FInal Flashcards
what is Attraction Similarity Theory?
aka Assortative Mating
that were attracted to ppl like us
Evidence in couples– high intelligence correlation!
Complimentry Needs Theory
opposites attract & were attracted to those whos needs compliment ours
What is the Reference Gap Effect of attraction theories with self-report?
the people were doing these studies on are super close to each other so we over-emphasize seemingly small differences
What did they find using Facebook to analyze personality types?
the Big Five traits had a much higher correlation than Self-reports
do partners have similar personaluty traits?
yes
what are the most valued traits in a partner for men? Women?
Whats similar and whats different
- mutual attraction
- dependable
- emotional stability
- pleasing disposition
but, they banch for the last few being
men:
5. health 6. intelligence 7. social
Women:
5. intelligence 6. social 7. health
evolutionary basis?
which traits predict future relationship quality and conflict?
PEM- positive emotionality
NEM- negative emotionality
CON- constraint (self-control)
PEM = high for quality rel
NEM= neg quality rel, high for constraint
CON= correlation quality, neg correlation constraint
What did emotional conflict show in divorce studies
what is the “good marriage” ratio for interactions
they predicted divorce at 85% accuracy
disagreement doesn’t mean dissatisfied, but dissatisfied -> more neg affect
its how you argue, not how often
(1 is enough to wipe pos effects of pos interactions)
positive 5:1 negative
what are the most sexually attractive emotional expressions? What are the least?
in men: happiness is least attractive, pride is most attractive
In Women, happiness is the most attractive, pride is the least
Shame = mutually attractive
what are the 4 factors in preducting divorce?
- criticism vs complaint – global statements of negativity (criticisms) are blaming VS specific statements of negativity (complaint)
- contempt: insult mockery, sarcasm, incompetent
- Defensiveness: denial, counter-blame, rationalizing behaviour
- stonewalling: no vocalizations (mhmm), no head nods, little gaze (85% male)
what is the difference between mens and womens negative affetc?
men experience a more physiological reaction, but also experience lower levels of negative affect than women do (emotionally)
who express ideas that Males and Females are genetically different in abilities (science- M, care-F)
Summers, Damore, Pinker
Who expressed concern for self-fulfilling prophecy if genetic differences on abilities made known
Spelke was concerned with socialization problems for chidleren
what are the gender differences in math and science from the USA between 1980’s and now
13:1 performance ratio for men to women, now only 3:1
what was found in analyzing women’s math performance and what were the conditions
control (just the test)- 2nd best
Stereotype Threat- 3rd
Told abt Genetic dif in ability - last
environment dif – BEST
stereotype threat and genetic conditions performed worst
control and environmental conditions performed best
which emotion is linked highest to Criminal Convictions?
When is it most apparent?
Aggression
very high correlations by age 8, esp higher for boys
compare and contrast boys and girls emotions at age 2 and older
age 2 there is no dif, after age 2…
men: higher aggression, hgiher crie, higher delinquecy, 10x more likely to commit murder, mroe likely to be victim of murder
women: more neg emotions, higher empathy (intensity and frequency)
TV and Aggression
steady increase for both genders with tv frequency and seriousness of criminal activity
Women consistently have much lower levels, but the same trend
what are the gendered trends in HOW people show aggression? (grade 3-6)
similar levels of aggression but reversed conditions.
Girls show high relational agression muchlike how boys show overt aggression, and both show lower levels of the other condition (overt for girls, and relational for giys is low)
Self esteem and gender
men have consistently higher self-esteem but follow the same trend acorss the lifespan as women
Decline 9-23 (girls steeper drop than boys), steady incerawse to 70y.o then drops
why do girls show a steeper self-esteem decline than boys?
societal standards, exposure to unattainable beauty standards (girls ideal is much further from average than boys)– large gender dif
what conditions contributed to the decrease in women’s self-esteem
exposure to American TV in Fiji because of their thin body ideals
led to increased eating disorders in adolescents and lower body image
what was the 1970’s study of Androgyny
tried to separate masculinity and femininity from sex! Can be high or low in either
Masculinity as instrumentality, assertiveness and dominance
Femininity as nurturance, emo expression, empathy
How do we study masculine and feminine traits now? What are they called
instrumentality &. expressiveness OR agency & communality
a study found 38% of variance in gender typical behaviors is due to genes in women
stereotypes abt gender (cross-culturally consistent)
exaggerated versions of actual sex differences
what are the categories repsonsible for gender stereotypes
cognitive: social categories (ie soccer mom)
affective: positive or negative emotions associated with each, i.e. sexism
Behavioral: treating ppl dif because of social category (ie job discrimination, teacher attn)
what are the 2 theories of Gender differences and what do they claim?
Socialization Theory (Eagly and Wood) believe its. adif in how were raised & learn from parents (bandura theory!)
