learn to know ourselves by reflecting on our internal thoughts and feelings C. We learn to know ourselves by comparing our traits to those of others D. We learn to know ourselves by observing how others respond to us

Answer 155

D

Question 156

What role does family support play in the self-esteem of adolescents? A. Family support increases self-esteem by emphasizing material success and social status. B. Family support increases self-esteem by fostering secure attachment and cohesion. C. Family support increases self-esteem by promoting academic achievement and peer acceptance. D. Family support increases self-esteem by encouraging independence and self-reliance.

Answer 156

B

Question 157

What is the significance of achieving a secure sense of ethnocultural identity? A. It enhances social integration and acceptance by conforming to the majority culture B. It promotes academic achievement and career success by focusing on mainstream values C. It fosters cultural diversity and tolerance by embracing multiple ethnic backgrounds D. It improves psychological functioning and well-being by reducing mental health risks

Answer 157

D

Question 158

How does equilibration contribute to cognitive development? A. It promotes assimilation by fitting new information into existing schemas B. It promotes accommodation by changing existing schemas to fit new information C. It promotes schema updating by balancing assimilation and accommodation D. It promotes schema formation by creating new mental frameworks

Answer 158

C

Question 159

How has the understanding of intelligence evolved since the introduction of the first IQ tests? A. Early tests used mental age, while modern tests used standardized deviation scores B. Early tests used absolute scores, while modern tests used relative scores C. Early tests used chronological age, while modern tests used mental age D. Early tests used standardized deviation scores, while modern tests used mental age

Answer 159

A

Question 160

What role does self-selection play in gang membership among adolescents? A. It leads adolescents to join gangs by exposing them to deviant peers and criminal opportunities B. It leads adolescents to join gangs by providing them with structured organizational support and legitimacy C. It leads adolescents to join gangs by attracting those who perceive a lack of safety and seek protection and social support D. It leads adolescents to join gangs by offering them a sense of belonging and identity through group affiliation

Answer 160

C

Question 161

How do children in the phase of heteronomous morality view rules and authority figures? A. They view rules as fixed and imposed by authority figures, with no consideration for intent or context. B. They view rules as evolving and adaptable to changing circumstances, prioritizing situational context. C. They view rules as subjective and dependent on individual interpretation, focusing on personal judgment. D. They view rules as flexible and negotiated with peers, emphasizing mutual agreement.

Answer 161

A

Question 162

How does the locus of causality affect students' perceptions of their successes and failures? A. It affects the stability of attributions, influencing future expectancies B. It affects the emotional value of outcomes, influencing self-esteem C. It affects the controllability of attributions, influencing motivation D. It affects the consistency of attributions, influencing self-efficacy

Answer 162

B

Question 163

What factors contribute to the differentiation of self-concept in adolescents? A. Socialization and selection with personal factors B. Socialization and selection with media exposure C. Socialization and selection with academic achievement D. Socialization and selection with parental influence

Answer 163

A

Question 164

What factors contribute to Indigenous youth being at higher risk for suicide? A. Lack of access to mental health services B. Historical trauma, cultural disconnection, and socioeconomic disparities C. Individual mental health issues D. Genetic predisposition

Answer 164

B

Question 165

In what ways can poor social relationships lead to low self-esteem in adolescents? A. By increasing academic stress and performance pressure B. By fostering romantic rejection and appearance concerns C. By promoting family conflict and attachment issues D. By reducing peer acceptance and social support

Answer 165

D

Question 166

What are the implications of attributing success to effort versus ability for a student's future motivation? A. Attributing success to effort implies that outcomes are controllable and variable, which fosters a belief that future success can be achieved through increased effort. B. Attributing success to ability implies that outcomes are controllable and variable, which fosters a belief that future success can be achieved through increased effort. C. Attributing success to effort implies that outcomes are fixed and uncontrollable, which fosters a belief that future success can be achieved through innate talent. D. Attributing success to ability implies that outcomes are fixed and uncontrollable, which fosters a belief that future success can be achieved through innate talent.

Answer 166

A

Question 167

How does exposure to media violence correlate with aggressive behavior in youth? A. Positive correlation B. Negative correlation C. No correlation D. Inverse correlation

Answer 167

A

Question 168

What is a status offense, and can you provide an example? A. Misdemeanor B. Index crime C. Delinquent act D. Truancy

Answer 168

D

Question 169

How do cognitive shortcuts (heuristics) influence decision-making in adolescents? A. They optimize decision-making by facilitating detailed, systematic analysis B. They speed up decision-making by enabling quick, intuitive choices C. They enhance decision-making by promoting thorough, analytical processing D. They improve decision-making by ensuring comprehensive, logical evaluation

Answer 169

B

Question 170

What percentage of high school students in Canada were also working according to Statistics Canada's Youth Labour Force Participation Survey? A. Under 70% B. Exactly 70% C. Over 80% D. Over 70%

Answer 170

D

Question 171

What is the relationship between early school leaving and employment opportunities? A. Early school leavers have increased employment opportunities and higher wages. B. Early school leavers have similar employment opportunities and wages as high school graduates. C. Early school leavers have slightly reduced employment opportunities but comparable wages. D. Early school leavers have significantly reduced employment opportunities and lower wages.

Answer 171

D

Question 172

Why were middle schools proposed as an alternative to junior high schools? A. To reduce overcrowding by redistributing Grade 9 students to high school B. To improve academic performance by focusing on subject-based instruction C. To streamline administrative processes by consolidating grades into fewer institutions D. To ease the transition from elementary to high school by grouping developmentally similar students

Answer 172

D

Question 173

How does cultural background influence moral judgments, according to critics of Kohlberg's theory? A. It falsely labels individualist values as morally superior to collectivist values B. It falsely labels Western values as morally superior to non-Western values C. It falsely labels gender-based values as morally superior to culture-based values D. It falsely labels collectivist values as morally superior to individualist values

Answer 173

A

Question 174

How can closer cooperation between schools and the working world improve job prospects for high school graduates? A. By focusing solely on academic achievement and standardized testing, which neglects practical skills B. By relying exclusively on university counseling and theoretical knowledge, which lacks real-world application C. By emphasizing only part-time employment for extra income, which does not provide structured career preparation D. By providing practical skills, real-world experience, and a clearer understanding of workplace dynamics

Answer 174

D

Question 175

What is the relationship between school size and student adjustment during transitions? A. Smaller schools improve student adjustment by fostering a stronger sense of community. B. Smaller schools increase stress due to limited resources and fewer extracurricular options. C. School size has no impact on student adjustment during transitions. D. Larger schools enhance student adjustment by providing more resources and opportunities.

Answer 175

A

Question 176

How does the process of exploration relate to identity development in adolescents? A. Exploration is a process of trying new roles, which facilitates the discovery of personal identity. B. Exploration is a process of avoiding risky behaviors, which stabilizes established identity patterns. C. Exploration is a process of maintaining consistent values, which solidifies pre-existing identity beliefs. D. Exploration is a process of conforming to peer norms, which reinforces existing social identities.

Answer 176

A

Question 177

What outcomes are linked to a strong ethnocultural identity among Indigenous youth in Canada? A. Higher suicide risk, increased aggression, and gang involvement B. Lower suicide risk, increased aggression, and gang involvement C. Higher suicide risk, reduced aggression, and gang involvement D. Lower suicide risk, reduced aggression, and protection from gang involvement

Answer 177

D

Question 178

What impact does internalizing parents' moral values have on children's social competence? A. It impairs social competence B. It has no impact on social competence C. It reduces social competence D. It enhances social competence

Answer 178

D

Question 179

What characterizes the normative processing style used by foreclosed individuals? A. Controlled and thoughtful processing style B. Reflective and deliberate processing style C. Analytical and systematic processing style D. Impulsive and automatic processing style

Answer 179

D

Question 180

How can a positive classroom climate enhance students' academic achievement? A. By providing clear and fair rules that ensure order and discipline B. By establishing strong leadership and a shared vision among staff C. By creating an attractive and safe working environment D. By fostering trust, concern, and respect that enhance motivation, engagement, and self-esteem

Answer 180

D

Question 181

How does ethnocultural socialization contribute to a person's sense of identity? A. It promotes assimilation by encouraging adoption of the majority culture B. It fosters marginalization by rejecting both one's own and the majority culture C. It reinforces separation by emphasizing cultural isolation D. It strengthens commitment to one's ethnocultural identity

Answer 181

D

Question 182

How do comprehensive high schools differ from progressive education approaches? A. Comprehensive high schools track students based on presumed abilities and future economic roles B. Comprehensive high schools focus on academic rigor and standardized testing by tracking students based on presumed abilities and future economic roles C. Comprehensive high schools emphasize equality and democratic citizenship by tracking students based on presumed abilities and future economic roles D. Comprehensive high schools prioritize equality and democratic citizenship by integrating students of diverse backgrounds in the same class

Answer 182

A

Question 183

What criticism has been directed at Kohlberg's theory regarding gender bias? A. It is biased towards individualist cultures and less applicable to collectivist societies B. It is biased towards white men and less applicable to women or ethnocultural minorities C. It is biased towards hypothetical scenarios and less applicable to real-life moral behavior D. It is biased towards male-oriented moral reasoning

Answer 183

D

Question 184

What implications does the fluctuation of barometric self-esteem have on adolescents' emotional well-being? A. It leads to enhanced resilience and reduced sensitivity to peer evaluations B. It leads to decreased anxiety and improved emotional regulation C. It leads to increased anxiety, mood swings, and heightened sensitivity to peer evaluations D. It leads to stable self-esteem and consistent emotional well-being

Answer 184

C

Question 185

What is the significance of Advanced Placement (AP) classes for high school students? A. They offer intensive high school courses that enhance academic skills but do not lead to college credit. B. They provide advanced high school curriculum that prepares students for college-level work without offering college credit. C. They deliver challenging high school instruction that improves test-taking abilities without granting college credit. D. They offer the opportunity to earn college credit by performing well on a nationwide exam.

Answer 185

D

Question 186

How do bullying rates among Canadian students reflect potential risks for serious injury? A. Bullying rates are elevated, with 20% to 25% reporting bullying and over 10% admitting to severe bullying, indicating a significant risk for serious injury. B. Bullying rates are moderate, with 10% reporting bullying and 5% admitting to severe bullying, suggesting a moderate risk for serious injury. C. Bullying rates are low, with only 5% reporting bullying and less than 2% admitting to severe bullying, indicating minimal risk for serious injury. D. Bullying rates are high, with 30% reporting bullying and 15% admitting to severe bullying, indicating a very high risk for serious injury.

Answer 186

A

Question 187

What challenges do junior high and middle school teachers face regarding their teaching efficacy? A. They have less confidence in their teaching efficacy because they lack sufficient subject matter knowledge. B. They have less confidence in their teaching efficacy because they struggle with classroom management techniques. C. They have less confidence in their teaching efficacy because they receive inadequate administrative support. D. They have less confidence in their teaching efficacy because they accept stereotypes about young adolescents and withdraw from students' social and emotional issues.

Answer 187

D

Question 188

What trends have been observed in identity status among adolescents as they age into young adulthood? A. Identity-achieved statuses become less common, moratorium statuses decrease after age 19, and diffusion and foreclosure statuses remain prevalent during high school B. Identity-achieved statuses become more common, moratorium statuses decrease after age 19, and diffusion and foreclosure statuses remain prevalent during high school C. Identity-achieved statuses become less common, moratorium statuses increase until age 19, and diffusion and foreclosure statuses remain prevalent during high school D. Identity-achieved statuses become more common, moratorium statuses increase until age 19, and diffusion and foreclosure statuses remain prevalent during high school

Answer 188

D

Question 189

How does marijuana use affect driving ability? A. It only affects driving ability when the user feels high, with no lingering effects. B. It has no effect on driving ability as the user remains alert and coordinated. C. It enhances driving ability by improving reaction time and focus. D. It impairs driving ability by reducing concentration, attention, short-term memory, and motor coordination.

Answer 189

D

Question 190

How do executive functioning strategies support learning in students? A. They increase processing speed by accelerating the rate at which information is processed B. They boost emotional regulation by reducing stress and anxiety during learning C. They enhance memory recall by improving the storage and retrieval of information D. They improve planning, organization, and time management

Answer 190

D

Question 191

What influence do peers have on adolescent substance use compared to parents? A. Peers have less influence than parents on initiating substance use B. Peers have more influence than parents on becoming daily users C. Peers have the same influence as parents on initiating substance use D. Peers have more influence than parents on initiating substance use

Answer 191

D

Question 192

What are the potential benefits of smaller secondary schools compared to larger ones? A. They provide more diverse social opportunities and extensive resources B. They have larger facilities and a broader curriculum C. They offer personalized attention, a safer environment, and increased student engagement D. They offer a wider range of extracurricular activities and advanced courses

Answer 192

C

Question 193

What is cognitive development? A. It is the changes in thinking processes that occur with age and experience B. It is the physical growth of the brain and body during puberty C. It is the emotional and social maturation that occurs with age D. It is the development of motor skills and coordination over time

Answer 193

A

Question 194

What are the three stages of ethnocultural identity development outlined by Jean Phinney? A. Unexamined, Exploration, Foreclosure B. Unexamined, Exploration, Achieved C. Unexamined, Exploration, Diffusion D. Unexamined, Exploration, Moratorium

Answer 194

B

Question 195

How does the concept of heuristics apply to everyday decision-making? A. They involve slow, conscious, and effortful analysis of information B. They rely on detailed, logical, and systematic evaluation of options C. They involve fast, unconscious, and automatic decision-making D. They require extensive, deliberate, and time-consuming processing of data

Answer 195

C

Question 196

What characterizes someone who has achieved identity achievement? A. Explored alternatives and made a commitment B. Neither explored alternatives nor made a commitment C. Made a commitment without exploring alternatives D. Explored alternatives without making a commitment

Answer 196

A

Question 197

What characterizes life-course-persistent offenders in terms of their behavior? A. Antisocial behavior that begins in childhood and continues into adulthood B. Antisocial behavior that begins in adolescence and continues into adulthood C. Antisocial behavior that begins in childhood but ceases in adolescence D. Antisocial behavior that begins in adolescence and ceases in adulthood

Answer 197

A

Question 198

What are the three levels of moral development described by Kohlberg? A. Preconventional morality, Conventional morality, Postconventional morality B. Preconventional morality, Conventional morality, Social contract morality C. Preconventional morality, Conventional morality, Heteronomous morality D. Preconventional morality, Conventional morality, Autonomous morality

Answer 198

A

Question 199

What is the primary role of schools in society? A. To promote economic advancement and prepare students for careers B. To socialize and prepare students for societal integration C. To foster personal growth and develop individual talents D. To provide academic instruction and impart knowledge

Answer 199

B

Question 200

What percentage of Canadian teens attend public schools, and what other options do they have? A. 86% attend public schools, with options including private schools, home schooling, and band schools B. 93% to 94% attend public schools, with options including private schools, home schooling, and band schools C. 75% attend public schools, with options including private schools, home schooling, and band schools D. 65% attend public schools, with options including private schools, home schooling, and band schools

Answer 200

B

Question 201

What are the potential benefits of having a strong ethnocultural identity for First Nations students? A. It enhances academic performance and career opportunities by improving cognitive skills and job prospects. B. It strengthens family bonds and community cohesion by fostering intergenerational support and social unity. C. It reduces gang involvement and substance abuse by engaging youth in cultural practices and promoting well-being. D. It promotes mental health and emotional resilience by providing a sense of belonging and self-esteem.

