final Flashcards
plane to split left/right
sagittal plane
plane to split front/back
coronal plane
plane to split top/bottom
transverse plane
lateral
outward
medial
inward
proximal
above
distal
below
superior
top
inferior
bottom
anterior
in front
posterior
behind
kinematics vs kinetics
kinematics = motion only.
kinetics = force + motion
2 phases of the gait cycle, what are the key parts of the gait cycle
stance phase, swing phase.
stance has: toe off ground, heel strike of that foot.
swing has: mid stance, back to start
what causes asymmetrical gait
deficiencies in shear force, reducing the forces to propel the body forward.
what are the forces in each direction (x,y,z) like in each direction during gait cycle? draw them.
z=biggest. x=smallest. y=medium.
what are exoskeletons
wearable robots to mimic/enhance body’s natural movement
how to external devices work? compare muscle and external forces.
offload the force the muscle must exert, as Fexternal > Fmuscle.
2 classes of exoskeletons + properties
- rigid (provide BW support, passive or active, exert large forces)
- soft (no BW support. small forces on specific joints are supported. used to range of mobility)
creating exoskeletons focuses on ___ and ____
(1) attachment process
(2) physiologically grounded control algorithms
dorsiflexion vs plantar flexion
dorsi = towards ankle
plantar flection = away from ankle
2 most common post-stroke issues
(1) foot drop
(2) reduction in propulsion (during walking)
2 compensatory gait mechanisms developed post-stroke
(1) hip hiking –> dorsiflexion weakness, stiffening at ankle, insufficient hip/knee flexion
(2) circumduction –> hamstring paralysis, dorsiflexion weakness, hip flexor weakness
mechanisms developed post-stroke lead to ____
increased metabolic cost (aka more energy needed)
what is forward dynamics
going from known torque/force to motion
what is reverse dynamics
going from given motion to calculating force/torque
isometric contraction
no movement. muscle contracts but does not shorten
eccentric contraction
muscle elongates/lengthens
concentric contraction
muscle contracts/shortens
active vs passive vs total muscle force? draw graph. what is relationship btwn all 3?
active = muscle fibres for contraction
passive = tissues and tendons for stiffness/elasticity
active = total - passive.
draw concentric force-velocity plot
draw.
for concentric, force and velocity have ___ relationship. for eccentric, force and velocity have ___ relationship
(1) inverse
(2) proportional