- supported by dependency encourages in girls nad physical play in boys
- contrasts for Doc Money & Gender-Gate Theory (findings) tho
Hormonal Theories: normal differences in sex begin in utero and CAH (congenital agrenal Hyperplasia– the overactivity of adrenal glands) leads to hormonally masculinized females
- affects toy preferences
Evidence: high testosterone in women -> career success, masculine career, dominance and assertiveness & more discipline problems
- frat boys have more rambunctious & increased sex drive (also seen in women have higher sex drive when high testosterone in the cycle)
what did the Olson Study find on trans kids
they share the same gender ideneity as cisgender peers (5-12yo)
what is culture?
culture is NOT race or ethnicity
culture is a shared sistem of meaning & “the game rules” for a group of people
- expectations, etc
What is the Modern Cultural View?
personality traits as products of bio and cultural evolution
culrure -> <- perosnality
what was found in teh Saf Fran VS Indian Tribune personal ads?
The USA focuses on interests, India focuses on offerings
What is the Lexical Approach and how is it applied to the Big 5 in Spain?
the lexical approach operates by the expectation that if a word is signifigant in a culture, there will be 1. a one word expression for it and 2. more languages and cultures will ave a word for it
Wanted a study to identify overlap between Big 5 America and traits in Spain because translations didnt identify significant traits
what are the Spanish Big 7? What are the Imported Big 7?
Spanish Big 7
1. positive valence
2. negative valence
3. conscientiousness
4. agreeableness
5. openness
6. pleasantness
7. engagement
Imported Big 7
1. positive valence
2. negative valence
3. agreeableness
4. conscientiousness
5. extraversion
6. openness
7. neuroticism
lots of overlap, pleasantness and engagement in Big 7 replace extraversion and neuroticism… openness is different and positive and negative valence are strongly correlated!
what are the cultural differences in personality/ what si teh collectivist individualist approach
individualism is focused on self-descriptive traits to describe self
collectivism is interpersonal roles to describe the self (ie daughter)
what are the Big 2 cultural syndromes?
individualistic/collectivism: self as bound and separate OR fluid and interdependent on others around self
- Vertical/Horizontal Relationships: hierarchy and status (vertical) vs equality (egalitarianism, horizontal))
what historical factors contributed to egalitarianism (vertical/horizontal) societies
why?
highly variable food supply -> horizontal
- usually hunter/herding societies
less variable food supply -> vertical
- usually agricultural
variable required honour to prevent thievery of resources… agricultural/gathered had things less easily stolen & didn’t require as much aggression
what are the Countries correlating to each category of the big 2 culutural syndromes
vertical = india and usa
horizontal = Israeli & Sweden
Individualistic: USA & Sweden
Collectivistic: India, Israeli
What is Evoked Culture
cultural differences that emerge because of different environments
What is an example of a culture of honour
North VS South USA
South: linked to herding, when reputational insults…
- favour violence, higher testosterone and cortisol evoked, implicit associations with violent words
What are the Big 4 Cultural Syndromes
- individualism collectivism
- power distance (similar to vertical horizontal)
- uncertainty avoidance (tolerance for unstructire vs rules)
- Gender Socialization (men as dom and competitive; women caring)
Where does Canada lie on the Big 5?
mid neuroticism, high-ish extraversion
how does culture create national personality differences?
transmitted culture (ideas on moral behavior ie day sex is wrong)
what is the correlation between subjective well-being and country of origin?
immigrants matched their country of origin average ewll being as opposed to the immigrated countries (religion, values)
compatable vs oppositional cultural identities
conmpatable: unconflucting identities which co-exist. “i’m both”, a fluid culture & complimentry
Oppositional: conlicting, dissociation, essentialist view of culture
what was found when chinese-americans had different identities primed?
they evoked different meaning systems (reasoning) about an ambiguous social event
external attributions highest in China and lowest in American
which Big 5 Traits are most correlated to health?
conscientiousness because people with high in conscientiousness are less impulsive and more methodological
- low substance use & risky behavior
Big 5 & Health Development
childhood: less agreeable girls -> adult smokers
Emotionally unstable children -> adult drinkers
Less agreeable children -> higher BMI adults
Personality and work outcomes– MyersBriggs Personality Type Indicator
one of the worst tests in reliability and validity… yet most widely used for job profiling!
what ACTUALLY predicts job performance?
conscientiousness
Extraversion for sales
Which personalities are NEGATIVELY correlated with crime?
agreeableness & Conscientiousness
What si the Psychodynamic Approach focus?
defense mechanisms and instinctual drives (basic instincts)
what is the phonomonological/humanistic approach?
focus on motoves, self-concept, Identity & striving to self-actualize
what is the trait/biological approach?
traits (stable dispositions); genes, physiology (bc of evolution)
what is the Learning/Behaviorist Approach?
learned stimuli response patterns & reinforcement modelling
what is the cognitive appaorc?
Personal constructs, explanatory style, schemas
what are the 3 domains of knowledge
which is best to use?
- theoretical approach
- research methods
- beliefs abt the causes of personality
best to analyze the situation and pick the best fit