Answer 201

C

Question 202

What factors predict self-esteem in adolescents? A. Good behavior and staying out of trouble B. Physical appearance and social acceptance by peers C. Academic abilities and athletic abilities D. Cognitive development and reflective abstraction

Answer 202

B

Question 203

What is the effect of community support on self-esteem for adolescents from minority backgrounds? A. It increases self-esteem by providing a positive social identity B. It decreases self-esteem by reinforcing negative stereotypes C. It has no effect on self-esteem by maintaining social isolation D. It increases self-esteem by promoting academic achievement

Answer 203

A

Question 204

What are the potential consequences of identity confusion in adolescents? A. Enhanced self-awareness and improved decision-making skills B. Increased social integration and stronger peer relationships C. Difficulties in forming stable relationships, making consistent decisions, and establishing a coherent sense of purpose D. Greater emotional stability and reduced anxiety levels

Answer 204

C

Question 205

How does cognitive-behavioral therapy help adolescents with depression? A. It helps by regulating neurotransmitter imbalances through medication, which improves mood and reduces relapse risk. B. It helps by exploring past traumas and unconscious conflicts, which enhances emotional insight and reduces relapse risk. C. It helps by changing the adolescent’s habitually pessimistic way of interpreting events, which reduces both current depressive symptoms and the likelihood of relapse. D. It helps by improving family communication and support systems, which strengthens relationships and reduces relapse risk.

Answer 205

C

Question 206

Which factors increase the likelihood of a teen attending college or university in Canada? A. Teens with a mentor, those from higher-income families, and those who are first- or second-generation immigrants B. Teens with a mentor, those from lower-income families, and those who are first- or second-generation immigrants C. Teens with a mentor, those from higher-income families, and those who are third-generation immigrants D. Teens with a mentor, those from lower-income families, and those who are third-generation immigrants

Answer 206

A

Question 207

How does the number of hours worked relate to academic performance in teens? A. Positive relationship B. No relationship C. Mixed relationship D. Negative relationship

Answer 207

D

Question 208

Why might Indigenous youth be at higher risk for gang membership? A. They are more likely to be targeted by gang recruitment efforts due to cultural vulnerabilities. B. They are more likely to be exposed to reservation-based gangs due to geographic isolation. C. They are more likely to experience a greater accumulation of childhood risk factors. D. They are more likely to be mislabeled as gang members due to inflated statistics.

Answer 208

C

Question 209

What is the importance of understanding both similarities and differences in moral development across cultures? A. It focuses solely on universal moral principles, ignoring cultural variations. B. It identifies universal moral principles while recognizing culturally specific influences. C. It prioritizes individual moral choices over cultural influences. D. It emphasizes only cultural differences, neglecting common moral foundations.

Answer 209

B

Question 210

What is identity foreclosure? A. Identity diffusion (lack of commitment and exploration) B. Identity foreclosure (adopting a predetermined identity without exploration) C. Identity exploration (actively questioning and experimenting with different roles) D. Identity achievement (commitment after exploration)

Answer 210

B

Question 211

What psychological traits are linked to internalizing problems in youth? A. High impulsivity, high aggression, and low behavioral inhibition B. Low rumination, low neuroticism, and high extraversion C. High impulsivity, low effortful control, and high extraversion D. High rumination, high neuroticism, and low extraversion

Answer 211

D

Question 212

What are the two contrasting sides of the self as described by William James? A. The self as experiencing subject (the I) and the self as beliefs about oneself as object (the Me) B. The self as executive function and the self as social identity C. The self as personal narrative and the self as self-esteem D. The self as self-concept and the self as self-awareness

Answer 212

A

Question 213

In what ways do gender, culture, and social status affect moral thinking? A. Gender, culture, and social status affect moral thinking by determining the specific moral rules and laws individuals follow. B. Gender, culture, and social status affect moral thinking by dictating the exact moral behaviors and actions individuals perform. C. Gender, culture, and social status affect moral thinking by imposing fixed moral standards and expectations on individuals. D. Gender, culture, and social status affect moral thinking by shaping the values and norms individuals internalize.

Answer 213

D

Question 214

What psychoactive effects are commonly associated with marijuana use? A. Excitement, relaxation, increased sensitivity to colors and sounds, distorted perceptions, euphoria, increased creativity, a slowed sense of time, and a tendency to find things funny B. Increased alertness, heightened energy, improved memory, and enhanced motor coordination C. Decreased sensitivity, reduced creativity, accelerated time perception, and diminished humor D. Reduced anxiety, improved sleep, enhanced focus, and increased appetite

Answer 214

A

Question 215

What are the four responses adolescents may have to being exposed to two cultures? A. Biculturalism, Assimilation, Separation, Integration B. Biculturalism, Assimilation, Separation, Acculturation C. Biculturalism, Assimilation, Separation, Marginalization D. Biculturalism, Assimilation, Separation, Cultural blending

Answer 215

C

Question 216

How does Erikson suggest that adolescents should explore their identities during the moratorium period? A. By focusing solely on academic achievements and career planning without exploring personal values B. By actively experimenting with various roles, examining beliefs, and exploring career options C. By passively accepting prescribed roles and beliefs without questioning them D. By conforming to societal expectations and avoiding experimentation with different identities

Answer 216

B

Question 217

How does the capacity for empathy change during adolescence? A. Empathy fluctuates unpredictably during adolescence due to hormonal changes B. Empathy decreases significantly during adolescence due to increased self-focus C. Empathy increases significantly during adolescence due to heightened social awareness D. Empathy remains relatively stable during adolescence

Answer 217

D

Question 218

What is the significance of e-cigarette use among adolescents? A. It is a gateway to nicotine addiction and may lead to the use of other substances. B. It is a harmless alternative to traditional smoking that does not lead to nicotine addiction. C. It is a safe method for nicotine delivery that does not impact long-term health. D. It is a recreational activity that does not contribute to substance use or health risks.

Answer 218

A

Question 219

What are the long-term effects of self-injurious behavior that begins in adolescence? A. Increased peer support and improved self-esteem in adulthood B. Enhanced emotional regulation and reduced impulsivity in adulthood C. Improved social integration and decreased isolation in adulthood D. Continued self-injurious behavior into adulthood

Answer 219

D

Question 220

How does the identity achievement status correlate with positive outcomes in adolescents? A. Identity foreclosure B. Identity diffusion C. Identity moratorium D. Identity achievement

Answer 220

D

Question 221

Why is adolescence considered a period of identity crisis? A. Adolescence is a period of hormonal imbalance, leading to emotional instability. B. Adolescence is a period of social pressure, causing conformity and peer influence. C. Adolescence is a period of identity exploration, leading to confusion and uncertainty. D. Adolescence is a period of cognitive development, resulting in abstract thinking and self-reflection.

Answer 221

C

Question 222

What advantages do individuals in achieved status have compared to those in other statuses? A. They have more balanced thinking, effective decision-making skills, and better relationships with others. B. They have more closed-minded thinking, rigid decision-making skills, and authoritarian relationships with others. C. They have more open-minded thinking, thoughtful decision-making skills, and anxious relationships with others. D. They have more apathetic thinking, disinterested decision-making skills, and isolated relationships with others.

Answer 222

A

Question 223

What is the personal fable in the context of adolescent development? A. Personal fable (believing one's experiences are unique and exempt from usual consequences) B. Invulnerability fable (believing one is immune to harm) C. Egocentric thinking (assuming others share one's viewpoint) D. Imaginary audience (believing one is the center of attention)

Answer 223

A

Question 224

What is "premature affluence" in the context of adolescent employment? A. The experience of earning money through structured apprenticeships with clear responsibilities B. The experience of managing income with adult-level financial obligations and responsibilities C. The experience of saving money for future investments with a focus on long-term financial planning D. The experience of having disposable income with few responsibilities

Answer 224

D

Question 225

How does differentiation affect how adolescents describe themselves? A. Self-descriptions become less abstract, emphasizing observable behaviors B. Self-descriptions remain concrete, listing only external traits and preferences C. Self-descriptions become more complex, differentiated, abstract, and integrated D. Self-descriptions become simpler, focusing on single, uniform characteristics

Answer 225

C

Question 226

What is the difference between alternating biculturalism and blended biculturalism? A. Alternating biculturalism emphasizes cultural separation, while blended biculturalism emphasizes cultural integration. B. Alternating biculturalism switches between cultural identities depending on the context, while blended biculturalism integrates both cultures into a single identity. C. Alternating biculturalism maintains distinct cultural identities in separate contexts, while blended biculturalism merges both cultures into a single identity. D. Alternating biculturalism integrates both cultures into a single identity, while blended biculturalism switches between cultural identities depending on the context.

Answer 226

B

Question 227

What role does family background play in the vulnerability to depression in adolescents? A. It increases vulnerability by exposing adolescents to high levels of peer stress and social isolation. B. It increases vulnerability by exposing adolescents to frequent school transitions and academic pressure. C. It increases vulnerability by exposing adolescents to inherited vulnerabilities and parental depression. D. It increases vulnerability by exposing adolescents to economic hardship and unsafe living conditions.

Answer 227

C

Question 228

What does the bell curve represent in terms of IQ distribution? A. It shows a bimodal distribution where IQ scores are clustered at two distinct peaks. B. It shows a uniform distribution where all IQ scores are equally likely. C. It shows a normal distribution where most IQ scores cluster around the mean. D. It shows a skewed distribution where most IQ scores are concentrated at the lower end.

Answer 228

C

Question 229

What measures have been taken to address tobacco use among Indigenous youth in Canada? A. Individual outreach by teachers and physicians, community-wide programs, and increased support for existing public policies regarding tobacco use B. Individual outreach by teachers and physicians, community-wide programs, and increased support for e-cigarette use policies C. Individual outreach by teachers and physicians, community-wide programs, and increased support for alcohol use policies D. Individual outreach by teachers and physicians, community-wide programs, and increased support for marijuana use policies

Answer 229

A

Question 230

How can family background influence the likelihood of developing eating disorders in girls? A. Girls from upper-class families that prioritize social popularity are more likely to develop bulimia B. Girls from middle-class families that encourage emotional expression are less likely to develop eating disorders C. Girls from middle-class and upper-middle-class families that stress high achievement and competition are more likely to develop anorexia D. Girls from lower-class families that emphasize academic success are more likely to develop anorexia

Answer 230

C

Question 231

How does biculturalism manifest in adolescents from ethnocultural minorities? A. They show greater differences in delinquent behavior due to cultural conflicts B. They show fewer differences in delinquent behavior due to bicultural integration C. They show no differences in delinquent behavior due to complete assimilation D. They show increased delinquent behavior due to marginalization

Answer 231

B

Question 232

How do LGBTQ+ youth experience gang membership differently than their peers? A. They experience gang membership similarly to their peers, with equal acceptance and safety. B. They experience gang membership with increased social support and protection from violence. C. They experience gang membership with reduced risks of discrimination and violence. D. They experience gang membership with heightened risks of violence and discrimination.

Answer 232

D

Question 233

What are some disadvantages of large schools? A. Less personalized attention from teachers/mentors, more anonymity and feelings of alienation, and lower rates of participation in extracurricular activities B. Greater attachment to the school and community C. More personalized attention from teachers/mentors D. Higher rates of participation in extracurricular activities

Answer 233

A

Question 234

What is meant by the term "forgotten half" in relation to education? A. Students who attend postsecondary institutions but do not graduate B. Students who pursue vocational training instead of traditional academic degrees C. Students who drop out of college but later return to complete a degree D. Students who graduate from high school but do not pursue postsecondary education

Answer 234

D

Question 235

How does the complexity of an adolescent's self-concept manifest in their self-descriptions? A. They describe themselves using single, uniform traits. B. They describe themselves using vague, generalized traits. C. They describe themselves using multiple, contradictory traits. D. They describe themselves using idealized, consistent traits.

Answer 235

C

Question 236

What are some potential health risks associated with vaping products? A. Gastrointestinal issues, skin irritation, and weight gain B. Serious lung malfunction, impaired sleep, attention deficits, and memory problems C. Cardiovascular disease, respiratory infections, and nicotine addiction D. Dental problems, eye irritation, and muscle weakness

Answer 236

B

Question 237

How can participation in community activities aid in identity development for young adults? A. By enhancing academic performance and career prospects B. By fostering a sense of belonging and cultural identity C. By improving physical fitness and health outcomes D. By increasing social media engagement and online networking

Answer 237

B

Question 238

How does the duration of a mentoring relationship affect its impact on a teen's development? A. Short-term relationships are more effective because they provide immediate guidance. B. Longer relationships are more effective because they foster trust and support. C. The duration does not affect the impact as long as the mentor is supportive. D. Longer relationships are less effective due to increased dependency.

Answer 238

B

Question 239

How does the duration of a mentoring relationship affect its impact on a teen's development? A. Short-term relationships are more effective because they provide immediate guidance. B. Longer relationships are more effective because they foster trust and support. C. The duration does not affect the impact as long as the mentor is supportive. D. Longer relationships are less effective due to increased dependency.

