Final

Question 1

What kind of review articles are narrative and comprehensive reviews

Answer 1

qualitative and nonsystemic

Question 1

Purpose of review articles

Answer 1

present truth found with conflicting and variable primary literature
discuss treatment of disease states or clinical aspects of drug therapy

Question 2

What kind of review articles are systematic review

Answer 2

qualitative and systematic

Question 3

What kind of review articles are meta analysis

Answer 3

quantitative

Question 4

What are narrative reviews

Answer 4

not required to conform to lit retrieval and eval process
may include authors opinion in addition to a small selection of supporting data
no reporting of methodology
typically solicited from recognized experts

Question 5

What are analytic or comprehensive reviews

Answer 5

follow a structured approach to lit retrieval and eval that may be replicated but not entirely systematic (gray lit)
may include data beyond RCTs
should report methodology, not required
no stat analysis

Question 6

What are systematic reviews

Answer 6

follow structured approach to lie retrieval and eval that must have the ability to be replicated
commonly includes a meta-anylsis of data
RCTs with comparable outcomes are included

Question 7

What is Prisma

Answer 7

reporting for systematic and meta analysis
has a checklist reviewed be editorial staff
has a flow diagram published as “methodology” action of a manuscript

Question 8

What are meta-anaylses

Answer 8

analytical technique to stat combine and weigh data from multiple studies to provide a quantitive and objective assessment
-commonly accompanies a systematic review
-may stand as an independent work

Question 9

What scenarios are meta-anaylses useful for

Answer 9

previously conducted studies are inconclusive or contradictory
previous studies are underpowered or have small sample sizes
assessment of the occurrence of rare events
provision of guidance on a clinical problem with minimal evidence
seek to answer a different research question than the one postulated in the original trial

Question 10

Important considerations for meta-analyses

Answer 10

must clearly define a research question with a measurable outcome
-med safety, efficacy, health related QOL
must clearly define intended study population
must define inclusion criteria prior to search
-RCTs, other primary literature
commonly rate studies based on quality of evidence
-cochrane, GRADE system

Question 11

What is publication bias

Answer 11

the publication or non-publication of research findings depending on the nature and direction of the results

Question 12

What is time-lag bias

Answer 12

rapid or delated publication depending on results

Question 13

What is language bias

Answer 13

choosing to publish in a language to the benefit or detriment of a population

Question 14

What is citation bias

Answer 14

over-or-under citation for a research work

Question 15

What is multiplicative bias

Answer 15

publishing the same work multiple times

Question 16

What is location bias

Answer 16

accessibility of results

Question 17

What is selective bias

Answer 17

decision from authors to report, or not report, some outcomes and not others

Question 18

What are the methods for conducting a meta-anyalsis

Answer 18

comparison of 2 treatments to determine the treatment of one intervention or exposure to a control population
-pair-wise analyis
compare multiple treatment to rank a network
-network analysis (requires >2 tx)

Question 19

What are the issues with meta-anaylses

Answer 19

Publication bias
-must be addressed by authors through a funnel plot
Presence of heterogeneity
-differenced w/ included studies impact results (only study design)
Limits the ability to determine applicability of results

Question 20

What is a funnel plot

Answer 20

scatterplot of tx vs effect sample size in adult studies
variability in tx effect should decrease as sample size increases

Question 21

Statistical analysis

Answer 21

results typically presented with forest ploy
-odds ratio w/ 95% CI for each study
-interpret as stat sign if CI does not cross 1
-larger box=;arger number of pt experiencing event

Question 22

What is the low, moderate, and high percentage that represents the amount of heterogeneity

Answer 22

low: <25%
moderate: 25-75%
high: >75%
represented as I2 values (I2 >40% are significant)

Question 23

as primary evidence increase over time, systematic reviews and meta-analyses have come under what scrutiny

Answer 23

scope of clinical problem may not be understood or unable to be quantified
represent data and evidence for a set period of time
unable to easily revise based on new or conflicting data

Question 24

What are the three novel research methodologies that have emerged to combat the issues notes with systematic review and meta-anaylses

Answer 24

scoping reviews knowledge syntheses "living" reviews

Question 25

What are scoping reviews

Answer 25

initial step towards defining the depth and breadth of a research topic: may by independently published may be used as supporting documentation to justify a larger, systematic review of the literature

Question 26

What scenarios should scoping reviews be considered

Answer 26

a large quantity of literature requires categorization a body of lit is overtly complex heterogeneity of lit results/endpts prevent systematic review type of lit available on topic not qualify for systematic review

Question 27

Compare scoping reviews to systematic reviews

Answer 27

may answer a broader question still require defined search criteria and database queries -modified PRISMA flow diagram if often employed may optionally include stat and/or critical analysis -focus on quantifying available data, not assessment

Question 28

what is a knowledge syntheses

Answer 28

conducted to support either knowledge or decisions -answer a question as a whole, not in context of a particular scenario -follow a loose methodology structure that is similar to PRISMA criteria for a systematic review -could be considered an analytic or comprehensive review

Question 29

Knowledge syntheses steps

Answer 29

stat research objectives define eligibility criteria identify all potentially eligible studies apply eligibility criteria assemble most complete data set feasible analyze the data set prepare a structured report of the literature

Question 30

Living systematic review (not a static document)

Answer 30

results, discussion, conclusion, and critical appraisal are updated on a routine basis continuous monitoring for new and emerging literature up-to-date status announcements for readers

Question 31

How can living systematic reviews be employed for combined systematic reviews with meta-analyses

Answer 31

require new, complex stat analysis every time a new piece of lit is uncovered commonly employ a pictographic or dashboard to simplify results and to quantify timelines of inclusion