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PSYC 305 > FInal > Flashcards

FInal Flashcards

1
Q

what is Attraction Similarity Theory?
aka Assortative Mating

A

that were attracted to ppl like us

Evidence in couples– high intelligence correlation!

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2
Q

Complimentry Needs Theory

A

opposites attract & were attracted to those whos needs compliment ours

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3
Q

What is the Reference Gap Effect of attraction theories with self-report?

A

the people were doing these studies on are super close to each other so we over-emphasize seemingly small differences

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4
Q

What did they find using Facebook to analyze personality types?

A

the Big Five traits had a much higher correlation than Self-reports

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5
Q

do partners have similar personaluty traits?

A

yes

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6
Q

what are the most valued traits in a partner for men? Women?

Whats similar and whats different

A
  1. mutual attraction
  2. dependable
  3. emotional stability
  4. pleasing disposition

but, they banch for the last few being

men:
5. health 6. intelligence 7. social

Women:
5. intelligence 6. social 7. health

evolutionary basis?

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7
Q

which traits predict future relationship quality and conflict?

A

PEM- positive emotionality
NEM- negative emotionality
CON- constraint (self-control)

PEM = high for quality rel
NEM= neg quality rel, high for constraint
CON= correlation quality, neg correlation constraint

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8
Q

What did emotional conflict show in divorce studies

what is the “good marriage” ratio for interactions

A

they predicted divorce at 85% accuracy

disagreement doesn’t mean dissatisfied, but dissatisfied -> more neg affect

its how you argue, not how often
(1 is enough to wipe pos effects of pos interactions)

positive 5:1 negative

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9
Q

what are the most sexually attractive emotional expressions? What are the least?

A

in men: happiness is least attractive, pride is most attractive

In Women, happiness is the most attractive, pride is the least

Shame = mutually attractive

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10
Q

what are the 4 factors in preducting divorce?

A
  1. criticism vs complaint – global statements of negativity (criticisms) are blaming VS specific statements of negativity (complaint)
  2. contempt: insult mockery, sarcasm, incompetent
  3. Defensiveness: denial, counter-blame, rationalizing behaviour
  4. stonewalling: no vocalizations (mhmm), no head nods, little gaze (85% male)
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11
Q

what is the difference between mens and womens negative affetc?

A

men experience a more physiological reaction, but also experience lower levels of negative affect than women do (emotionally)

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12
Q

who express ideas that Males and Females are genetically different in abilities (science- M, care-F)

A

Summers, Damore, Pinker

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13
Q

Who expressed concern for self-fulfilling prophecy if genetic differences on abilities made known

A

Spelke was concerned with socialization problems for chidleren

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14
Q

what are the gender differences in math and science from the USA between 1980’s and now

A

13:1 performance ratio for men to women, now only 3:1

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15
Q

what was found in analyzing women’s math performance and what were the conditions

A

control (just the test)- 2nd best
Stereotype Threat- 3rd
Told abt Genetic dif in ability - last
environment dif – BEST

stereotype threat and genetic conditions performed worst

control and environmental conditions performed best

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16
Q

which emotion is linked highest to Criminal Convictions?

When is it most apparent?

A

Aggression

very high correlations by age 8, esp higher for boys

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17
Q

compare and contrast boys and girls emotions at age 2 and older

A

age 2 there is no dif, after age 2…

men: higher aggression, hgiher crie, higher delinquecy, 10x more likely to commit murder, mroe likely to be victim of murder

women: more neg emotions, higher empathy (intensity and frequency)

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18
Q

TV and Aggression

A

steady increase for both genders with tv frequency and seriousness of criminal activity

Women consistently have much lower levels, but the same trend

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19
Q

what are the gendered trends in HOW people show aggression? (grade 3-6)

A

similar levels of aggression but reversed conditions.

Girls show high relational agression muchlike how boys show overt aggression, and both show lower levels of the other condition (overt for girls, and relational for giys is low)

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20
Q

Self esteem and gender

A

men have consistently higher self-esteem but follow the same trend acorss the lifespan as women

Decline 9-23 (girls steeper drop than boys), steady incerawse to 70y.o then drops

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21
Q

why do girls show a steeper self-esteem decline than boys?

A

societal standards, exposure to unattainable beauty standards (girls ideal is much further from average than boys)– large gender dif

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22
Q

what conditions contributed to the decrease in women’s self-esteem

A

exposure to American TV in Fiji because of their thin body ideals

led to increased eating disorders in adolescents and lower body image

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23
Q

what was the 1970’s study of Androgyny

A

tried to separate masculinity and femininity from sex! Can be high or low in either
Masculinity as instrumentality, assertiveness and dominance
Femininity as nurturance, emo expression, empathy

24
Q

How do we study masculine and feminine traits now? What are they called

A

instrumentality &. expressiveness OR agency & communality

a study found 38% of variance in gender typical behaviors is due to genes in women

25
Q

stereotypes abt gender (cross-culturally consistent)

A

exaggerated versions of actual sex differences

26
Q

what are the categories repsonsible for gender stereotypes

A

cognitive: social categories (ie soccer mom)
affective: positive or negative emotions associated with each, i.e. sexism
Behavioral: treating ppl dif because of social category (ie job discrimination, teacher attn)

27
Q

what are the 2 theories of Gender differences and what do they claim?