Answer 239

D

Question 240

What are the different school systems mentioned for moving through grades? A. 8-4 primary-secondary, 6-3-3 elementary-junior-high, 5-3-3 elementary-middle-high B. 8-4 primary-secondary, 6-3-3 elementary-junior-high, 5-3-4 elementary-middle-high C. 8-4 primary-secondary, 6-3-3 elementary-junior-high, 5-3-5 elementary-middle-high D. 8-4 primary-secondary, 6-3-3 elementary-junior-high, 5-4-3 elementary-middle-high

Answer 240

B

Question 241

How does the process of identity achievement occur after exploration in adolescence? A. By making a firm commitment to a chosen belief or course of action, consolidating a sense of self B. By adopting parental values without exploration, resulting in identity foreclosure C. By remaining in a state of exploration without commitment, leading to identity diffusion D. By delaying commitment through ongoing exploration, leading to a moratorium

Answer 241

A

Question 242

How have recent initiatives aimed at improving education for Indigenous students impacted achievement rates? A. They have only marginally improved the achievement gap for Indigenous students B. They have had no impact on the achievement gap for Indigenous students C. They have increased the achievement gap for Indigenous students D. They have decreased the achievement gap for Indigenous students

Answer 242

D

Question 243

What challenges do teens face when balancing school, work, and family life? A. Enhanced family communication and increased financial independence B. Improved academic performance and reduced stress levels C. Greater parental trust and increased social engagement D. Reduced quality time with family, increased stress from juggling responsibilities, and potential interference with academic performance

Answer 243

D

Question 244

How does the concept of psychosocial moratorium facilitate identity exploration in adolescents? A. It provides a structured environment that minimizes risk-taking. B. It imposes strict social expectations that limit experimentation. C. It accelerates the transition to adult roles by demanding early commitment. D. It allows adolescents to explore various roles without immediate adult responsibilities.

Answer 244

D

Question 245

What is the difference between self-concept and self-esteem? A. Self-concept is how we see ourselves, while self-esteem is how we feel about ourselves B. Self-concept is how we describe ourselves, while self-esteem is how we evaluate ourselves C. Self-concept is how we evaluate ourselves, while self-esteem is how we describe ourselves D. Self-concept is how we feel about ourselves, while self-esteem is how we see ourselves

Answer 245

A

Question 246

What is the impact of peer interactions on moral reasoning during childhood and adolescence? A. Peer interactions reinforce existing moral beliefs by confirming parental values B. Peer interactions confuse moral reasoning by introducing conflicting viewpoints without structured debate C. Peer interactions hinder moral development by prioritizing social conformity over critical thinking D. Peer interactions enhance moral reasoning by promoting critical debate

Answer 246

D

Question 247

In what ways can cultural identity contribute to the well-being of Indigenous youth? A. It enhances economic opportunities by providing job skills and financial stability B. It promotes a sense of belonging, pride, and resilience C. It improves educational outcomes by increasing academic achievement and school engagement D. It strengthens family bonds by fostering intergenerational communication and support

Answer 247

B

Question 248

How does family income relate to delinquency rates among adolescents? A. Lower family income is associated with lower delinquency rates B. Lower family income is associated with higher delinquency rates C. Lower family income is associated with no change in delinquency rates D. Lower family income is associated with inconsistent delinquency rates

Answer 248

B

Question 249

What is an identity crisis as defined by Erikson? A. A period of confusion where adolescents struggle to gain financial independence B. A period of confusion where adolescents struggle to achieve academic success C. A period of confusion where adolescents struggle to form a stable identity D. A period of confusion where adolescents struggle to form close relationships

Answer 249

C

Question 250

What distinguishes the informational processing style of individuals in moratorium and achieved statuses? A. Normative processing style B. Diffuse-avoidant processing style C. Closed-minded processing style D. Informational processing style

Answer 250

D

Question 251

What factors may trigger the exploration of one's ethnocultural identity during adolescence? A. Experiencing family conflict or parental disapproval B. Experiencing ethnic prejudice or discrimination C. Experiencing academic failure or social rejection D. Experiencing peer pressure or social conformity

Answer 251

B

Question 252

How can schools create a sense of community that supports student success? A. By emphasizing discipline and order without fostering supportive interactions B. By balancing high expectations with supportive, respectful interactions C. By prioritizing student autonomy and self-expression without clear academic goals D. By focusing solely on academic rigor and high expectations without nurturing student relationships

Answer 252

B

Question 253

What are some characteristics of neighborhoods that increase the likelihood of antisocial behavior in youth? A. High poverty and unemployment, low educational levels, and large numbers of single-parent households B. High income and employment, low educational levels, and small numbers of two-parent households C. Low poverty and unemployment, high educational levels, and small numbers of single-parent households D. High income and employment, high educational levels, and large numbers of two-parent households

Answer 253

A

Question 254

What is the definition of substance use in the context of psychoactive substances? A. Drug dependence (a condition of craving and withdrawal) B. Drug addiction (compulsive use despite negative consequences) C. Drug abuse (excessive use leading to harm) D. Taking psychoactive substances for instrumental or recreational purposes

Answer 254

D

Question 255

What is the peak age for delinquent behavior among adolescents? A. 17-19 B. 14-16 C. 20-22 D. 12-14

Answer 255

A

Question 256

What criticisms exist regarding the tracking system in high schools? A. It is criticized for its integration, which mixes students from diverse backgrounds in all tracks. B. It is criticized for its meritocracy, which ensures that all students are placed in the track that best matches their abilities. C. It is criticized for its rigidity and for promoting social inequality. D. It is criticized for its flexibility, which allows students to easily change tracks.

Answer 256

C

Question 257

How does CBD potentially counteract the effects of THC in users? A. CBD directly blocks CB1 receptors, preventing THC binding B. CBD increases the metabolism of THC, reducing its concentration in the brain C. CBD reduces the binding affinity of THC at CB1 receptors D. CBD enhances THC binding at CB1 receptors, increasing its psychoactive effects

Answer 257

C

Question 258

How does code switching relate to cultural frames in bilingual adolescents? A. It allows bilingual adolescents to shift between cultural frames by adapting their language to different social contexts. B. It reinforces a single cultural frame by maintaining consistent language use across contexts. C. It confuses cultural frames by mixing languages without clear contextual boundaries. D. It isolates cultural frames by strictly separating languages in different social settings.

Answer 258

A

Question 259

What are some common questions adolescents ask themselves about their identity? A. What are my social connections? B. Who am I? What do I believe? Where am I going? C. What are my academic strengths? D. What are my physical attributes?

Answer 259

B

Question 260

How do social interactions influence the development of self-concept in adolescents? A. They largely affect self-concept through media exposure and celebrity influence. B. They mainly influence self-concept through academic achievements and school performance. C. They primarily shape self-concept through parental guidance and family values. D. They shape self-concept through socialization and selection processes.

Answer 260

D

Question 261

What similarities exist between the stages of identity development and ethnocultural identity development? A. They both involve stages of exploration, commitment, and consolidation, but differ in the specific categories used. B. They both involve stages of exploration, commitment, and consolidation, but ethnocultural identity development includes an unexamined stage. C. They both involve stages of exploration, commitment, and consolidation, using the same four categories. D. They both involve stages of exploration, commitment, and consolidation, but ethnocultural identity development emphasizes cultural heritage.

Answer 261

C

Question 262

How does the sense of belonging influence adolescents' attitudes towards school? A. A strong sense of belonging fosters negative attitudes B. A weak sense of belonging fosters positive attitudes C. A strong sense of belonging fosters neutral attitudes D. A strong sense of belonging fosters positive attitudes

Answer 262

D

Question 263

What emotional aspects are important in a successful mentoring relationship? A. Encouragement, mutual commitment and respect, and emotional bond B. Instruction, challenge, and skill development C. Guidance, support, and academic achievement D. Teaching, feedback, and professional networking

Answer 263

A

Question 264

What are some indicators that a teen may be vulnerable to sex trafficking? A. Early-life gender-based violence, economic insecurity, runaway behavior, substance abuse, and involvement with law enforcement B. Early-life gender-based violence, economic insecurity, runaway behavior, substance abuse, and involvement with child protective services C. Early-life gender-based violence, economic insecurity, gang involvement, substance abuse, and involvement with law enforcement D. Early-life gender-based violence, economic insecurity, academic failure, social isolation, and media exposure

Answer 264

A

Question 265

What defines the formal operations stage in cognitive development? A. Reasoning with sensory experiences and motor actions B. Reasoning with symbolic representations and intuitive logic C. Reasoning with concrete objects and conservation principles D. Reasoning with ideas and propositions

Answer 265

D

Question 266

What is the trend in dropout rates over recent decades according to the text? A. Dropout rates have remained stable over recent decades despite socioeconomic challenges B. Dropout rates have decreased over recent decades due to improved educational policies C. Dropout rates have fluctuated over recent decades with no clear trend D. Dropout rates have remained high over recent decades

Answer 266

D

Question 267

What role do teachers play during the transition to middle school for young adolescents? A. They provide guidance and support for social and emotional challenges B. They focus on fostering peer relationships and group dynamics C. They emphasize academic enrichment and extracurricular activities D. They concentrate on teaching course content, classroom control, and discipline

Answer 267

D

Question 268

How has gang activity changed in recent decades? A. Gang activity has become less widespread but more violent in recent decades. B. Gang activity has become more widespread but less violent in recent decades. C. Gang activity has become less widespread and less violent in recent decades. D. Gang activity has become more widespread and more violent in recent decades.

Answer 268

D

Question 269

What challenges might First Nations youth face in developing their ethnocultural identity? A. Long-term marginalization of their culture B. Conflicting cultural values between ethnic and majority cultures C. Limited access to Indigenous cultural activities D. Lack of family ethnocultural socialization

Answer 269

A

Question 270

What are the differences between victims of sexual abuse and those of sex trafficking? A. Sex trafficking victims show higher rates of runaway behavior, externalizing behaviors, and substance abuse. B. Sex trafficking victims show similar rates of runaway behavior, externalizing behaviors, and substance abuse. C. Sex trafficking victims show lower rates of runaway behavior, externalizing behaviors, and substance abuse. D. Sex trafficking victims show higher rates of sexual activity, violence, and law enforcement involvement.

Answer 270

A

Question 271

What trend has been observed in adolescent substance use in Canada since the 1960s? A. A rising trend in adolescent substance use since the 1960s B. A fluctuating trend in adolescent substance use since the 1960s C. A stable trend in adolescent substance use since the 1960s D. A declining trend in adolescent substance use since the 1960s

Answer 271

A

Question 272

What is the relationship between moral reasoning and social order in Kohlberg's stages? A. Moral reasoning is based on personal gain and self-interest, with no regard for social order. B. Moral reasoning is based on strict adherence to rules and laws, with no consideration for individual ethics. C. Moral reasoning is based on universal ethical principles, integrating personal ethics with the maintenance of social order. D. Moral reasoning is based on emotional responses and empathy, with no emphasis on rational principles.

Answer 272

C

Question 273

What are the implications of having fewer transitions in a student's educational journey? A. Improved self-esteem, school connectedness, and academic performance B. Higher dropout rates and reduced engagement from numerous transitions C. Decreased school connectedness and poorer academic performance from multiple transitions D. Increased stress and lower self-esteem due to frequent transitions

Answer 273

A

Question 274

What challenges do adolescents face when developing their ethnocultural identity? A. They may struggle with academic performance due to language barriers and cultural differences in educational expectations. B. They may experience social isolation from peers due to cultural misunderstandings and exclusion. C. They may face economic disparities and limited opportunities due to systemic discrimination. D. They may experience cultural conflicts due to exposure to both their heritage and the dominant culture.

Answer 274

D

Question 275

What are the two forms of adolescent egocentrism identified by David Elkind? A. Imaginary Audience and Invulnerability Fable B. Personal Fable and Invulnerability Fable C. Imaginary Audience and Personal Uniqueness Fable D. Imaginary Audience and Personal Fable

Answer 275

D

Question 276

What distinguishes performance orientation from mastery orientation in educational settings? A. Performance orientation focuses on competitive success and ability assessment, while mastery orientation emphasizes learning and personal improvement. B. Performance orientation focuses on task mastery and intrinsic motivation, while mastery orientation emphasizes external rewards and ability comparison. C. Performance orientation focuses on effort and deep learning, while mastery orientation emphasizes grades and competitive outcomes. D. Performance orientation focuses on learning and personal improvement, while mastery orientation emphasizes competitive success and ability assessment.

Answer 276

A

Question 277

How do genetic and environmental factors interact to influence general psychopathology in youth? A. Genetic factors solely determine psychopathology without environmental influence. B. Genetic and environmental factors interact to influence psychopathology. C. Environmental factors alone dictate psychopathology without genetic contribution. D. Genetic and environmental factors act independently without interaction.

Answer 277

B

Question 278

What abilities emerge during the concrete operations stage? A. Egocentrism, animistic thinking, and magical beliefs B. Object permanence, symbolic function, and intuitive reasoning C. Conservation, perspective taking, and basic logical processing D. Abstract thought, hypothetical reasoning, and deductive logic

Answer 278

C

Question 279

What psychological factors contribute to the development of eating disorders in adolescents? A. Genetic predisposition, perfectionist attitudes, and exposure to thin-ideal media B. Body dissatisfaction, perfectionist attitudes, and family meal frequency C. Body dissatisfaction, genetic predisposition, and exposure to thin-ideal media D. Body dissatisfaction, perfectionist attitudes, and exposure to thin-ideal media

Answer 279

D

Question 280

What is the typical structure of a 6–3–3 educational system? A. 5 years of elementary school, 3 years of middle school, and 4 years of high school B. 8 years of primary school and 4 years of high school C. 6 years of elementary school, 3 years of middle school, and 3 years of high school D. 6 years of elementary school, 3 years of junior high, and 3 years of high school

Answer 280

D

Question 281

How do cultural biases affect moral judgments among different groups of people? A. They alter the structure of reasoning by changing the logical processes used in moral decision-making. B. They influence the emotional responses by modifying the intensity of empathy and guilt in moral judgments. C. They shape the content of reasoning by influencing the beliefs, customs, and conventions that guide moral judgments. D. They affect the cognitive processing by altering the speed and depth of moral reasoning.

