Final

Question 1

What is the most likely function of an anatomical structure with a large amount of stratified squamous epithelium?

Answer 1

To provide a barrier between the body and the outside environment

Question 2

Which organ system in mammals contains specialized surfaces that are extensively branched/folded for chemical exchange?

Answer 2

The digestive system

Question 3

What represents a hierarchical level of organization that is more complex than ‘cartilage’?

Answer 3

The heart

Question 4

What will be true if a dog starts shivering to keep warm?

Answer 4

Your dog will increase its rate of ATP synthesis

Question 5

What happens when the body temperature of a dolphin rises above set point?

Answer 5

This dolphin can thermoregulate by moving away from warm, shallow waters

Question 6

A small animal burrows into a carcass to feed on dead tissue. What type of feeder is this?

Answer 6

A substrate feeder

Question 7

What does chemical digestion provide?

Answer 7

The simple molecules needed for the biosynthetic process of anabolism

Question 8

For extracellular digestion of food to occur, what must be true?

Answer 8

Food must be in an area that connects with the outside environment

Question 9

What is the most direct consequence of dysfunctional sphincters in the alimentary canal of a mammal?

Answer 9

Food could return to compartments from which it arrived

Question 10

What is not a major activity of the pancreas?

Answer 10

Release of gastrin

Question 11

How does the mammalian small intestine promote a high rate of nutrient absorption?

Answer 11

The small intestine minimizes the distance that absorbed nutrients have to travel before they encounter a capillary

Question 12

What regulatory system is most likely dysfunctional in a newborn with a blocked colon due to failed nerve formation?

Answer 12

The enteric division of the autonomic nervous system

Question 13

What is the first heart chamber into which a molecule of CO2 produced by working body tissues will arrive?

Answer 13

Right atrium

Question 14

What is true about animals with a closed circulatory system?

Answer 14

They use more energy to pump circulatory fluid than animals with an open circulatory system

Question 15

What effect does a brief electric shock have on the function of the heart?

Answer 15

Cardiac muscle tissue must stop contracting as a unit

Question 16

How many major tissue types would you observe by collecting and disassembling all capillaries in a mammal?

Answer 16

2-3 major tissue types

Question 17

What is the immediate effect of sudden cardiac arrest on physiology?

Answer 17

Systolic blood pressure will decrease

Question 18

What is true about a systemic vein?

Answer 18

Blood flow in this vessel is maintained with the help of skeletal muscle contractions

Question 19

What is not found in the blood of mammals?

Answer 19

Urine

Question 20

In mammals, what describes the diffusion of O2 across a membrane?

Answer 20

Movement of O2 across a moist respiratory epithelium

Question 21

What happens in a salmon infected with filamentous bacteria affecting gill lamellae?

Answer 21

A decrease in the rate of gas exchange

Question 22

What happens during exhalation of the lungs in humans?

Answer 22

The sheet of skeletal muscle at the bottom of the chest cavity undergoes relaxation

Question 23

What statement about different respiratory systems in animals is correct?

Answer 23

In birds, air exhibits unidirectional flow across sites of gas exchange

Question 24

What is true for a goat living on a mountain where the PO2 is 80 mmHg?

Answer 24

For this goat to acquire O2, the PO2 in its pulmonary capillaries needs to be higher than 80 mmHg

Question 25

What does not relate to the transport of gases in the blood of vertebrates?

Answer 25

Platelets

Question 26

What had to happen before marine animals could move into freshwater habitats?

Answer 26

Development of the ability to osmoregulate

Question 27

What is not an adaptation that a vertebrate would display for a dry terrestrial environment?

Answer 27

Production of a urine that is hypoosmotic relative to blood

Question 28

What relates to the figure of a fish?

Answer 28

This fish is hyperosmotic relative to its environment

Question 29

What relates to excretory systems in animals?

Answer 29

Removal of metabolic wastes from circulatory fluid

Question 30

Why would an animal excrete amino groups as uric acid instead of ammonia?

Answer 30

To convert a type of nitrogenous waste into a less toxic form

Question 31

What structure in the mammalian excretory system carries fluid considered part of the 'inside' body environment?

Answer 31

Nephron

Question 32

What relates to aquaporins in the collecting duct of a mammalian nephron?