A

Socialization Theory (Eagly and Wood) believe its. adif in how were raised & learn from parents (bandura theory!)
- supported by dependency encourages in girls nad physical play in boys
- contrasts for Doc Money & Gender-Gate Theory (findings) tho

Hormonal Theories: normal differences in sex begin in utero and CAH (congenital agrenal Hyperplasia– the overactivity of adrenal glands) leads to hormonally masculinized females
- affects toy preferences

Evidence: high testosterone in women -> career success, masculine career, dominance and assertiveness & more discipline problems
- frat boys have more rambunctious & increased sex drive (also seen in women have higher sex drive when high testosterone in the cycle)

28
Q

what did the Olson Study find on trans kids

A

they share the same gender ideneity as cisgender peers (5-12yo)

29
Q

what is culture?

A

culture is NOT race or ethnicity

culture is a shared sistem of meaning & “the game rules” for a group of people
- expectations, etc

30
Q

What is the Modern Cultural View?

A

personality traits as products of bio and cultural evolution

culrure -> <- perosnality

31
Q

what was found in teh Saf Fran VS Indian Tribune personal ads?

A

The USA focuses on interests, India focuses on offerings

32
Q

What is the Lexical Approach and how is it applied to the Big 5 in Spain?

A

the lexical approach operates by the expectation that if a word is signifigant in a culture, there will be 1. a one word expression for it and 2. more languages and cultures will ave a word for it

Wanted a study to identify overlap between Big 5 America and traits in Spain because translations didnt identify significant traits

33
Q

what are the Spanish Big 7? What are the Imported Big 7?

A

Spanish Big 7
1. positive valence
2. negative valence
3. conscientiousness
4. agreeableness
5. openness
6. pleasantness
7. engagement

Imported Big 7
1. positive valence
2. negative valence
3. agreeableness
4. conscientiousness
5. extraversion
6. openness
7. neuroticism

lots of overlap, pleasantness and engagement in Big 7 replace extraversion and neuroticism… openness is different and positive and negative valence are strongly correlated!

34
Q

what are the cultural differences in personality/ what si teh collectivist individualist approach

A

individualism is focused on self-descriptive traits to describe self

collectivism is interpersonal roles to describe the self (ie daughter)

35
Q

what are the Big 2 cultural syndromes?

A

individualistic/collectivism: self as bound and separate OR fluid and interdependent on others around self

  1. Vertical/Horizontal Relationships: hierarchy and status (vertical) vs equality (egalitarianism, horizontal))
36
Q

what historical factors contributed to egalitarianism (vertical/horizontal) societies

why?

A

highly variable food supply -> horizontal
- usually hunter/herding societies

less variable food supply -> vertical
- usually agricultural

variable required honour to prevent thievery of resources… agricultural/gathered had things less easily stolen & didn’t require as much aggression

37
Q

what are the Countries correlating to each category of the big 2 culutural syndromes

A

vertical = india and usa
horizontal = Israeli & Sweden
Individualistic: USA & Sweden
Collectivistic: India, Israeli

38
Q

What is Evoked Culture

A

cultural differences that emerge because of different environments

39
Q

What is an example of a culture of honour

A

North VS South USA

South: linked to herding, when reputational insults…
- favour violence, higher testosterone and cortisol evoked, implicit associations with violent words

40
Q

What are the Big 4 Cultural Syndromes

A
  1. individualism collectivism
  2. power distance (similar to vertical horizontal)
  3. uncertainty avoidance (tolerance for unstructire vs rules)
  4. Gender Socialization (men as dom and competitive; women caring)
41
Q

Where does Canada lie on the Big 5?

A

mid neuroticism, high-ish extraversion

42
Q

how does culture create national personality differences?

A

transmitted culture (ideas on moral behavior ie day sex is wrong)

43
Q

what is the correlation between subjective well-being and country of origin?

A

immigrants matched their country of origin average ewll being as opposed to the immigrated countries (religion, values)

44
Q

compatable vs oppositional cultural identities

A

conmpatable: unconflucting identities which co-exist. “i’m both”, a fluid culture & complimentry

Oppositional: conlicting, dissociation, essentialist view of culture

45
Q

what was found when chinese-americans had different identities primed?

A

they evoked different meaning systems (reasoning) about an ambiguous social event

external attributions highest in China and lowest in American

46
Q

which Big 5 Traits are most correlated to health?

A

conscientiousness because people with high in conscientiousness are less impulsive and more methodological
- low substance use & risky behavior

47
Q

Big 5 & Health Development

A

childhood: less agreeable girls -> adult smokers
Emotionally unstable children -> adult drinkers
Less agreeable children -> higher BMI adults

48
Q

Personality and work outcomes– MyersBriggs Personality Type Indicator

A

one of the worst tests in reliability and validity… yet most widely used for job profiling!

49
Q

what ACTUALLY predicts job performance?

A

conscientiousness

Extraversion for sales

50
Q

Which personalities are NEGATIVELY correlated with crime?

A

agreeableness & Conscientiousness

51
Q

What si the Psychodynamic Approach focus?

A

defense mechanisms and instinctual drives (basic instincts)

52
Q

what is the phonomonological/humanistic approach?

A

focus on motoves, self-concept, Identity & striving to self-actualize

53
Q

what is the trait/biological approach?

A

traits (stable dispositions); genes, physiology (bc of evolution)

54
Q

what is the Learning/Behaviorist Approach?

A

learned stimuli response patterns & reinforcement modelling

55
Q

what is the cognitive appaorc?

A

Personal constructs, explanatory style, schemas

56
Q

what are the 3 domains of knowledge

which is best to use?

A
  1. theoretical approach
  2. research methods
  3. beliefs abt the causes of personality

best to analyze the situation and pick the best fit

PSYC 305 (1 decks)

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