Answer 281

C

Question 282

What is the connection between moral reasoning and emotional responses like guilt and sympathy? A. Moral reasoning is independent of emotional responses, as judgments are based solely on logic. B. Moral reasoning is primarily driven by self-interest, with emotions playing a secondary role. C. Moral reasoning is determined by social norms, with emotions being irrelevant. D. Moral reasoning triggers emotional responses, such as guilt and sympathy.

Answer 282

D

Question 283

What role does impulsivity play in the likelihood of boys completing suicide compared to girls? A. Impulsivity leads boys to use immediate, lethal methods like firearms or hanging B. Impulsivity leads boys to use methods that are less immediately fatal C. Impulsivity leads boys to use methods that allow more time for intervention D. Impulsivity leads boys to use slower, less lethal methods like pill overdoses

Answer 283

A

Question 284

What are the four categories of identity status identified by Marcia based on exploration and commitment? A. Identity Diffusion, Identity Foreclosure, Identity Moratorium, Identity Exploration B. Identity Diffusion, Identity Foreclosure, Identity Moratorium, Identity Crisis C. Identity Diffusion, Identity Foreclosure, Identity Moratorium, Identity Achievement D. Identity Diffusion, Identity Foreclosure, Identity Moratorium, Identity Confusion

Answer 284

C

Question 285

What is the outcome of failing to resolve the intimacy vs. isolation crisis in young adulthood? A. A sense of confusion and role uncertainty B. A sense of stagnation and self-centeredness C. A sense of mistrust and insecurity D. A sense of loneliness and isolation

Answer 285

D

Question 286

How does working memory change from childhood to adolescence? A. Working memory capacity remains unchanged from childhood to adolescence B. Working memory capacity decreases from childhood to adolescence C. Working memory capacity doubles from childhood to adolescence D. Working memory capacity increases by only 1-2 units from childhood to adolescence

Answer 286

C

Question 287

What are some motivations behind youth joining extremist groups? A. To seek adventure and excitement B. To gain a sense of belonging C. To escape self-harm behaviors and depression D. To express political grievances and anger

Answer 287

B

Question 288

What processing style is typical for individuals in the diffuse-avoidant category? A. Hostile attributional bias B. Preoccupied relational style C. Learned helplessness D. Rumination

Answer 288

A

Question 289

What role do moral exemplars play in the development of moral identity? A. They provide a source of external rewards and punishments that shape moral behavior. B. They serve as role models who inspire the internalization of moral values. C. They offer a platform for peer interaction and social comparison that influences moral development. D. They present a set of rigid rules and regulations that dictate moral conduct.

Answer 289

B

Question 290

What genetic factors may contribute to the development of eating disorders like anorexia and bulimia? A. Genes regulating serotonin neurotransmission B. Genes regulating GABA neurotransmission C. Genes regulating norepinephrine neurotransmission D. Genes regulating dopamine neurotransmission

Answer 290

A

Question 291

What psychological traits are commonly associated with life-course persistent offenders? A. Impulsivity, restlessness, emotion dysregulation, difficulties controlling anger, and normal life satisfaction B. Impulsivity, restlessness, emotion dysregulation, difficulties controlling anger, and average life satisfaction C. Impulsivity, restlessness, emotion dysregulation, difficulties controlling anger, and low life satisfaction D. Impulsivity, restlessness, emotion dysregulation, difficulties controlling anger, and high life satisfaction

Answer 291

C

Question 292

In what ways do schools differ in their approach to education? A. Emphasis on student performance, grouping by ability, and overall school atmosphere B. School funding, extracurricular activities, and administrative policies C. Class size, curriculum content, and teacher qualifications D. Student-teacher ratio, technology integration, and parental involvement

Answer 292

A

Question 293

What impact can school transitions have on students' academic performance and interest in school? A. They improve academic performance and increase interest in school B. They have no impact on academic performance and interest in school C. They only affect social and behavioral functioning D. They decrease academic performance and interest in school

Answer 293

D

Question 294

What types of activities are typically offered by local Boys & Girls Clubs in Canada? A. Arts and crafts, sports, games, computers, homework help, and programs on developmental needs, risk reduction, and leadership B. Arts and crafts, sports, games, computers, homework help, and programs on academic enrichment, career development, and social skills C. Arts and crafts, sports, games, computers, homework help, and programs on physical fitness, nutritional education, and community service D. Arts and crafts, sports, games, computers, homework help, and programs on cultural awareness, environmental stewardship, and technological innovation

Answer 294

A

Question 295

What are the three major components of critical thinking according to Daniel Keating? A. Conceptual Flexibility, Reflective Thinking, and Cognitive Automaticity B. Conceptual Flexibility, Reflective Thinking, and Cognitive Integration C. Conceptual Flexibility, Reflective Thinking, and Cognitive Analysis D. Conceptual Flexibility, Reflective Thinking, and Cognitive Self-Regulation

Answer 295

D

Question 296

What impact does discussing moral dilemmas with peers have on adolescents' moral development? A. It fosters a superficial understanding of moral principles by focusing on information rather than debate. B. It promotes a flexible understanding of moral rules by encouraging direct argumentation. C. It leads to a rigid adherence to moral rules by reinforcing existing beliefs. D. It results in a passive acceptance of moral norms by avoiding direct argumentation.

Answer 296

B

Question 297

What role does cultural participation play in strengthening ethnocultural identity among Indigenous youth? A. It primarily strengthens ethnocultural identity by fostering a sense of belonging and pride. B. It primarily enhances academic achievement by improving educational outcomes. C. It primarily promotes economic stability by increasing employment opportunities. D. It primarily reduces substance abuse by providing alternative recreational activities.

Answer 297

A

Question 298

What factors contribute to the dropout rates among students entering college or university? A. Strong school climate and high school connectedness B. Adverse childhood experiences, socioeconomic status, discrimination, and inadequate high school preparation C. Supportive family environment and positive peer influence D. High academic achievement and extensive extracurricular involvement

Answer 298

B

Question 299

Why do low levels of THC in the body pose a risk for driving ability? A. Low levels of THC are rapidly metabolized, so driving ability is not affected. B. Low levels of THC only impair driving ability when combined with other substances. C. Low levels of THC do not affect driving ability because the psychoactive effects are minimal. D. Low levels of THC linger in the body for several days, so driving ability is impaired even after the high wears off.

Answer 299

D

Question 300

What factors contribute to the extended transition to adulthood in modern society? A. Delayed economic independence, extended educational pursuits, and shifting social norms B. Immediate economic independence, accelerated educational completion, and unchanged social norms C. Early economic independence, rapid educational completion, and traditional social norms D. Swift economic independence, expedited educational completion, and static social norms

Answer 300

A

Question 301

What is the generalized other, according to George Herbert Mead? A. The collective opinions of others in social interactions B. The immediate feedback from others during social interactions C. The external reflection of how others perceive an individual in social interactions D. The internalized summary of how others have responded to an individual in social interactions

Answer 301

D

Question 302

What is the effect of early pubertal timing on stress reactivity in adolescents? A. Decreased stress reactivity due to a less sensitive HPA axis B. Unaltered stress reactivity due to no change in HPA axis sensitivity C. Variable stress reactivity due to inconsistent HPA axis responses D. Increased stress reactivity due to a more sensitive HPA axis

Answer 302

D

Question 303

How does socioeconomic status influence academic achievement in students? A. It enhances academic achievement by providing access to better resources and higher teacher expectations B. It reduces academic achievement by limiting access to quality education and lowering teacher expectations C. It improves academic achievement by fostering a supportive peer environment and increased parental involvement D. It has no effect on academic achievement as student potential is solely determined by innate ability

Answer 303

B

Question 304

What are the main characteristics of anorexia nervosa and bulimia? A. Anorexia nervosa: starvation to avoid weight gain; Bulimia: cycle of binge eating and purging B. Anorexia nervosa: body image distortion and fear of weight gain; Bulimia: emotional eating and compensatory behaviors C. Anorexia nervosa: excessive exercise and laxative abuse; Bulimia: restrictive dieting and compulsive calorie counting D. Anorexia nervosa: binge eating and purging; Bulimia: starvation to avoid weight gain

Answer 304

A

Question 305

What is moral identity, and how does it relate to an individual's sense of self? A. It is the extent to which an individual believes that being moral and acting morally are essential to their sense of self. B. It is the degree to which an individual internalizes external moral standards, emphasizing obedience to authority over personal moral conviction. C. It is the degree to which an individual adheres to societal norms and rules, emphasizing conformity over personal moral values. D. It is the extent to which an individual prioritizes personal gain and self-interest, focusing on individual benefits rather than moral principles.

Answer 305

A

Question 306

What is the significance of a school's atmosphere on student motivation? A. It primarily affects academic performance by focusing on test scores and grades. B. It mainly influences classroom management by emphasizing discipline and order. C. It largely impacts teacher satisfaction by promoting a supportive work environment. D. It significantly enhances a student's desire to learn, sense of belonging, and positive development.

Answer 306

D

Question 307

How do Canadian teens' participation rates in extracurricular activities compare to those in Europe? A. Canadian teens have lower participation rates than European teens B. Canadian teens have similar participation rates to European teens C. Canadian teens have slightly lower participation rates than European teens D. Canadian teens have higher participation rates than European teens

Answer 307

D

Question 308

What is an identity crisis, and how does it manifest during adolescence? A. A sudden need to balance exploring one’s unique traits with fitting in with social groups B. A time of cognitive development and abstract thinking that causes confusion about future goals C. A phase of social experimentation and peer influence that results in conformity D. A period of rapid physical growth and hormonal changes that leads to emotional instability

Answer 308

A

Question 309

What characterizes someone in the identity diffusion status? A. Has not explored identity issues and has not made a commitment B. Explores identity issues but has not made a commitment C. Has made a commitment without exploring identity issues D. Has explored identity issues and made a commitment

Answer 309

A

Question 310

What advantages do individuals in achieved status have compared to others? A. They have greater cultural capital due to elite upbringing B. They have greater economic security due to family wealth C. They have greater social influence due to inherited privilege D. They have greater control over their social standing

Answer 310

D

Question 311

What is egocentrism, and how does it manifest in adolescents? A. Failing to distinguish between one’s own perspective and that of others B. Focusing on objective facts rather than subjective viewpoints C. Believing one’s experiences are common and typical D. Assuming others share one’s perspective without recognizing individual differences

Answer 311

A

Question 312

What percentage of female teens have considered suicide according to studies mentioned? A. 7.1% B. 17.7% C. 16.1% D. 31.3%

Answer 312

D

Question 313

How do personal experiences shape an adolescent's self-esteem over time? A. Personal experiences have no impact on self-esteem over time. B. Personal experiences only affect self-esteem in the short term. C. Personal experiences uniformly increase self-esteem over time. D. Personal experiences cumulatively shape self-esteem over time.

Answer 313

D

Question 314

What impact does nicotine have on the brain? A. It increases heart rate and blood pressure by releasing adrenalin and reduces anxiety by releasing dopamine in the reward center. B. It increases heart rate and blood pressure by releasing adrenalin and reduces anxiety by releasing norepinephrine in the reward center. C. It increases heart rate and blood pressure by releasing adrenalin and reduces anxiety by releasing serotonin in the reward center. D. It increases heart rate and blood pressure by releasing adrenalin and reduces anxiety by releasing endorphins in the reward center.

Answer 314

A

Question 315

What changes have occurred in the employment patterns of adolescents in Canada over recent years? A. Teen employment has increased due to a booming economy and relaxed training requirements B. Teen employment has remained stable with no significant changes in participation rates C. Teen employment has shifted from part-time to full-time roles due to increased summer job opportunities D. Teen employment has declined due to economic factors and increased training requirements

Answer 315

D

Question 316

What is the primary focus of the preoperational stage in Piaget's theory? A. Object permanence B. Symbolic function C. Conservation D. Formal logical reasoning

Answer 316

B

Question 317

How does the timing of exposure to a new culture affect identity development in immigrant teens? A. Early exposure leads to identity confusion and delayed integration B. Later exposure leads to enhanced cultural integration and reduced identity confusion C. Early exposure leads to minimal cultural integration and unchanged identity D. Early exposure leads to enhanced cultural integration and reduced identity confusion

Answer 317

D

Question 318

What is the process of identity achievement as described by Marcia? A. Identity foreclosure (committing without exploration) B. Identity moratorium (exploring without commitment) C. Identity achievement (exploring and then committing) D. Identity diffusion (neither exploring nor committing)

Answer 318

C

Question 319

What impact does being in a gang have on parenting behaviors? A. It results in enhanced emotional bonding and communication B. It leads to improved parental monitoring and support C. It fosters a nurturing and stable family environment D. It results in mistreatment of one’s own children

Answer 319

D

Question 320

How does the authoritative parenting style influence moral development compared to authoritarian styles? A. Authoritative parenting uses induction to explain consequences, while authoritarian parenting uses power assertion to enforce rules B. Authoritative parenting uses power assertion to enforce rules, while authoritarian parenting uses induction to explain consequences C. Authoritative parenting uses love withdrawal to control behavior, while authoritarian parenting uses induction to explain consequences D. Authoritative parenting uses punishment to enforce rules, while authoritarian parenting uses induction to explain consequences

Answer 320

A

Question 321

How does understanding one’s ethnocultural background contribute to psychological well-being? A. It enhances academic achievement and motivation by providing a sense of purpose. B. It improves social integration and peer acceptance by fostering cultural awareness. C. It increases resilience and coping skills by promoting cultural pride. D. It enhances self-esteem and reduces depression by fostering a strong sense of identity.