Answer 32

Their number increases when plasma levels of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) are high

Question 33

What is true about the osmolarity of filtrate in the hairpin turn of the loop of Henle?

Answer 33

Osmolarity of the filtrate in the hairpin turn will be more than 2,000 mOsm/L

Question 34

What relates to adaptive immunity?

Answer 34

Antibodies

Question 35

What provides the first line of defense against infection by pathogens in mammals?

Answer 35

The mucous membranes of the lungs

Question 36

What lymphocyte depends on interaction with a major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecule for activation?

Answer 36

Cytotoxic T

Question 37

What provides a first line of defense against infection by pathogens in mammals?

Answer 37

The mucous membranes of the lungs ## Footnote Mucous membranes trap pathogens and prevent them from entering body tissues.

Question 38

What lymphocyte depends on the interaction with a major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecule for activation?

Answer 38

Cytotoxic T cells ## Footnote MHC molecules present antigens to T cells for activation.

Question 39

Why do humans need a yearly vaccination for influenza viruses?

Answer 39

Because antigenic variation alters the surface proteins on influenza viruses ## Footnote This variation helps the virus evade the immune response.

Question 40

What scenario explains how a shot helps a dog bitten by a rattlesnake?

Answer 40

Components of the humoral immune response were used to rapidly neutralize the snake’s toxic proteins ## Footnote Humoral immunity involves antibodies that can neutralize toxins.

Question 41

Antigen exposure leads to the clonal selection and differentiation of a specific B cell. What does this eventually produce?

Answer 41

Plasma cells that release antibodies for that antigen ## Footnote Plasma cells are responsible for the production of antibodies.

Question 42

What will be true about mutant mice that are severely deficient in helper T cells compared to control mice?

Answer 42

They will show a weaker cell-mediated immune response ## Footnote Helper T cells are crucial for activating other immune cells.

Question 43

Why was COVID-19 able to cause a pandemic?

Answer 43

Memory cells for this virus did not exist in any human ## Footnote Lack of pre-existing immunity allowed for rapid spread.

Question 44

What animals lack a central nervous system (CNS)?

Answer 44

Animals that are radially symmetrical ## Footnote Radially symmetrical animals, like jellyfish, do not possess a CNS.

Question 45

What specific population of neurons carried a signal from your brain to your foot when you stepped on something soft?

Answer 45

Motor neurons of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) ## Footnote Motor neurons transmit signals from the CNS to muscles.

Question 46

What best describes the state of your nervous system after a large meal?

Answer 46

Decreased activity of the sympathetic nervous system, and increased activity of the parasympathetic and enteric nervous systems ## Footnote The parasympathetic system promotes digestion.

Question 47

What will an increase in movement of potassium (K+) ions out of a neuron with a resting membrane potential of -70 mV cause?

Answer 47

A hyperpolarization ## Footnote Hyperpolarization makes the inside of the neuron more negative.

Question 48

What stage of the action potential will be directly affected by venom that blocks voltage-gated Na+ channels?

Answer 48

The depolarization phase of the action potential ## Footnote Voltage-gated Na+ channels are crucial for depolarization.

Question 49

What statement about acetylcholine is most accurate?

Answer 49

Acetylcholine always binds to ligand-gated channels on the post-synaptic cell ## Footnote This binding is essential for signaling at synapses.

Question 50

Why do action potentials travel in one direction?

Answer 50

The brief refractory period of voltage-gated Na+ channels prevents them from reopening behind the action potential ## Footnote This ensures unidirectional propagation.

Question 51

What effect would a Botox injection have?

Answer 51

A depolarization would no longer travel into the T-tubules of a muscle fiber ## Footnote Botox prevents acetylcholine release, inhibiting muscle contraction.

Question 52

What hierarchical level of organization is more complex than a myofibril?

Answer 52

Muscle fiber ## Footnote Muscle fibers are composed of multiple myofibrils.

Question 53

What animals use an endoskeleton?

Answer 53

Birds, including penguins ## Footnote Endoskeletons are found in vertebrates like birds and mammals.

Question 54

What is true about the sarcomere?

Answer 54

During relaxation of this sarcomere, the degree of overlap of the thin and thick filaments will decrease ## Footnote Relaxation occurs as muscle fibers lengthen.