Answer 321

D

Question 322

What does identity commitment involve? A. Trying out different roles without making a firm decision B. Conforming to peer expectations without personal exploration C. Making a firm decision about one's identity after exploration D. Experimenting with various identities without commitment

Answer 322

C

Question 323

What is the typical age range of most gang members? A. 18-20 years B. 16-18 years C. 15-17 years D. 14-16 years

Answer 323

B

Question 324

How does family meal frequency relate to the development of eating problems in adolescents? A. Frequent family meals increase the risk of eating problems B. Frequent family meals are associated with a higher risk of eating problems C. Frequent family meals have no effect on the risk of eating problems D. Frequent family meals decrease the risk of eating problems

Answer 324

D

Question 325

What distinguishes instrumental substance use from recreational substance use? A. Instrumental use is focused on achieving specific outcomes, while recreational use is driven by the need to alleviate stress. B. Instrumental use is motivated by social acceptance, while recreational use is driven by personal enjoyment. C. Instrumental use is driven by the desire to experience the drug's effects for pleasure, while recreational use is goal-oriented. D. Instrumental use is goal-oriented, while recreational use is driven by the desire to experience the drug's effects for pleasure.

Answer 325

D

Question 326

What criticisms exist regarding IQ tests related to socioeconomic status and ethnocultural background? A. IQ tests are criticized for showing score variations due to cultural bias, genetic differences, and environmental factors, suggesting they are solely determined by genetic factors B. IQ tests are criticized for showing score variations due to cultural bias, genetic differences, and environmental factors, suggesting they do not accurately reflect innate intelligence across all groups C. IQ tests are criticized for showing score variations due to cultural bias, genetic differences, and environmental factors, suggesting they are free from bias across all groups D. IQ tests are criticized for showing score variations due to cultural bias, genetic differences, and environmental factors, suggesting they accurately reflect innate intelligence across all groups

Answer 326

B

Question 327

How can controllability influence a student's emotional response to success or failure? A. It increases pride for success and shame for failure when outcomes are attributed to controllable factors like effort. B. It increases pride for success and shame for failure when outcomes are attributed to uncontrollable factors like talent. C. It increases pride for success and shame for failure when outcomes are attributed to stable factors like ability. D. It increases pride for success and shame for failure when outcomes are attributed to external factors like luck.

Answer 327

A

Question 328

What role do close friends play in shaping an adolescent's self-esteem compared to classmates? A. Classmates provide a more diverse social network and offer a wider range of perspectives B. Classmates offer a broader social context and provide a more objective evaluation of self-worth C. Classmates foster a competitive environment and encourage higher self-esteem through peer comparison D. Close friends provide direct social support and model behaviors

Answer 328

D

Question 329

How do Piaget's phases of moral judgment differ from Kohlberg's stages of moral reasoning? A. Piaget's phases emphasize moral reasoning while Kohlberg's stages focus on cognitive structures B. Piaget's phases emphasize moral emotions while Kohlberg's stages focus on moral reasoning C. Piaget's phases emphasize cognitive structures while Kohlberg's stages focus on moral reasoning D. Piaget's phases emphasize moral behavior while Kohlberg's stages focus on moral judgment

Answer 329

C

Question 330

What evidence suggests that private school students may receive a better education than those in public schools? A. Private school students achieve higher average scores on achievement tests and are more likely to complete university B. Private school students excel in university performance due to intensive individual attention C. Private school students show no advantage in achievement test scores or university completion rates D. Private school students benefit from higher socioeconomic status without improved academic outcomes

Answer 330

A

Question 331

In what way can a strong ethnocultural identity serve as a protective factor for youth at risk of gang involvement? A. It enhances academic achievement and social integration, which reduces gang involvement. B. It provides a sense of belonging, self-esteem, and cultural pride, which reduces gang involvement. C. It promotes positive peer relationships and community support, which reduces gang involvement. D. It fosters resilience and emotional well-being, which reduces gang involvement.

Answer 331

B

Question 332

How do abstract generalizations influence an adolescent's self-concept? A. They integrate concrete behaviors into a coherent self-concept, influencing future responses. B. They reinforce concrete descriptions of behavior without integrating them into a coherent self-concept. C. They emphasize specific traits without linking them to future behavior. D. They focus on external feedback without internal integration.

Answer 332

A

Question 333

What is the significance of the 8–4 educational system compared to other systems? A. It increases the number of school transitions, which may lead to higher stress levels B. It emphasizes early specialization, which may limit students' overall development C. It promotes a competitive environment, which may undermine students' sense of belonging D. It reduces the number of school transitions, which may improve students' self-esteem and connection to school

Answer 333

D

Question 334

What types of programs have been developed to support Indigenous teens' cultural identity in Canada? A. Programs that promote technological skills and digital literacy B. Programs that emphasize sports and recreational activities C. Programs that support Indigenous cultural identity D. Programs that focus on academic achievement and career readiness

Answer 334

C

Question 335

What are the negative effects associated with ability grouping in education? A. It enhances academic achievement and involvement by providing tailored instruction B. It increases teacher experience and expectations for all students C. It improves self-esteem and reduces behavioral problems by fostering a supportive environment D. It lowers academic achievement, involvement, and self-esteem while increasing behavioral problems

Answer 335

D

Question 336

How does the perception of the American Dream vary by age group based on survey results? A. The decline is most pronounced among younger adults (18-29) and less so among older adults (65+) B. The decline is most pronounced among older adults (65+) and less so among younger adults (18-29) C. The decline is uniform across all age groups D. The decline is most pronounced among middle-aged adults (30-64) and less so among younger adults (18-29)

Answer 336

A

Question 337

How do externalizing problems typically manifest in behavior? A. Manifesting as excessive worry, rumination, and emotional dysregulation B. Manifesting as withdrawal, social isolation, and self-harm C. Manifesting as aggression, delinquency, and antisocial behavior D. Manifesting as depression, anxiety, and eating disorders

Answer 337

C

Question 338

How do Piaget's phases of moral judgment differ from Kohlberg's stages of moral reasoning? A. Piaget's theory is based on three levels of moral development while Kohlberg's theory is based on two phases of moral judgment. B. Piaget's theory emphasizes the reasoning behind moral decisions while Kohlberg's theory focuses on the rigidity of rules. C. Piaget's theory describes six stages of moral reasoning while Kohlberg's theory outlines two phases of moral judgment. D. Piaget's theory describes two phases of moral judgment while Kohlberg's theory outlines six stages of moral reasoning.

Answer 338

D

Question 339

How does participation in extracurricular activities affect adolescents' academic performance? A. It has no effect on academic performance B. It has a negative effect on academic performance C. It has a mixed effect on academic performance D. It has a positive effect on academic performance

Answer 339

D

Question 340

How has youth crime changed in Canada from 2008 to 2018? A. Youth crime increased by 42% over 10 years B. Youth crime remained unchanged over 10 years C. Youth crime decreased by 21% over 10 years D. Youth crime decreased by 42% over 10 years

Answer 340

D

Question 341

What is the definition of a mentor in the context of adolescent development? A. An adult who focuses on social competence and challenges without building a strong emotional bond B. An adult who teaches skills, promotes competence, and provides guidance and support with an emotional bond C. An adult who primarily teaches skills and provides instruction without emotional support D. An adult who mainly offers guidance and encouragement without teaching specific skills

Answer 341

B

Question 342

How has the enrollment of women in postsecondary education changed over the past 30 years in Canada? A. It has increased significantly over the past 30 years B. It has remained relatively stable over the past 30 years C. It has decreased significantly over the past 30 years D. It has fluctuated moderately over the past 30 years

Answer 342

A

Question 343

How does early-life gender-based violence contribute to vulnerability for sex trafficking victims? A. It increases vulnerability by creating a history of trauma that weakens self-esteem and social support. B. It increases vulnerability by encouraging runaway behavior that isolates individuals from protective environments. C. It increases vulnerability by promoting substance abuse that impairs judgment and decision-making. D. It increases vulnerability by fostering economic insecurity that forces individuals into risky situations.

Answer 343

A

Question 344

How does peer interaction influence an adolescent's evolving self-concept? A. Peer interaction provides feedback that helps adolescents internalize others' views, leading to a more complex, differentiated, abstract, and integrated self-concept. B. Peer interaction mainly focuses on social acceptance without affecting self-understanding. C. Peer interaction primarily boosts self-esteem without changing the self-concept. D. Peer interaction reinforces existing self-perceptions without altering them.

Answer 344

A

Question 345

What therapeutic approaches are commonly used to treat adolescents with eating disorders? A. Cognitive-behavioural therapy, antidepressant medication, and family therapy B. Cognitive-behavioural therapy, antidepressant medication, and nutritional therapy C. Cognitive-behavioural therapy, antidepressant medication, and group therapy D. Cognitive-behavioural therapy, antidepressant medication, and individual therapy

Answer 345

A

Question 346

What are the implications of cultural differences in moral reasoning as suggested by Kohlberg's theory? A. It implies that individualist values are prioritized over collectivist values. B. It implies that all cultures share a universal moral framework. C. It implies that moral reasoning is solely based on objective justice principles. D. It implies that collectivist cultures are morally inferior to individualist cultures.

Answer 346

A

Question 347

What is the impact of teachers' beliefs about their efficacy on student performance? A. Teachers with a strong sense of efficacy may communicate low expectations and give up quickly, which can hinder student performance. B. Teachers with a strong sense of efficacy may focus solely on academic content and neglect student relationships, which can limit student performance. C. Teachers with a strong sense of efficacy may become overconfident and fail to adapt their teaching strategies, which can negatively impact student performance. D. Teachers with a strong sense of efficacy may communicate high expectations and persist longer, which can enhance student performance.

Answer 347

D

Question 348

How does school size relate to students' feelings of attachment to their school? A. Students in larger schools feel more attached because they have more diverse extracurricular options. B. Students in smaller schools feel less attached because they have fewer resources and opportunities. C. Students in smaller schools feel more attached because they have closer teacher-student relationships. D. Students in larger schools feel equally attached because they offer a wider range of academic programs.

Answer 348

C

Question 349

What does comorbidity refer to in the context of mental health and addictions? A. The simultaneous experience of internalizing and externalizing symptoms without distinct diagnoses B. The presence of a single mental health or addiction problem in an individual C. The co-occurrence of two or more distinct mental health or addiction problems in an individual D. The occurrence of multiple physical health issues alongside mental health problems

Answer 349

C

Question 350

What factors predict delinquency according to the text? A. Ethnicity, class/neighborhood, parents, peers, and psychological traits B. Ethnicity, class/neighborhood, parents, peers, and epigenetics C. Ethnicity, class/neighborhood, parents, peers, and stress reactivity D. Ethnicity, class/neighborhood, parents, peers, psychological traits, epigenetics, stress reactivity, and learning disabilities

Answer 350

D

Question 351

How does Vygotsky view the role of social interactions in cognitive development? A. Cognitive development is primarily shaped by environmental stimuli and reinforcement. B. Cognitive development is primarily shaped by social and cultural interactions. C. Cognitive development is primarily shaped by individual exploration and self-discovery. D. Cognitive development is primarily shaped by biological maturation and innate abilities.

Answer 351

B

Question 352

What strategies can be employed to prevent youth from becoming radicalized? A. Relying solely on law enforcement interventions B. Focusing exclusively on educational programs C. Employing a multidimensional approach involving diverse sectors D. Depending solely on parental guidance

Answer 352

C

Question 353

How might ability grouping in schools affect minority youth and those from lower socioeconomic backgrounds? A. It promotes social integration by mixing students from diverse backgrounds in all classes. B. It enhances academic performance by providing tailored instruction for all ability levels. C. It lowers academic expectations and reduces access to quality resources for students in low-ability tracks. D. It improves teacher quality by assigning experienced educators to all ability groups.

Answer 353

C

Question 354

How might society better prepare young people for adult careers through educational practices? A. Implementing apprenticeship programs by integrating on-the-job training with classroom learning B. Strengthening extracurricular activities by offering a wider range of clubs and sports C. Enhancing career counseling services by providing more guidance on college admissions and job market trends D. Expanding traditional classroom instruction by increasing academic rigor and standardized testing

Answer 354

A

Question 355

What does comorbidity mean in the context of adolescent problems? A. The simultaneous occurrence of two or more problems in adolescents B. The isolated occurrence of two or more problems in adolescents C. The overlapping occurrence of two or more problems in adolescents D. The sequential occurrence of two or more problems in adolescents

Answer 355

A

Question 356

How does biculturalism differ from assimilation in terms of cultural identity? A. Assimilation involves fully adopting the majority culture while biculturalism means integrating both cultures B. Assimilation involves rejecting one's own culture while biculturalism means rejecting the majority culture C. Assimilation involves rejecting both cultures while biculturalism means fully adopting the majority culture D. Assimilation involves integrating both cultures while biculturalism means rejecting one's own culture

Answer 356

A

Question 357

How do adolescents begin to describe themselves differently compared to younger children? A. By focusing on observable, behavioral characteristics rather than subjective, emotional states B. By emphasizing abstract, psychological traits rather than concrete, physical ones C. By highlighting external, social roles rather than internal, personal qualities D. By emphasizing concrete, physical traits rather than abstract, psychological ones

Answer 357

B

Question 358

How does the interaction between genes and environment influence antisocial behavior in youth? A. Antisocial behavior is determined by the interaction between genes and environment B. Antisocial behavior is determined by the additive effects of genes and environment C. Antisocial behavior is primarily determined by environmental factors alone D. Antisocial behavior is primarily determined by genetic factors alone

Answer 358

A

Question 359

How does the experience of parental divorce influence depressive symptoms in teenagers? A. It leads to a decrease in depressive symptoms by reducing family conflict B. It has no effect on depressive symptoms as teens adapt quickly C. It leads to a sharp increase in depressive symptoms D. It causes a temporary increase in depressive symptoms that resolves over time

Answer 359

C

Question 360

How is happiness defined in the context of living well and a good life? A. Happiness is defined as the experience of intense excitement and the thrill of novelty B. Happiness is defined as the pursuit of pleasure and the avoidance of pain C. Happiness is defined as the achievement of material success and the accumulation of wealth D. Happiness is defined as living well and living a life that is good for you

Answer 360

D

Question 361

What is power assertion in the context of parenting, and which type of parents typically use it? A. Parents use their dominant position to control behavior through punishment or privilege removal (power assertion, used by authoritarian parents) B. Parents use explanations and reasoning to guide behavior (induction, used by authoritative parents) C. Parents threaten to withdraw affection or approval to control behavior (love withdrawal, used by permissive parents) D. Parents use negotiation and compromise to manage behavior (collaborative discipline, used by democratic parents)

Answer 361

A

Question 362

What is binge drinking, and how prevalent is it among Canadian teens? A. Consuming three or more drinks at one time B. Consuming six or more drinks at one time C. Consuming four or more drinks at one time D. Consuming five or more drinks at one time

Answer 362

D

Question 363

What role do peer interactions play in advancing moral reasoning, according to Kohlberg? A. Peer interactions reinforce existing moral norms by providing consistent feedback B. Peer interactions promote conformity by encouraging adherence to group standards C. Peer interactions advance moral reasoning by exposing individuals to diverse perspectives and challenging their existing moral frameworks D. Peer interactions enhance social skills by facilitating cooperative behavior

Answer 363

C

Question 364

In what ways can adolescent substance use be categorized? A. By frequency of use (occasional or regular), by method of consumption (oral or inhaled), and by source of supply (legal or illegal) B. By peer influence (high or low), by parental monitoring (strict or lax), and by academic performance (good or poor) C. By age of initiation (early or late), by gender differences (male or female), and by socioeconomic status (high or low) D. By reason for use (instrumental or recreational), by legality of substance (licit or illicit), and by potential for dependence (drug dependence or non-dependence)

Answer 364

D

Question 365

What term describes the process of adopting the customs and beliefs of the majority culture while rejecting one's ethnic culture? A. Integration/Biculturalism B. Marginalization C. Separation D. Assimilation

Answer 365

D

Question 366

What is the difference between the "I" and the "Me" in terms of self-concept? A. The 'I' is the social self that interacts with others, while the 'Me' is the personal self that reflects on identity B. The 'I' is the subjective self that thinks and feels, while the 'Me' is the objective self that holds beliefs and knowledge C. The 'I' is the executive function that plans and decides, while the 'Me' is the self that experiences emotions D. The 'I' is the objective self that holds beliefs and knowledge, while the 'Me' is the subjective self that thinks and feels

Answer 366

B

Question 367

What percentage of individuals with anorexia may die from starvation or related conditions? A. 10% B. 15% C. 20% D. 5%

Answer 367

A

Question 368

What are the four categories of identity status as defined by Marcia? A. Identity Achievement, Identity Foreclosure, Identity Moratorium, Identity Confusion B. Identity Achievement, Identity Foreclosure, Identity Moratorium, Identity Crisis C. Identity Achievement, Identity Foreclosure, Identity Moratorium, Identity Exploration D. Identity Achievement, Identity Foreclosure, Identity Moratorium, Identity Diffusion

Answer 368

D

Question 369

What are mentors, and how can they be effective for students? A. Mentors are peers who offer guidance and support to young people, helping them develop skills, competence, and social capital. B. Mentors are non-familial adults who offer guidance and support to young people, helping them develop skills, competence, and social capital. C. Mentors are familial adults who offer guidance and support to young people, helping them develop skills, competence, and social capital. D. Mentors are non-familial adults who offer instruction and challenge to young people, helping them develop skills, competence, and social capital.

Answer 369

B

Question 370

What disciplinary approach involves parents explaining the effects of actions on others? A. Induction B. Power assertion C. Love withdrawal D. Time-out

Answer 370

A

Question 371

How many Canadian adolescents aged 16–19 understand the dangers of driving while "high"? A. 79% B. 30% C. 48% D. 12%

Answer 371

C

Question 372

How do parenting styles influence children's moral development? A. Authoritative parenting, which uses induction and warm support, fosters empathy and perspective-taking, leading to more mature moral reasoning and prosocial behavior B. Uninvolved parenting, which provides little emotional support or supervision, leads to poor internalization of moral values C. Permissive parenting, which offers minimal guidance and few rules, results in inconsistent moral development D. Authoritarian parenting, which relies on strict control and punishment, promotes obedience but limits independent moral reasoning

Answer 372

A

Question 373

How does the presence of Indigenous culture in the curriculum affect student success rates? A. It decreases student success rates by alienating non-Indigenous students B. It has no effect on student success rates due to teacher confidence issues C. It increases dropout rates by emphasizing cultural differences D. It improves student success rates by enhancing cultural relevance

Answer 373

D

Question 374

What is Robbie Case's contribution to cognitive development theory? A. He proposed that cognitive development progresses in stages driven by assimilation and accommodation. B. He proposed that cognitive development progresses in stages driven by social interactions and cultural influences. C. He proposed that cognitive development progresses in stages driven by genetic predispositions and biological maturation. D. He proposed that cognitive development progresses in stages driven by changes in information processing abilities.

Answer 374

D

Question 375

What protective roles can families play in preventing eating disorders among adolescents? A. Families that prioritize social media influence and peer pressure B. Families that focus on strict dieting and weight control C. Families that emphasize high academic achievement and competition D. Families that share meals together at least five times a week

Answer 375

D

Question 376

How do parents' educational backgrounds influence their choices regarding their children's schools? A. Parents with lower educational backgrounds are more likely to rely on standard public school options B. Parents with higher educational backgrounds are more likely to rely on standard public school options C. Parents with higher educational backgrounds are more likely to actively choose schools based on high rankings and community reputation D. Parents with lower educational backgrounds are more likely to actively choose schools based on high rankings and community reputation

Answer 376

C

Question 377

What is the link between moral identity centrality and prosocial behavior in individuals? A. A strong moral identity leads to increased prosocial behavior because individuals feel a necessity to act in accordance with their moral beliefs. B. A strong moral identity leads to no change in prosocial behavior because moral beliefs do not always translate into actions. C. A strong moral identity leads to inconsistent prosocial behavior because situational factors override personal values. D. A strong moral identity leads to less prosocial behavior because individuals may become overly self-focused.

Answer 377

A

Question 378

What was Kohlberg's approach to studying moral reasoning compared to Piaget's method? A. Kohlberg used moral dilemmas to assess reasoning, while Piaget used naturalistic observation to study rule-based behavior B. Kohlberg used moral dilemmas to assess reasoning, while Piaget used structured interviews to study rule-based behavior C. Kohlberg used hypothetical scenarios to assess reasoning, while Piaget used experimental tasks to study rule-based behavior D. Kohlberg used structured interviews to assess reasoning, while Piaget used naturalistic observation to study rule-based behavior

Answer 378

A

Question 379

How can feelings of hopelessness influence suicidal thoughts in adolescents? A. Hopelessness makes adolescents believe that their problems are insurmountable and that life will never improve, which can make suicide seem like the only escape from their emotional pain. B. Hopelessness makes adolescents feel overwhelmed by their problems, leading them to seek immediate relief through impulsive actions. C. Hopelessness intensifies feelings of worthlessness, making adolescents believe they are a burden and that suicide is a solution. D. Hopelessness causes adolescents to withdraw from social support, which increases isolation and the risk of suicidal thoughts.

Answer 379

A

Question 380

What benefits do extracurricular activities provide for students? A. They improve academic performance, enhance communication with teachers and parents, raise educational aspirations, and reduce dropout rates B. They improve academic performance, enhance communication with teachers and parents, raise educational aspirations, and increase dropout rates C. They improve academic performance, reduce communication with teachers and parents, raise educational aspirations, and reduce dropout rates D. They improve academic performance, enhance communication with teachers and parents, lower educational aspirations, and reduce dropout rates

Answer 380

A

Question 381

How do Indigenous youth's rates of marijuana use compare to non-Indigenous youth? A. Rates are at least three times lower for Indigenous youth than non-Indigenous youth B. Rates are approximately equal for Indigenous youth and non-Indigenous youth C. Rates are at least three times higher for Indigenous youth than non-Indigenous youth D. Rates are at least six times lower for Indigenous youth than non-Indigenous youth

Answer 381

C

Question 382

How does social acceptance impact self-esteem in early adolescence? A. Social acceptance has no impact on self-esteem in early adolescence B. Social acceptance only affects self-esteem in late adolescence C. Social acceptance primarily influences self-esteem through close friendships D. Social acceptance significantly boosts self-esteem in early adolescence

Answer 382

D

Question 383

What are the four ways minorities can relate to the majority culture according to John Berry? A. Assimilation, Marginalization, Separation, Diffusion B. Assimilation, Marginalization, Separation, Foreclosure C. Assimilation, Marginalization, Separation, Moratorium D. Assimilation, Marginalization, Separation, Integration

Answer 383

D

Question 384

What is the gateway hypothesis regarding marijuana use and other illicit drugs? A. It suggests that marijuana use reduces the risk of using more dangerous substances. B. It claims that marijuana use directly causes addiction to harder drugs. C. It asserts that marijuana use has no effect on the likelihood of using other illicit drugs. D. It proposes that marijuana use increases the likelihood of using other illicit drugs.

Answer 384

D

Question 385

What is the importance of psychosocial moratorium in identity exploration during adolescence? A. It allows adolescents to explore different roles and beliefs to discover their true identity. B. It prevents adolescents from experiencing any risk during identity formation. C. It ensures adolescents commit to pre-assigned roles without exploration. D. It forces adolescents to conform to traditional values without questioning.

Answer 385

A

Question 386

How can moral exemplars influence an individual's moral identity? A. By demonstrating exceptional moral behavior, which inspires individuals to internalize moral values and integrate them into their self-concept B. By imposing strict moral rules, which enforces behavior without fostering personal commitment C. By offering social approval for moral actions, which reinforces conformity rather than identity integration D. By providing external rewards for moral behavior, which encourages compliance without internalizing values

Answer 386

A

Question 387

What mental health issues are associated with early cannabis use during adolescence? A. Increased risk of mood disorders, cognitive impairments, and structural/functional brain changes B. Increased risk of anxiety disorders, cognitive impairments, and structural/functional brain changes C. Increased risk of substance use disorders, cognitive impairments, and structural/functional brain changes D. Increased risk of psychotic disorders, cognitive impairments, and structural/functional brain changes

Answer 387

D

Question 388

In what ways can poor social relationships contribute to low self-esteem in adolescents? A. By increasing social media use and cyberbullying, which can lower self-esteem B. By increasing family conflict and parental expectations, which can lower self-esteem C. By increasing feelings of isolation, rejection, and social comparison, which can lower self-esteem D. By increasing academic stress and performance pressure, which can lower self-esteem

Answer 388

C

Question 389

What role does peer feedback play in shaping an adolescent's self-esteem? A. It primarily affects social acceptance by determining popularity among peers. B. It mainly influences academic performance by providing constructive criticism on schoolwork. C. It primarily shapes identity formation by reinforcing group norms and values. D. It primarily influences self-esteem by providing social validation and shaping perceptions of self-worth.

Answer 389

D

Question 390

How have THC concentrations in cannabis products changed over time? A. THC concentrations have decreased over time, from 2-3% in the 1960s to 1% in 2018 B. THC concentrations have remained constant over time, at 2-3% from the 1960s to 2018 C. THC concentrations have increased over time, from 2-3% in the 1960s to 20% in 2018 D. THC concentrations have fluctuated over time, varying between 1% and 20% from the 1960s to 2018

Answer 390

C

Question 391

What are possible selves, and how do they impact adolescents' decision-making? A. They are the various future identities adolescents imagine they might become, which influence their decision-making by guiding their planning, priority setting, and self-regulation. B. They are the past identities adolescents once held, which influence their decision-making by shaping their memories and experiences. C. They are the current identities adolescents possess, which influence their decision-making by reflecting their present characteristics. D. They are the ideal identities adolescents aspire to, which influence their decision-making by setting unrealistic goals and expectations.

Answer 391

A

Question 392

How does participation in school clubs and organizations influence students' feelings of belonging? A. It increases feelings of belonging by promoting academic competition B. It has no effect on feelings of belonging by maintaining existing social dynamics C. It decreases feelings of belonging by limiting social interaction D. It increases feelings of belonging by fostering positive social relationships

Answer 392

D

Question 393

What findings suggest that moral reasoning may not be strictly tied to individualist versus collectivist cultures? A. Moral reasoning is not strictly tied to individualist versus collectivist cultures, with individual and situational factors playing a greater role. B. Moral reasoning is strictly tied to individualist versus collectivist cultures, with cultural norms dictating moral judgments. C. Moral reasoning is primarily determined by cultural values, with individual differences playing a minor role. D. Moral reasoning is largely influenced by cultural traditions, with little variation within cultures.

Answer 393

A

Question 394

What are the three approaches to discipline identified by Hoffman? A. Induction, Power assertion, and Punishment orientation B. Induction, Love withdrawal, and Reward orientation C. Power assertion, Love withdrawal, and Empathy induction D. Induction, Power assertion, and Love withdrawal

Answer 394

D

Question 395

What are the three major conceptualizations of happiness? A. Hedonism, Eudaimonia, and Engagement B. Hedonism, Eudaimonia, and Hope C. Hedonism, Engagement, and Meaning D. Eudaimonia, Engagement, and Pleasure

Answer 395

A

Question 396

How does the use of induction relate to mature moral thinking and behavior? A. It promotes mature moral thinking and behavior by explaining effects and encouraging empathy B. It promotes mature moral thinking and behavior by using punishment to deter misbehavior C. It promotes mature moral thinking and behavior by using love withdrawal to elicit guilt D. It promotes mature moral thinking and behavior by using power assertion to enforce compliance

Answer 396

A

Question 397

How might gender differences influence moral reasoning, according to Gilligan's perspective? A. Girls focus on individual rights and autonomy, while boys emphasize community harmony and interdependence B. Girls emphasize care and relationships, while boys focus on abstract rules and justice C. Girls prioritize abstract rules and justice, while boys emphasize care and relationships D. Girls emphasize personal achievement and competition, while boys focus on cooperation and empathy

Answer 397

B

Question 398

How does the diathesis-stress model explain depression among teens? A. Depression results from a combination of predisposing vulnerability and negative life events. B. Depression results solely from negative life events without predisposing vulnerability. C. Depression results solely from genetic predisposition without environmental stress. D. Depression results from a combination of genetic predisposition and positive life events.

Answer 398

A

Question 399

What is empathy, and how might it be linked to brain structures? A. The capacity to feel concern for someone else's distress B. The capacity to understand someone else's distress through cognitive analysis C. The capacity to experience one's own distress when observing another's distress D. The capacity to experience feelings similar to those someone else is experiencing

Answer 399

D

Question 400

What percentage of teachers in British Columbia reported experiencing severe violence in schools? A. 100% B. 50% C. 20% D. 80%

Answer 400

D

Question 401

What risk factors have been identified for gang involvement? A. High per capita income, increased parental monitoring, and early delinquency B. Low per capita income, increased parental monitoring, and early delinquency C. Low per capita income, lessened parental monitoring, and early delinquency D. High per capita income, lessened parental monitoring, and early delinquency

Answer 401

C

Question 402

What peer factors are consistently linked to body dissatisfaction in adolescents? A. Appearance teasing and perceived pressure from family to be thin B. Social media exposure and perceived pressure from friends to be thin C. Appearance teasing and perceived pressure from media to be thin D. Appearance teasing and perceived pressure from friends to be thin

Answer 402

D

Question 403

What are the two systems involved in coping with stress as described in the text? A. Emotion-focused coping and Problem-focused coping B. Automatic system and Regulatory system C. Regulatory system and HPG axis D. Automatic system and HPA axis

Answer 403

B

Question 404

What is the main criticism of Kohlberg's theory concerning cultural bias? A. It assumes universal moral stages that do not account for cultural diversity. B. It relies on hypothetical dilemmas rather than real-life moral situations. C. It focuses too much on individual moral judgment while ignoring social influences. D. It overemphasizes cognitive reasoning at the expense of emotional factors.

Answer 404

A

Question 405

How does a strong ethnocultural identity affect academic achievement among youth from immigrant families? A. It leads to lower academic achievement due to cultural conflicts. B. It results in decreased academic motivation due to over-reliance on cultural support. C. It enhances academic achievement by boosting self-esteem and psychological well-being. D. It has no effect on academic achievement as academic success is solely based on individual effort.

Answer 405

C

Question 406

How does induction as a disciplinary technique differ from power assertion? A. Induction uses parental dominance to control behavior through threats of punishment or loss of privileges, while power assertion explains the effects of an action on others and suggests ways to repair damage. B. Induction uses parental dominance to control behavior through threats of punishment or loss of privileges, while power assertion threatens the child with a loss of affection or approval. C. Induction threatens the child with a loss of affection or approval, while power assertion explains the effects of an action on others and suggests ways to repair damage. D. Induction explains the effects of an action on others and suggests ways to repair damage, while power assertion uses parental dominance to control behavior through threats of punishment or loss of privileges.

Answer 406

D

Question 407

How has tracking in schools changed over time, particularly in Canada? A. Tracking remained rigid with fixed assignments throughout the period B. Tracking was always based on individual course selection C. Tracking became more flexible with student choice from the start D. Tracking shifted from fixed assignments to individual course selection

Answer 407

D

Question 408

How does cortisol level relate to aggressive behavior in young boys? A. Fluctuating cortisol levels are associated with unpredictable stress responses, leading to aggressive behavior B. Normal cortisol levels are associated with balanced emotional regulation, leading to aggressive behavior C. High cortisol levels are associated with increased fear and anxiety, leading to aggressive behavior D. Low cortisol levels are associated with reduced fear and anxiety, leading to aggressive behavior

Answer 408

D

Question 409

What is the distinction between self-concept and self-esteem? A. Self-concept is how one feels about oneself, while self-esteem is how one thinks about oneself B. Self-concept is how one evaluates oneself, while self-esteem is how one perceives oneself C. Self-concept is how one perceives oneself, while self-esteem is how one evaluates oneself D. Self-concept is how one judges oneself, while self-esteem is how one describes oneself

Answer 409

C

Question 410

What cognitive patterns are linked to increased susceptibility to depression in adolescents? A. Distraction, pessimistic explanatory style, and social withdrawal B. Distraction, self-blame, and social withdrawal C. Rumination, pessimistic explanatory style, and preoccupied relational style D. Distraction, self-blame, and preoccupied relational style

Answer 410

C

Question 411

What is the psychosocial moratorium and how does it benefit adolescents? A. A period of identity exploration where adolescents are free from adult responsibilities to experiment with different roles and values B. A period of early adult responsibilities where adolescents are forced to take on adult roles prematurely C. A period of strict parental control where adolescents are closely monitored and restricted from independent exploration D. A period of intense academic pressure where adolescents focus solely on achieving high grades

Answer 411

A

Question 412

What does it mean for adolescents to have more complex self-descriptions? A. They focus solely on external traits and concrete achievements, ignoring internal beliefs and emotions. B. They emphasize only positive traits and ignore negative aspects, presenting an overly idealized self-image. C. They rely on simple, undifferentiated descriptions without exploring abstract or contradictory elements. D. They include a wider variety of personal and interpersonal traits, both positive and negative, and incorporate internal beliefs, attitudes, motives, and emotions.

Answer 412

D

Question 413

How does chronic stress affect mental and physical health according to the text? A. It impairs cognitive functions, reduces the risk of psychiatric disorders, and lowers the risk of physical health ailments. B. It improves cognitive functions, increases the risk of psychiatric disorders, and lowers the risk of physical health ailments. C. It impairs cognitive functions, increases the risk of psychiatric disorders, and elevates the risk of physical health ailments. D. It enhances cognitive functions, reduces the risk of psychiatric disorders, and lowers the risk of physical health ailments.

Answer 413

C

Question 414

What is meant by the term "stage-environment fit" in relation to school climate? A. It describes how well the school's physical environment matches the student's learning style. B. It describes how well the school's social climate matches the student's peer group. C. It describes how well the school's structure matches the student's developmental level. D. It describes how well the school's academic curriculum matches the student's interests.

Answer 414

C

Question 415

How do societal expectations and media representations affect body image among adolescent girls? A. They lower body satisfaction and self-esteem by reinforcing unrealistic beauty standards B. They have no impact on body satisfaction and self-esteem due to individual differences C. They enhance body satisfaction and self-esteem by promoting realistic body images D. They improve body satisfaction and self-esteem by encouraging diverse body types

Answer 415

A

Question 416

What is ethnocultural identity, and how does it differ from general identity concepts? A. A self-constructed understanding of oneself based on occupational status and professional achievements, internalizing career goals and aspirations. B. A self-constructed understanding of oneself based on personal values and social roles, internalizing individual experiences and relationships. C. A self-constructed understanding of oneself based on gender identity and sexual orientation, internalizing personal preferences and relationships. D. A self-constructed understanding of oneself based on one's ethnicity and ethnocultural group, internalizing the meaning and implications of group membership.

Answer 416

D

Question 417

What is the significance of THC and CBD in marijuana's effects on the brain? A. THC is psychoactive and impairs cognitive function, while CBD is non-psychoactive and anti-inflammatory B. THC is non-psychoactive and enhances cognitive function, while CBD is psychoactive and impairs cognitive function C. THC is non-psychoactive and anti-inflammatory, while CBD is psychoactive and impairs cognitive function D. THC is psychoactive and anti-inflammatory, while CBD is non-psychoactive and enhances cognitive function

Answer 417

A

Question 418

What is meant by "possible selves" in the context of adolescent identity development? A. The various future identities an adolescent imagines B. The feared self as a static, negative outcome C. The ideal self as a fixed, unchanging goal D. The actual self as perceived in the present

Answer 418

A

Question 419

What is the importance of personal interests in shaping an adolescent's sense of identity? A. They primarily facilitate social acceptance by aligning with peer norms. B. They mainly enhance academic performance by focusing on structured learning. C. They chiefly promote career readiness by developing marketable skills. D. They mainly foster self-discovery by exploring personal passions.

Answer 419

D

Question 420

What evidence suggests that empathy can influence prosocial behavior? A. It shows that high levels of empathy reduce gang involvement by weakening the connection with deviant peers. B. It shows that strong cultural identity reduces gang involvement by engaging youth in traditional practices. C. It shows that genetic predispositions reduce gang involvement by enhancing self-control. D. It shows that supportive family ties reduce gang involvement by providing social support.

Answer 420

A

Question 421

How do comprehensive high schools aim to educate diverse student populations? A. By integrating all students into a common curriculum to promote democratic equality B. By offering diverse academic tracks to cater to different interests and future roles C. By providing personalized mentorship to address individual learning needs D. By focusing solely on university-prep courses to ensure academic excellence

Answer 421

B

Question 422

How can positive parenting influence a teen's sense of ethnocultural identity? A. By emphasizing academic achievement and career goals, which may overshadow cultural exploration B. By focusing on assimilation into the dominant culture, which can dilute ethnic identity C. By promoting independence and self-reliance, which may reduce family cultural engagement D. By encouraging ethnocultural socialization, which fosters exploration and commitment

Answer 422

D

Question 423

What significant change occurred in youth reporting their mental health from 2019 to 2023? A. Youth reporting their mental health as 'poor' or 'fair' increased from 12% in 2019 to 26% in 2023 B. Youth reporting their mental health as 'poor' or 'fair' increased from 12% in 2019 to 12% in 2023 C. Youth reporting their mental health as 'poor' or 'fair' decreased from 12% in 2019 to 26% in 2023 D. Youth reporting their mental health as 'poor' or 'fair' remained stable at 12% from 2019 to 2023

Answer 423

A

Question 424

How do middle-class parents typically respond to their children's placement in lower-level classes? A. They accept the placement and do not intervene, assuming the school's decision is correct. B. They blame the child's academic performance and do not challenge the placement. C. They advocate for their children to be moved into higher-level courses. D. They rely on the school's guidance and do not question the placement.

Answer 424

C

Question 425

What factors contribute to social inequality in educational settings related to tracking? A. Students in lower ability tracks receive a better educational experience due to more experienced teachers, higher expectations, and positive peer influences B. Students in lower ability tracks receive an equal educational experience due to similarly experienced teachers, uniform expectations, and neutral peer influences C. Students in lower ability tracks receive a superior educational experience due to more individualized instruction, higher expectations, and supportive peer influences D. Students in lower ability tracks receive a poorer educational experience due to less experienced teachers, lower expectations, and negative peer influences

Answer 425

D

Question 426

What characterizes someone in the identity achievement category? A. Neither explored nor committed to an identity (identity diffusion) B. Committed without exploring options (identity foreclosure) C. Explored but not committed to an identity (identity moratorium) D. Explored and committed to an identity (identity achievement)

Answer 426

D

Question 427

What are the implications of early onset substance use in Indigenous youth? A. It leads to improved long-term outcomes with reduced addiction risk and positive health and social consequences B. It leads to similar long-term outcomes with no change in addiction risk and neutral health and social consequences C. It leads to poorer long-term outcomes with increased addiction risk and negative health and social consequences D. It leads to mixed long-term outcomes with variable addiction risk and inconsistent health and social consequences

Answer 427

C

Question 428

What evidence supports the effectiveness of volunteer mentoring programs like Big Brothers/Big Sisters? A. Evidence from correlational analyses linking mentoring to better academic performance in teens B. Evidence from qualitative interviews indicating improved self-esteem in mentored teens C. Evidence from observational studies showing positive outcomes in mentored teens D. Evidence from a true experiment showing reduced drug use, improved school attendance, and better peer relations in mentored teens

Answer 428

D

Question 429

How do differential expectations from teachers affect student achievement? A. They lead teachers to ignore individual differences, which simplifies classroom management. B. They lead teachers to focus solely on high-achieving students, which boosts overall class performance. C. They lead teachers to treat students differently, which affects the opportunities and support each student receives. D. They lead teachers to treat all students equally, which ensures uniform opportunities and support.

Answer 429

C

Question 430

What is the effect of combining THC with CBD on emotional recognition abilities? A. Variable emotional recognition B. Impaired emotional recognition C. No impairment in emotional recognition D. Improved emotional recognition

Answer 430

C

Question 431

What demographic groups are disproportionately impacted by the mental health and addictions crisis in 2024? A. Young adults, high socio-economic classes, and African populations B. Elderly individuals, upper socio-economic classes, and Caucasian populations C. Middle-aged adults, middle socio-economic classes, and Asian populations D. Youth, lower socio-economic classes, and ethnocultural minorities

Answer 431

D

Question 432

How does identity diffusion differ from identity foreclosure in adolescent development? A. Identity diffusion involves commitment without exploration, while identity foreclosure involves exploration without commitment B. Identity diffusion involves neither exploration nor commitment, while identity foreclosure involves commitment without exploration C. Identity diffusion involves exploration without commitment, while identity foreclosure involves commitment without exploration D. Identity diffusion involves both exploration and commitment, while identity foreclosure involves neither exploration nor commitment

Answer 432

B

Question 433

What are mirror neurons, and how are they related to empathy? A. Neurons that fire both when a person performs an action and when they observe someone else performing the same action B. Neurons that fire randomly during both action performance and observation C. Neurons that fire only when a person observes an action, not when performing it D. Neurons that fire only when a person performs an action, not when observing others

Answer 433

A

Question 434

How many hours per week did teenage girls and boys typically work, respectively, according to a previous survey by Statistics Canada? A. 14.5 hours (girls) and 13.6 hours (boys) B. 13.6 hours (girls) and 13.6 hours (boys) C. 14.5 hours (girls) and 14.5 hours (boys) D. 13.6 hours (girls) and 14.5 hours (boys)

Answer 434

D

Question 435

How does peer pressure relate to adolescent substance use behaviors? A. Peer pressure only affects substance use through direct encouragement B. Peer pressure is unrelated to adolescent substance use behaviors C. Peer pressure affects substance use through socialization and selection D. Peer pressure only affects substance use through selection of like-minded peers

Answer 435

C

Question 436

How do gender differences affect the prevalence of eating disorders among adolescents? A. Girls are about 3 times more likely than boys to develop serious eating disorders during adolescence B. Girls are about 5 times more likely than boys to develop serious eating disorders during adolescence C. Girls are about 10 times more likely than boys to develop serious eating disorders during adolescence D. Girls are about 10 times less likely than boys to develop serious eating disorders during adolescence

Answer 436

C

Question 437

How does cortisol production relate to stress and internalizing problems in adolescents? A. Cortisol production is unchanged after stress, resulting in no effect on internalizing problems B. Cortisol production is prolonged after stress, leading to more internalizing problems C. Cortisol production is reduced after stress, leading to fewer internalizing problems D. Cortisol production is increased after stress, but its duration does not affect internalizing problems

Answer 437

B

Question 438

What percentage of Canadian teens participate in at least one extracurricular activity? A. 75% B. 90% C. 60% D. 86%

Answer 438

D

Question 439

What are status offenses, and how do they differ from index crimes? A. They are offenses that are illegal for both minors and adults, such as robbery or assault B. They are offenses that are illegal only for adults, such as drug trafficking or fraud C. They are offenses that are illegal only for minors, such as truancy or running away D. They are offenses that are illegal for all individuals, such as murder or arson

Answer 439

C

Question 440

How does the generalized other concept relate to self-concept development according to George Herbert Mead? A. It suggests that self-concept is formed by internalizing personal experiences and individual reflections. B. It suggests that self-concept is formed by internalizing family values and parental expectations. C. It suggests that self-concept is formed by internalizing peer influences and social group norms. D. It suggests that self-concept is formed by internalizing the attitudes and expectations of the generalized other.

Answer 440

D

Question 441

What is the focus of postconventional morality in Kohlberg's model? A. Compliance with legal rules and authority B. Pursuit of personal gain and self-interest C. Universal ethical principles and individual rights D. Adherence to societal norms and expectations

Answer 441

C

Question 442

Why are teenagers particularly vulnerable to cannabis-related psychotic disorders? A. Because chronic cannabis use in adulthood does not alter brain structure B. Because adolescents have developing brains that are particularly vulnerable to cannabis effects C. Because elderly individuals may experience neuroprotective effects from low-dose THC D. Because young adults have fully developed brains that are less sensitive to cannabis effects

Answer 442

B

Question 443

What are some key elements that contribute to a positive school climate? A. Strong leadership, shared vision, safe environment, and clear rules B. Positive expectations, constructive feedback, student involvement, and respectful interactions C. Demandingness and responsiveness D. Clear curricular goals, attractive environment, democratic interactions, and student responsibilities

Answer 443

C

Question 444

What is the ideal school size according to research? A. 400-1000 students B. 1000-2000 students C. 200-400 students D. 100-200 students

Answer 444

A

Question 445

What are the four causal factors central to achievement attributions according to Weiner's theory? A. Ability, effort, task ease/difficulty, and luck B. Ability, effort, task ease/difficulty, and talent C. Ability, effort, task ease/difficulty, and skill D. Ability, effort, task ease/difficulty, and motivation

Answer 445

A

Question 446

How can self-construction contribute to an adolescent's sense of identity? A. It encourages self-discovery by revealing one's intrinsic nature through introspection B. It promotes social conformity by adopting values and beliefs from peers C. It fosters emotional stability by reinforcing existing self-perceptions D. It facilitates identity consolidation by integrating external information

Answer 446

D

Question 447

How is identity achievement defined in the context of personal goals or beliefs? A. Identity diffusion (no exploration, no commitment) B. Identity achievement (exploration followed by commitment) C. Identity moratorium (exploration without commitment) D. Identity foreclosure (no exploration, commitment made without exploration)

Answer 447

B

Question 448

What are the 5Cs in positive youth development? A. Competence, Confidence, Character, Connection, and Caring B. Competence, Confidence, Character, Connection, and Community C. Competence, Confidence, Character, Connection, and Creativity D. Competence, Confidence, Character, Connection, and Contributions

Answer 448

A

Question 449

What is the relationship between high THC/low CBD marijuana use and psychosis? A. High THC/low CBD marijuana use is associated with an increased risk of psychosis B. High THC/low CBD marijuana use is associated with a variable risk of psychosis C. High THC/low CBD marijuana use is associated with no change in the risk of psychosis D. High THC/low CBD marijuana use is associated with a decreased risk of psychosis

Answer 449

A

Question 450

How does romantic relationship stress contribute to depression in adolescent girls? A. It disrupts sleep patterns by causing excessive worry and insomnia. B. It increases social isolation by reducing peer interactions and support. C. It fosters a preoccupied relational style and learned helplessness. D. It elevates cortisol levels by triggering chronic stress responses.

Answer 450

C

Question 451

Why might adolescents with high self-esteem cope better with stress than those with low self-esteem? A. They experience lower cortisol reactivity because they have stronger social support networks. B. They experience lower cortisol reactivity because they have better genetic predispositions. C. They experience lower cortisol reactivity because they are less sensitive to stress. D. They experience lower cortisol reactivity because they view stressful events as challenges.

Answer 451

D

Question 452

What percentage of Canadian teens report considering suicide, according to recent data? A. 17% B. 24% C. 31% D. 20%

Answer 452

B

Question 453

How many levels and stages are there in Kohlberg's model of moral reasoning? A. Three levels and six stages B. Four levels and eight stages C. Two levels and four stages D. Five levels and ten stages

Answer 453

A

Question 454

What does drug dependence refer to? A. A condition where a person uses drugs for recreational purposes without developing a craving or withdrawal symptoms B. A condition where a person uses drugs to relieve pain or fall asleep without experiencing withdrawal symptoms C. A condition where a person develops a strong craving for the drug and experiences withdrawal symptoms upon cessation D. A condition where a person uses drugs occasionally without developing a craving or withdrawal symptoms

Answer 454

C

Question 455

How does the presence of prejudice and discrimination affect the development of ethnocultural identity? A. It initiates active exploration that leads to a secure and confident ethnocultural identity. B. It promotes foreclosed identity by passively accepting imposed cultural norms without exploration. C. It reinforces unexamined identity by maintaining a lack of awareness of one's ethnocultural background. D. It fosters diffused identity by causing confusion and detachment from one's ethnocultural heritage.

Answer 455

A

Question 456

What prompted the establishment of junior high schools in the 1920s? A. To consolidate resources by creating one new institution instead of expanding both elementary and high schools B. To improve academic performance by implementing a more rigorous curriculum for early secondary grades C. To reduce overcrowding in elementary schools by shifting older students to a separate facility D. To provide specialized instruction for young adolescents by creating a unique educational environment

Answer 456

A

Question 457

How does childhood dysfunction predict involvement in violent crime during adulthood? A. Childhood dysfunction leads to improved impulse control, enhanced emotional regulation, and effective learning from mistakes, which reduces the likelihood of violent crime involvement in adulthood. B. Childhood dysfunction leads to increased social integration, enhanced academic performance, and effective learning from mistakes, which reduces the likelihood of violent crime involvement in adulthood. C. Childhood dysfunction leads to reduced impulsivity, enhanced emotional regulation, and effective learning from mistakes, which reduces the likelihood of violent crime involvement in adulthood. D. Childhood dysfunction leads to impulsivity, emotional dysregulation, and poor learning from mistakes, which increases the likelihood of violent crime involvement in adulthood.

Answer 457

D

Question 458

What is the prevalence of driving under the influence of marijuana among youth compared to driving while drunk? A. Driving under the influence of marijuana is only slightly more prevalent than driving while drunk B. Driving under the influence of marijuana is more prevalent than driving while drunk C. Driving under the influence of marijuana is less prevalent than driving while drunk D. Driving under the influence of marijuana is equally prevalent as driving while drunk

Answer 458

B

Question 459

What implications does the development of self-concept have for adolescent behavior? A. It leads to increased conformity and peer pressure B. It leads to enhanced identity formation and self-esteem C. It leads to heightened impulsivity and risk-taking behavior D. It leads to decreased self-awareness and emotional regulation

Answer 459

B

Question 460

What potential mental health risks are associated with adolescent marijuana use? A. Increased risk of anxiety and depression, cognitive impairments affecting attention and focus, and a higher likelihood of substance abuse B. Increased risk of anxiety and depression, cognitive impairments affecting attention and focus, and a higher likelihood of substance dependence C. Increased risk of schizophrenia or other psychoses, cognitive impairments affecting memory and planning, and a higher likelihood of substance dependence D. Increased risk of anxiety and depression, cognitive impairments affecting memory and planning, and a higher likelihood of substance dependence

Answer 460

C

Question 461

What is the relationship between parental conflict and antisocial behavior in children? A. Parental conflict is associated with decreased antisocial behavior in children B. Parental conflict is associated with a mix of increased and decreased antisocial behavior in children C. Parental conflict is associated with increased antisocial behavior in children D. Parental conflict is associated with no change in antisocial behavior in children

Answer 461

C

Question 462

How did Piaget and Kohlberg investigate moral judgment in children? A. Piaget used moral dilemmas to assess reasoning stages, while Kohlberg used moral dilemmas to evaluate judgment levels. B. Piaget used moral dilemmas to assess reasoning stages, while Kohlberg used observational studies to evaluate behavior. C. Piaget used observational studies to assess behavior, while Kohlberg used moral dilemmas to evaluate judgment levels. D. Piaget used moral dilemmas to assess judgment levels, while Kohlberg used observational studies to evaluate behavior.

Answer 462

A

Question 463

What role do peer interactions play in advancing an individual's moral reasoning according to Kohlberg? A. Peer interactions that involve passive listening and acceptance of others' views B. Peer interactions that involve direct argumentation and challenging of reasoning C. Peer interactions that involve authoritative lecturing and transmission of information D. Peer interactions that involve superficial social exchanges and conformity to group norms

Answer 463

B

Question 464

How does parenting style influence an adolescent's identity style? A. Permissive parenting leads to a diffuse-avoidant style, authoritarian parenting to a normative style, and authoritative parenting to an informational style B. Permissive parenting leads to a normative style, authoritarian parenting to a diffuse-avoidant style, and authoritative parenting to an informational style C. Permissive parenting leads to a diffuse-avoidant style, authoritarian parenting to an informational style, and authoritative parenting to a normative style D. Permissive parenting leads to a normative style, authoritarian parenting to an informational style, and authoritative parenting to a diffuse-avoidant style

Answer 464

A

Question 465

What findings were observed regarding conduct disorders after families moved out of poverty due to external financial support? A. Adolescents whose families were lifted out of poverty showed a drop in conduct disorders, while those whose families remained poor showed no change in conduct problems B. Adolescents whose families were lifted out of poverty showed no change in conduct disorders, while those whose families remained poor showed a 40% increase in conduct problems C. Adolescents whose families were lifted out of poverty showed a 40% increase in conduct disorders, while those whose families remained poor showed a decrease in conduct problems D. Adolescents whose families were lifted out of poverty showed a 40% drop in conduct disorders, while those whose families remained poor showed an increase in conduct problems

Answer 465

D

Question 466

What is the concept of hypothetical alternatives in adolescence? A. The ability to engage in egocentric thinking by assuming others share one's own viewpoint B. The ability to accept the present situation without questioning or imagining alternatives C. The ability to imagine possibilities that are not currently present D. The ability to focus solely on concrete reality without considering abstract possibilities

Answer 466

C

Question 467

What is the classification range for "Very Low" on the Wechsler Intelligence Scales for Children? A. 3rd to 8th percentile B. 25th to 74th percentile C. 9th to 24th percentile D. 2nd percentile and below

Answer 467

A

Question 468

What is identity formation, and why is it significant during adolescence? A. It is the process of conforming to societal norms by adopting pre-defined roles and values, which limits personal exploration. B. It is the process of developing a stable sense of self by exploring and integrating various roles and values, which provides meaning, purpose, and direction. C. It is the process of maintaining a consistent self-image by reinforcing existing beliefs and behaviors, which avoids change. D. It is the process of establishing social connections by aligning with peer groups and community expectations, which prioritizes external acceptance.

Answer 468

B

Question 469

What is the relationship between processing speed and cognitive development in adolescence? A. Processing speed increases, which expands working memory and enhances fluid intelligence B. Processing speed remains constant, which does not affect working memory or fluid intelligence C. Processing speed decreases, which limits working memory and impairs fluid intelligence D. Processing speed increases, which directly enhances fluid intelligence without expanding working memory

Answer 469

A

Question 470

What are the two inter-related components of hope as described by Snyder? A. Optimism and resilience B. Motivation and self-efficacy C. Pathways thinking and agency thinking D. Goal setting and action planning

Answer 470

C

Question 471

What personality characteristics are associated with individuals in the diffusion category? A. Apathetic, uninterested, not close to peers, and at risk for school failure, depression, and substance abuse B. Engaged, interested, close to peers, and successful in school C. Open-minded, thoughtful, anxious, and questioning of identity D. Conscientious, agreeable, low tolerance for ambiguity, and high need for structure

Answer 471

A

Question 472

What is the function of the sensory register in human memory? A. It holds a large amount of information for a fraction of a second for processing B. It holds a limited amount of information for a fraction of a second for processing C. It holds a large amount of information for several seconds for processing D. It holds a limited amount of information for several seconds for processing

Answer 472

A

Question 473

How does the superego function in Freud's theory of personality development? A. It mediates between the id's impulses and external reality by using defense mechanisms B. It operates on the pleasure principle by seeking immediate gratification of desires C. It integrates conscious and unconscious thoughts by employing rational decision-making D. It enforces moral standards by inducing guilt

Answer 473

D

Question 474

What characterizes anorexia nervosa as an eating disorder? A. Binge eating followed by purging behaviors to maintain a normal weight B. Excessive food intake with compensatory exercise to avoid weight gain C. Self-starvation to achieve extreme thinness D. Restricting food intake with occasional binge episodes to control body weight

Answer 474

C

Question 475

What changes have occurred in the employment patterns of adolescents in Canada over recent years? A. Teen employment has shifted from part-time to full-time roles due to increased summer job opportunities B. Teen employment has declined due to economic factors and increased training requirements C. Teen employment has increased due to a booming economy and relaxed training requirements D. Teen employment has remained stable with no significant changes in participation rates

Answer 475

B

Question 476

What benefits do mentors provide to adolescents beyond just instruction and guidance? A. Emotional support B. Academic enrichment C. Social capital D. Career counseling

Answer 476

C

Question 477

How did Piaget and Kohlberg investigate moral judgment in children? A. Piaget used moral dilemmas to assess reasoning stages, while Kohlberg used moral dilemmas to evaluate judgment levels. B. Piaget used moral dilemmas to assess judgment levels, while Kohlberg used observational studies to evaluate behavior. C. Piaget used observational studies to assess behavior, while Kohlberg used moral dilemmas to evaluate judgment levels. D. Piaget used moral dilemmas to assess reasoning stages, while Kohlberg used observational studies to evaluate behavior.

Answer 477

A